who may so offend that they will be speedily and immediately removed therefrom by the agent according to the laws made and provided, and if necessary the aid and assistance of the military forces of the United States will be invoked to carry into proper execution the laws of the United States herein referred to.

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of state to be affixed.

By the President:

R. B. HAYES.

WILLIAM M. EVARTS, Secretary of State. WASHINGTON, April 26, 1879.

The landed interest of the State of Arkansas is large, and promises, if properly managed, to afford the means of liquidation of a large portion of the indebtedness to the United States, of effective assistance to the cause of education, and of still further, and greatly needed, assistance to the finances.

Immigration societies exist in various parts of the State, and there is also a State society; but they appear to languish for want of adequate support. Nevertheless, the natural attractions of soil and climate steadily induce a certain amount of immigration. The State has now the basis and foundation of a magnificent system of railroads. Two great trunk lines run continuously through it, from north to south and from east to west, and all that is necessary to complete this system and make it efficient in the diffusion of general prosperity, is to multiply feeders to these lines so as to send out their vivifying streams into every quarter and section of the State. Several such subsidiary lines have already been projected, and only await the aid and assistance of the State to become realities. The most prominent of these are the Joplin and Little Rock, connecting the rich and healthy regions of the northwest with the Little Rock and Fort Smith road; the Helena and Iron Mountain road, traversing and opening up that rich section of the Northeast known as the Crowley Ridge country; the Washita Valley road, bringing the great cotton-producing section of the southeast into connection with the Iron Mountain road at Arkadelphia; the Little Rock, Mississippi River, and Texas road, traversing and opening up the still richer cotton-growing regions of the lower Arkansas Valley, and directly connecting the lower Mississippi Valley with the main trunk-lines, with a prospective short-cut from Kansas City and the grain-growing regions of the Northwest, through the State, to New Orleans. All these subsidiary lines can be speedily built with the aid of the State government, without entailing a dollar of expenditure or of debt upon the people. All that they ask of the State is the donation of the public lands lying along their respective routes, and perhaps a little assistance here and there in the way of temporary exemptions or decrease of taxation. The most of these lands are now not only useless and unproductive, but in their present condition are actually hindrances and obstructions to advancement. They present the revolting aspect of deserted farms and silent and forbidding forests, and repel rather

than invite immigration. Before the adjournment of the Legislature a bill was passed to aid the railroad from Washington to connect with the Iron Mountain road at Hope. This is the first step in a system that promises sooner or later to redeem all Southwest Arkansas. This road will be extended and branched into all the other counties of that section, and bring their waste lands to the notice of immigrants, and their rich products to market.

Besides the Homestead Act passed by the last Congress authorizing persons desiring to settle on public lands within railroad limits to claim their homesteads out of odd sections in all States except Missouri and Arkansas, there was passed on the last day of the subsequent extra session a bill granting additional rights to homestead settlers on railroad lands in the two above-named States. It authorizes them to claim their homesteads out of odd sections just as they could do in other States. The general law, which is perfected by the new law, gives to every person the right to enter 160 acres instead of 80 acres, as heretofore, on these lands. The new bill provides that odd sections within the limits of any grant of public lands to any railroad company in the States of Missouri and Arkansas, or to these States in aid of any railroad where even sections have been granted, shall be open to settlers under the homestead laws to the extent of 160 acres. It further provides that any person who has, under existing laws, taken a homestead on any section within the limits of any railroad grant in these two States, who has been restricted to 80 acres, may enter an additional 80 acres adjoining the land embraced within his original entry. If the additional land is subject to entry, he may if he wishes surrender his entry to the United States for cancellation, and thereafter can enter lands under the homestead laws the same as if the surrendered entry had not been made. He can do so without payment of fees and commissions. It provides also that the residence of such person upon and the cultivation of land embraced in his original entry shall be considered his residence upon and the cultivation for the same length of time of land embraced in his additional or new entry, and shall be deducted from the five years' residence and cultivation required by law; provided that in no case shall a patent issue upon an additional or new homestead entry under this act, until the person has actually, and in conformity with the homestead laws, occupied, resided upon, and cultivated land embraced therein at least one year.

