Joseph Barker Lightfoot, Canon of St. Paul's and Margaret, Professor of Divinity at Cambridge, was nominated to be the new Bishop of the diocese, was duly elected by the Dean and Chapter, and was consecrated Bishop at Westminister Abbey, April 25th. The new Bishop was born in Liverpool, is a little more than fifty years of age, was graduated from the University of Cambridge in 1851, and is one of the most distinguished Biblical scholars in the English Church.

Bishop Samuel Gobat of Jerusalem died May 11th. The Bishop of this diocese is appointed under a joint arrangement of the British and Prussian Governments, by the terms of which he is designated by either alternately. The appointment of the successor of Bishop Gobat falling to the British Government, the Rev. Dr. Joseph Barclay, rector of Stapleton, Herts, was made Bishop. The new Bishop had already spent ten years in Jerusalem as examining chaplain to Bishop Gobat, whereby he had acquired a close acquaintance with the East. He is versed in the Hebrew, Arabic, and German languages, and has translated and prepared commentaries on parts of the Talmud.

The Right Rev. Dr. Reginal Courtney, Bishop of Kingston, Jamaica, having resigned his office, to take effect in April, 1879, the Right Rev. George William Tozer was appointed Bishop of Kingston in August. Bishop Tozer was for several years Anglican Missionary Bishop of Zanzibar, but retired from that position in 1873 on account of his health.

The fourteenth annual report of the Council of the Church Association was made in March, 1879. Thirty-three branches had been formed during the year, and the whole number of branches was now 358. Branches of the Association had been established at Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Montrose, in Scotland. In accordance with the object of the Association, which is the maintenance of Protestant principles in the Church of England, organized operations were being made throughout the country to bring the subject of ritualism before candidates for Parliament at the coming election.

The annual meeting of the English Church Union was held at Hereford, August 21st. The annual report and the address of the President of the meeting, Major Thomas Palmer of Hereford, represented that the Union and the principles it represented were gaining ground. Thirty years ago, it was claimed, crosses, surpliced choirs, candles, etc., were ruled out; now they had all these. The people in attendance at their churches and the number of communicants had increased, and the observance of the services appertaining to Lent had been more numerous. Resolutions were passed, stating that the Union regarded with surprise and alarm the decision of the Archbishop of Canterbury, and some of the bishops, to displace the Athanasian Creed from its present position in the Prayer-Book, and that it should be left as it is; that the Union disapproved of the

action of the Lower House of Convocation in the matter of the ornaments rubric, and they were astonished that the House should accept an addition which contradicts the rubric itself; and that the Union will do all it can to prevent any alteration in the Prayer-Book, as dangerous to the interests of the Church. The holding of a mass meeting in London in November was advised.

The Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament is an association for propagating the doctrine of the real presence in the Lord's Supper, for promoting the administration of that ordinance with a full ritual, the offering of prayers for the dead, the increase of daily celebrations, the receiving of the sacraments for the sick and dying, and auricular confession. According to the report for 1878, 61 priests had been enrolled as members during the year, 53 had withdrawn, and the whole number of priests associate was 933; 759 lay associates had been admitted, 47 had withdrawn, and the whole number of lay associates was about 10,563; making the total of members in England 11,499. Twenty-one new wards had been formed in England, one in India, one in Canada, and one in South Africa, while six wards had been discontinued; and there were now 147 English and eight colonial wards. The "Intercession" paper was regularly issued, 10,500 copies being required each month. The income of the Society had been £1,161, and its expenditures £892.

A new society, called the Church and Stage Guild, has been established in connection with the Church of England, with the object of promoting religious and social sympathy between the members of the Church and the stage.

The annual meeting of the Society for the Liberation of Religion from State Patronage und Control was held in London, April 30th. The expenditures of the Society for the year had been £13,249, after defraying which a balance of £579 was left in the treasury. About eight hundred meetings had been held in England, Scotland, and Wales, and 3,148,000 publications had been circulated. The report dwelt upon the advance which had been made in the cause which the Society was intended to promote, as shown in the movement for the disestablishment of the Scottish Church, in which the Society coöperated; the agitation on the subject of burials, in the case of which it was claimed that the principles insisted upon by Mr. Osborne Morgan had been acquiesced in in the bill of Mr. Balfour; and other events. The scheme for the endowment of an Irish Roman Catholic University would meet with strenuous opposition. Resolutions were passed expressing confidence in the success of the movement for disestablishment in Scotland, commending the question of disestablishment to the support of electoral constituencies, and urging preparation to oppose the project to establish a Roman Catholic University in Ireland. Resolutions were passed at the public

meeting referring with satisfaction to the tendency of ecclesiastical litigation "to convince the members of the Church that legal coercion is not a fit instrument for the attainment of spiritual ends, and that the advantages of an establishment can not be enjoyed without sacrificing the peace and freedom of the Church," and expressing the hope, in the prospect of the coming general election, "that the friends of religious equality will not fail to press upon the electoral bodies the expediency of putting an end to state interference with religion, and also that in England, no less than in Scotland, there will be a firm determination to secure the early abolition of the Scottish establishment."