The public schools of the State are suffering in consequence of the payment of teachers in the depreciated State scrip, which is receivable for all dues and payable for all expenses. A poll-tax appropriated to the support of schools, through imperfect collection, yields about $40,000 instead of $100,000. The Arkansas Industrial University has 300 pupils, which might be increased to 600 under a small addi

tional outlay by the State. There is a normal branch of this institution located at Pine Bluffs. St. John's College unsuccessfully asked of the Legislature an appropriation of $5,000 per annum, to be expended in the establishment of a department of chemistry, metallurgy, geology, and mining; which department was to accomplish a thorough geological survey of each county, furnish a complete collection of specimens of the mineral productions of the State, and publish the results of its labors. The college engaged further to provide, in consideration of the State aid thus to be received, a free normal school.

It is made the constitutional duty of the General Assembly to provide by law for the support of institutions for the education of the deaf and dumb and of the blind, and also for the treatment of the insane. A beginning has been made for the education of the deaf and dumb and of the blind; but the institutions established for that purpose are imperfect. Owing to the embarrassed financial condition of the State, the appropriations for their support have been insufficient to provide for the education of all of those unfortunate classes residing in it.

In the Blind Institute forty-six pupils have been instructed during the last two years. Through lack of funds the number of pupils was limited and the length of the sessions reduced. The deaf-mute institution requires an appropriation of $8,000 for its maintenance, and for the pupil fund the sum of $180 per pupil. The sum of $50,000 was appropriated in 1873 for the erection of a lunatic asylum. Of this appropriation $21,000 in scrip was drawn by the trustees, and the balance of $29,000 reverted to the Treasury; $16,000 was expended in purchasing ground for the building, and $5,000 converted into currency, realizing $3,366.61. Out of this amount there has been paid for improvements on the ground, for plans and specifications for buildings, and on other accounts, $1,104.16, leaving in the hands of the trustees $2,262.45. The number of insane persons in the State, as nearly as can be ascertained, is about 300. Many of these are now “confined in loathsome and pestilent jails, unfit for the meanest criminals, without any regard for sex or condition." The trustees estimate that it will require an appropriation of at least $150,000 in current money for the erection of suitable and substantial buildings for the insane."

An enrollment of the militia of the State has been made, and all irregular organizations disbanded. The State possesses, nominally, 1,162 Springfield breech-loading rifle muskets, 79 muzzle-loading muskets, 61 shot-guns, 1 (62-pounder) Parrott gun, complete, and 1 (64-pounder) siege-gun, with sundry ordnance stores. There is due to the State from the United States, on her quota of arms, $11,977. The number of convicts in the State Penitentiary on December 1, 1878, was 496. There

had been released during the year 201. During the years 1877 and 1878 the Governor pardoned 50 convicts out of the penitentiary; released from fines and imprisonment in county jails, 55; commuted the sentence of death passed on three persons to imprisonment for life; and under the provisions of the act of January 31, 1867, granted, for exemplary conduct during their confinement in the penitentiary, commutations of sentence to 177 pris

oners.

The investigation by a committee of the House of Congress relative to the failure of the appropriation for the Hot Springs,* showed it to have been the consequence of an oversight and not of a premeditated design. The appropriation was therefore confirmed. The Commissioners were reappointed in December, 1878, for one year. The engineer in charge finished the laying out of the streets in the southern portion of the city. Thirty-nine streets and eight main avenues have been surveyed. The Hot Springs reservation is under the superintendence of General B. F. Kelly of West Virginia. The bath-houses pay an annual rental to the United States of $5 for every bathing-tub in actual use. The money received from this source will be applied toward improving and embellishing the mountain with shady walks, carriage-drives, and summerhouses. Certificates of ownership are granted by the Commissioners, and improvements on an extensive scale are projected.

Considerable excitement was created by the reported discovery of silver ore in Montgomery County, about thirty-five miles from Hot Springs. The locality is at the extension of the Santa Rosa Mountain range into the basin of the Mississippi. The topography and geology of this Arkansas region are similar to that of New Mexico, and may be rich in minerals. Vigorous and successful measures taken under the direction of the State Board of Health to keep out of the State yellow fever and other infectious diseases.

were

A colored convention assembled at Little Rock on April 12th to consider the subject of emigration. There was a fair representation from different sections of the State. Fifteen delegates and as many alternates to the conference at Nashville on May 6th were appointed. Resolutions were adopted affirming that, as colored citizens of Arkansas in many localities were not allowed free enjoyment of their constitutional rights, they were desirous of emigrating to some other State or Territory where the elective franchise can be enjoyed unmolested, and recommending the appointment of two colored commissioners under the National Migration Aid Society to select a suitable State or Territory, and a national donation or loan to aid settlers in the territory selected. The convention resolved itself into an auxiliary State Migration Aid Society, and appointed an executive committee.

See Annual Cyclopædia," 1878, p. 24.

The embarrassment in many of the counties and towns arising from a failure to pay the bonded indebtedness still continues. In Clark County a vote of the citizens was taken on the question of a dissolution of the county organization on a compromise of the debt. The result was 464 votes for compromise, and 622 for a dissolution of the county organization.

The official returns of the election of 1878 were received too late for insertion in the "Annual Cyclopædia " of that year. The vote for Governor, W. R. Miller, to whom there was no opposition, was 88,730. The following State officers were chosen: Secretary of State, John Frolich; Auditor, John Crawford; Attorney-General, William F. Henderson; Land Commissioner, D. W. Lear; Supreme Court Judge, John R. Eakin; Superintendent of Public Instruction, J. L. Denton; Chancellor, D. W. Carroll. The vote for members of Congress was as follows:

as follows: The Uintahs, in northeastern Utah, estimated at 430 souls; the "Los Pinos," in the Uncompahgre Valley, Colorado, estimated at 2,000 souls; the "Southern Utes," in southwestern Colorado, with 934 souls; and the "White River Utes," in northwestern Colorado, estimated at 800 souls. These Indians are of the fiercest class, and occupy the roughest parts of our country for farming, grazing, or for military operations. Their management is complicated by the fact that their country is known to possess mineral deposits, which attract a bold and adventurous class of white men. They are very warlike, and have no difficulty in procuring, in exchange for their deer-skins, horses, and sheep, any amount of the best rifles and ammunition. In former years they used to come east of the Rocky Mountains to hunt buffalo, but of late years they have confined their hunting to the bear, elk, and deer of the mountain region. As long as the game lasts they will not work or attempt farming, except in the smallest and most insignificant manner, and that only by compulsion.

A state of irritation, which resulted in a conflict, was produced by the demand of the agent, Mr. Meeker, that the Indians should

ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. The strength of the Army of the United States at present is 2,127 officers. 24,262 men, and 388 retired officers. The enlisted men of the Signal Corps, Engineer and Ordnance Corps, Ordnance Sergeants, Commissary Sergeants, and Hospital Stewards, the prison guard at Fort Leavenworth, and the recruiting detachments, amount in the aggregate to 3,463 men, and are employed in the performance of important duties connected with the military establishments, but these duties bring but few of them into active service in the field. The statute now authorizes a total force of 25,000 men, not including the Signal Corps, which has by law 456 men. The combative force of the army proper consists of 11 generals, 1,559 officers, 20,556 men, and 233 Indian scouts.

The only disturbance of the peace during the year took place on the frontier with the Utes in Colorado and the Apaches in New Mexico. The Indian name "Utee," from which Utah takes its name, was applied to all the nomads west of the Rocky Mountains, as far as Nevada, and south into New Mexico and Arizona. Gradually they have been surrounded by white settlements and broken up into many distinct bands, the four principal of which are located

promisingly hostile, and, in his endeavor to plow land for farming, Major Thornburgh with a small force announced to the agent his intention of coming to afford him any assistance he might need. The agent in reply stated that the Indians were very much excited, and regarded the approach of troops as a declaration of war; and he suggested to Major Thornburgh to stop at some convenient camping-place, and with five soldiers come into the agency, where a talk and a better understanding could be had. Major Thornburgh accepted the suggestion, and stated that he should move with his entire command within striking distance, and suggested that the agent and some of the chiefs meet him on the road. The former expressed gratification with the plan, and, in a letter dated September 29th, one P. M., said he expected to leave the agency on the next morning, adding: "If you have trouble getting through the cañon to-day, let me know. We have been on guard three nights, and shall be to-night, not because we know there is danger, but because there may be." The Indians lay in wait and made an attack. The result was a loss on the side of the military command of 11 citizens, 2 officers, and 12 soldiers killed and 41 wounded. The Indians admitted a loss of 39. Major Thornburgh was killed in this action, and the agent, Mr. Meeker, at his residence. About the same time some of the Apaches, who belong to the Mescalero Agency, near Fort Stanton, New Mexico, more than 600 miles south of White River, began a raid upon the ranches and settlements in southern New Mexico. Major Morrow, of the Ninth Cavalry, with about 450 men at his command, started

in pursuit, but no very serious affair was anticipated. These Apaches have no connection whatever with the Utes. They have always been restless and mischievous, and only resort to agencies to rest, recuperate, and make ready for the next war. As soon as winter comes they are expected to return to their agency and become orderly.