The Church Congress met at Swansea, October 7th. The Bishop of St. David's, the diocese in which the meeting was held, presided. In his opening address he counseled the avoidance of the danger of making the Congress the battle-ground of different classes of thought in the Church. The subjects discussed on the first day's session were: The missionary work of the Church among the Jews and in India; "The Causes of and Remedy for Dissent"; "Home Reunion"; "Higher and Intermediate Education in Wales"; "How can the Church best gain and retain its Influence over the Young?" and "Church Work among the Seafaring Population." The Bishop of Winchester, President of the Home Reunion Society, opened the discussion on the causes for dissent and its remedy. He traced the history of nonconformity, and sketched the principles on which it should be met. The chief of the remedies which he proposed were: that the Church should not be looked upon as a sect, but as a world-wide society, meant to include in it all who accept Christ as their King; that party spirit and partisan language should be avoided; that nixing of religion with politics should be shunned; that lay work should be increased and lay counsel sought; that a lower order of clergy be enlisted as a permanent diaconate; that what are called irregular devotional services should be encouraged, or at least fully tolerated, and that more missionary and evangelizing labor should be secured, both at home and abroad. The programme of discussions was continued during the succeeding days with papers and addresses on the subjects of "The Maintenance of Voluntary Schools, and the best Means of promoting Religious Education in them and in Board Schools"; "Diocesan Synods and Conferences"; "Church Temperance work"; "Parish Organization," with reference to rich and poor town parishes, and compact and scattered country parishes; "The Church in Wales"; "Ecclesiastical Courts and Final Court of Appeal"; "Religious Benefits from recent Scientific Research." On the subject of religious education in the schools, the opening paper, by Canon Melville, advocated a religious basis in instruction, and mentioned an increase in the number of schools which

had adopted the Lord's Prayer, the Ten Commandments, and the Apostles' Creed as bases of such instruction. In relation to Ecclesiastical Courts, Dr. Phillimore proposed a reform in the organization of the Courts, under which the Church should be given a voice in the appointment of its bishops and archbishops; these officers should sit as judges canonically with the assistance of their clergy, with their chancellors as assessors, and with representatives of the laity to concur; the appeal to be to the synod of the province presided over by the Metropolitan, and, if further appeal be required, to the synod of the whole Anglican Communion. Such a reform, he thought, need not be incompatible with establishment. The discussion of the subject of the Church in Wales bore reference to the difficulties of bilingual parishes and the special education and training of the clergy. The Dean of Bangor showed that, out of a million people speaking the Welsh language, eight hundred thousand are attached more or less closely to the Congregational, Baptist, Wesleyan, Presbyterian, and other chapels. He maintained that the Church had lost its hold on the Welsh people through the indifference it had shown to them; and that, if it would recover them, it must have more earnest and devoted men capable of speaking to them in their own tongue.

Questions concerning the means of securing more friendly relations with nonconformists were considered at the meetings of several of the diocesan synods in October. At the Diocesan Conference of Manchester, a resolution was adopted expressing a desire to promote a friendly recognition of dissenters who would meet Churchmen on the ground of a common Christianity, and an earnest wish to cultivate friendly relations with them and to cooperate with them on any possible platforms of Christian work; further, that "in the opinion of this Conference it is desirable that the Convocation of this province (York) should consider the question of the comprehension of nonconformists with a view to devising the best means of terminating our dissensions and establishing essential unity, and working harmony between all sections of earnest Christian people in the land." The Synod of Peterborough resolved "that in full recognition of the sin and scandal of divisions among Christians, and in humble consciousness that they have been fomented and encouraged by many shortcomings on the part of the English Church, this Conference would hail with the utmost satisfaction any proposals toward home reunion without compromising scriptural truth and apostolic order; and that, while unable to perceive that the time has arrived for formal communications between the authorities of the Church and delegates from nonconformists, it is of opinion that special attention should be directed to a possible concordat with Wesleyan Methodists."