A proposition, often made and recently renewed, to transfer the charge of the Indians from the Department of the Interior to the War Department, has led to such conflicting discussions on the subject of Indian management as to obtain the name of the "Indian problem" for it. The difficulties connected with it have been steadily growing from year to year as the Western country, formerly occupied as hunting-grounds exclusively, is required for agricultural settlement and mining industry. In the same measure as white men and Indians more and more jostled each other, their contact has been apt to result in collision. The Indians are scattered over an immense extent of country, in tribes and bands of different size, with constantly growing and multiplying settlements of whites between them. The game upon which formerly most of them could depend for subsistence is rapidly disappearing. They occupy a number of reservations, some large and some comparatively small; some consisting in great part of fertile lands, some barren; many of which were secured to them for occupancy by treaties in times gone by with them as distinct nations. Many treaty reservations have turned out to be of far greater value in agricultural and mineral resources than they were originally thought to be, and are now equally coveted by the white population surrounding them.

The system of superintendents and agents has continued from an early period; but these officers were few in number and made their reports to the War Office, although neither the Secretary nor any officer of the Department had anything to do with their appointment, nor was the Department charged with the duty of supervising or controlling them. In 1854 an act of Congress was passed by which there was given to the Secretary of War a sort of general superintendency of the agents and sub-agents appointed by the President; and, while by that act the President was authorized to select military men to discharge the duties of Indian agents, a large majority of the agents selected were taken from civil life, and much machinery was employed in the conduct of Indian affairs. Year after year large amounts of money have been expended with a view to civilizing these people, and yet failure has attended the efforts in this direction. The inauguration of the "peace policy" in 1868 by President Grant, in which their management was placed entirely in the hands of civilians, was expected to produce more favorable results. The ends steadily pursued by the Interior Department have been-1. To set the Indians to

work as agriculturists or herders, thus to break up their habits of savage life and to make them self-supporting; 2. To educate their youth of both sexes so as to introduce to the growing generation civilized ideas, wants, and aspirations; 3. To allot parcels of land to Indians in severalty, and to give them individual title to their farms in fee, inalienable for a certain period, thus to foster the pride of individual ownership of property, instead of their former dependence upon the tribe, with its territory held in common; 4. When settlement in severalty with individual title is accomplished, to dispose with their consent of those lands on their reservations which are not settled and used by them, the proceeds to form a fund for their benefit, which will gradually relieve the Government of the expenses at present provided for by annual appropriations; 5. When this is accomplished, to treat the Indians like other inhabitants of the United States under the laws of the land. "This policy," says the Secretary of the Interior, "if adopted and supported by Congress and carried out with wisdom and firmness, will, in my opinion, gradually bring about a solution of the Indian problem, without injustice to the Indians and also without obstructing the development of the country."

It appears, from the report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, that the Indians on reservations have now under cultivation 157,056 acres, about 24,000 of which were broken by them in 1879, and that the products raised by the reservation Indians during the same twelve months amounted to 328,637 bushels of wheat, 643,286 bushels of corn, 189,654 bushels of oats and barley, 390,698 bushels of potatoes and other vegetables, and 48,353 tons of hay. This exhibit of the products of Indian labor does not include the five civilized tribes of the Indian Territory, who cultivated 237,000 acres and raised 565,400 bushels of wheat, 2,015,000 bushels of corn, 200,500 bushels of oats and barley, 336,700 bushels of vegetables, and 176,500 tons of hay. At the same time the raising of stock has been encouraged as much as possible. There are owned by reservation Indians 199,700 horses, 2,870 mules, 68,894 head of cattle, 32,537 swine, and 863,525 sheep, the latter principally by the Navajos. The five civilized tribes in the Indian Territory are reported to have 45,500 horses, 5,500 mules, 272,000 head of cattle, 190,000 swine, and 32,400 sheep. Provision has been made for an additional distribution of 11,300 head of stock cattle among the uncivilized tribes, it being found that the Indians are beginning to take excellent care of their domestic animals, and to be proud of the increase of their stock. Many have commenced raising swine and poultry, and it is thought expedient to encourage such beginnings in every possible way. The cultivation of garden vegetables among them is also rapidly spreading. Preparations have been made to increase the area of

cultivated soil very largely in 1880. Considerable quantities of agricultural tools and implements have been distributed, and the demand is constantly growing. So far as regards the solution of the Indian question, the Secretary of the Interior is of the opinion that it "depends upon the civilization of the Indians and their ability to take care of themselves."

The expenditures of the War Department for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1879, were $42,653,723. The appropriations available for the service of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1878, were $45,076,702; those for 1879 were $53,016,040; and those for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1880, were $46,269,821. The estimates for the service of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1881, amount to $40,380,428. The estimates for the civil establishment, which is the War Department proper, amount to $1,159,460. The force of the War Department and its bureaus was reorganized by an act of June 20, 1874, and placed on a basis, as to numbers, grades, and compensation, which seemed to be satisfactory in the transaction of public business, until that basis was materially changed by legislative reduction in 1876, and was thereafter considered by Congress as subject to further decrease. The military establishment is estimated for on the basis of 25,450 enlisted men, the Signal Corps being by law allowed 450 men not to be included in the 25,000. Under this head the estimates for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1880, were $29,335,727.33; the appropriations to meet the same were $26,978,847.33; and the present estimates are for $29,319,794.78. The principal differences between the estimates and the appropriations are on account of the item for pay, etc., of the army, which is made up of estimates based on arithmetical calculations, and on items for the Ordnance Department which relate to timely provisions for the public defense in any emergency that may arise. The estimates for the public works are $7,557,034.42, which amount is $396,043.34 less than the estimates for 1879, $113,946.88 less than those for 1880, and $3,237,460.19 less than the appropriations for 1880, which were $10,794,464.61. The amounts appropriated for "fortifications and other works of defense" during the last five years have been insufficient to preserve all such Government property from waste. This fact accounts for the annual increase in the amounts suggested for these works by the Chief of Engineers. Under this title the estimates for 1880, which were $3,188,400, were reduced to $1,000,000, and the present estimates, rendered in detail, for $4,028,500, have been reduced in the aggregate to $1,000,000, which amount could be wisely and properly applied to the preservation and care of these works. The estimates for rivers and harbors, rendered by items for $14,326,650, were reduced in the aggregate to $5,015,000, which was the total of the amount appropriated for the fiscal year 1877, and which

seems to have been sufficient for the promotion of the general commerce of the country during that time. The miscellaneous estimates are $2,344,139.73, of which amount about one fourth appertains annually to the departmental collection and diffusion of valuable official data, such as the observation and report of storms through the Signal Service, the compilation and publication of official records of the war of the rebellion, and the like, and the remaining portion (which is over $1,500,000) is made up of items wholly relative to certain moral obligations of the Government, such as the support of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, the furnishing of artificial limbs and other appliances to disabled soldiers, and the care of national cemeteries. The aggregate of the estimates for the next fiscal year is $2,273,294.69 less than the amount of actual expenditures of 1879, $5,889,393.01 less than the appropriations available for the service of the fiscal year 1880, and is $7,289.40 less than the estimates for 1880, which were for a less sum of money than any annual estimates rendered to Congress from the Department for a period of at least eleven years.

The preparation of the Union and Confederate War Records is progressing under the management of Colonel R. N. Scott, of the army. The Secretary of War says: "There is a general disposition on the part of the ex-Confederate officers to contribute material to the official History of the War." The Southern Historical Society has placed its collection at the service of the Department, and valuable documents have been furnished by Generals Johnston, Pemberton, Wheeler, Jones, Ruggles, and others.

The total number of deaths from all causes reported among the white troops was 266, or 12 per 1,000 of mean strength. Of these, 162, or 7 per 1,000 of strength, died of disease, and 104, or 5 per 1,000 of strength, of wounds, accidents, and injuries. The proportion of deaths from all causes to cases treated was 1 to 142. The total number of white soldiers reported to have been discharged the service on "surgeon's certificate of disability was 677, or 31 per 1,000 of mean strength. The total number of deaths of colored soldiers reported from all causes was 28, or 14 per 1,000 of mean strength. Of these, 15, or 8 per 1,000 of strength, died of disease, and 13, or 6 per 1,000 of strength, of wounds, accidents, and injuries. The proportion of deaths from all causes to cases treated was 1 to 140. The total number of colored soldiers reported to have been discharged on "surgeon's certificate of disability" was 42, or 22 per 1,000 of mean strength.

The survey of the territory west of the 100th meridian has been continued in the States of Colorado, Texas, Nevada, California, and Oregon, and in the Territories of Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Washington, and in connection with this work a special survey of Great Salt Lake has been completed. No funds were