The Representative Body of the Irish Episcopal Church had at the beginning of 1879 a

capital sum of upward of £7,000,000, the interest of which forms the yearly endowment of the Church. The General Synod of the Irish Episcopal Church met at Dublin on April 22d. The most important discussions referred to the condition and relations of the Divinity School of Trinity College. The friends of the College moved for a declaration of the Synod that it is not advisable that it should cease to teach theology to the members of the Church of Ireland, or that its control should pass out of the hands of the provost and fellows. The Bishop of Meath moved a resolution expressing the desire of the Synod that the bill introduced by Lord Belmore for the future management of the Divinity School might speedily become a law, so that the due maintenance and government of the school in accordance with the recommnendations of the late University Commission might be secured. The mover stated that the disposition of this question was the last special difficulty arising out of disestablishment. Lord Belmore explained his bill, which, he contended, did not contemplate any practical separation of the school from the University. The archbishops and bishops were requested by the Synod to confer with the Board of Trinity College, with a view to promote an arrangement with the authorities of the University and the Synod. The Senate of the University having at its meeting on the 1st of May refused to approve the bill, and having adopted a motion to the effect that means could be found by which the connection of the Divinity School and the College can be maintained, and the welfare of the school, under the conditions as altered by recent legislation, can be better provided for than under its provisions, the Synod, on the 2d, referred the whole subject with the bill back to the archbishops and bishops, requesting them to summon the Synod again if an agreement of terms should be reached. It was always to be understood that the connection between the Divinity School and the College should be as close as possible. Petitions were presented against a screen which had been erected in the cathedral. A proposition to remove the screen was rejected, but leave was given to introduce a bill declaring that in future it should not be lawful to erect any screen or partition separating the officiating clergy from the congregation. This was lost through a failure to secure the approval of the clergy, the vote in the two houses standing-clergy, yeas 73, nays 78; laity, yeas 130, nays 29. A scheme was approved for establishing such a permanent training school for teachers in connection with the Church as may be entitled to receive support from the state. A special meeting of the Synod was held in June to consider the questions relating to the Divinity School of Trinity College, when resolutions were adopted asserting the right of the bishops to nominate the professors and lecturers in the school.

ANIMAL-PLANTS AND PLANT-ANIMALS. The singular behavior of the sundew (Drosera) and other plants of its class in preying upon insects, and the fact that the victims of these carnivorous plants, which possess various and complex arrangements for attracting and securing their prey, are decomposed by a fluid which corresponds in its nature and action to the gastric juice of animals, and are taken into the system of the plants, awakened the wonder of the scientific world a few years ago, when the discovery was made and published by Charles Darwin. The fact that the nitrogenous matter thus consumed actually formed a part of the nutriment of this group of plants still remained to be proved until the recent experiments of F. Darwin established it beyond question: he took a large number of sundew plants and supplied half of them with nitrogenous food in the form of roast beef; of the fed plants, 69 per cent. more survived than of the unfed; their stems weighed 41 per cent. more; they excelled the starved plants in the number of their seeds by 141 per cent., and in the aggregate weight of their seeds by 279 per cent. Equally confirmatory results were reached in Germany by Kellermann, Reiss, and Von Raumer, who fed the plants with aphides.

Another approach to the animal kingdom in the physiology of plants has been noticed by Weyl, and more lately investigated by Sidney Vines in a micro-chemical examination of the aleurone grains in the seeds of the blue lupine (Lupinus varius). These are grains of a soluble or partly soluble proteinaceous substance which are found in the endosperm or the cotyledon of the seeds of numerous plants, and contain the stores of proteid food. The analysis of Vines revealed the presence of two proteids belonging to the globuline group, which have never before been found except in animals: these were myosine, which occurs in dead muscular tissue, and vitelline, which is found in the yolk of eggs. An extract of the seeds also contained a proteid which possesses all the properties of peptone, and resembles very closely the hemi-albuminose of Kühne, or a peptone of Meissner. The peptones, formed by the action of the gastric or pancreatic fluids on proteids in the digestive organs of animals, are classed by Meissner as the a, b, and c peptones, representing three different stages of decomposition in the digestive process. The presence of these products, which were supposed to be confined to the physiological economy of animals, has been detected not only in the higher flowering plants, but is established by recent researches of Professor Nägeli in one of the lowest of the protophytes -the yeast-plant. Nägeli finds by his analysis of the cells of this fungus that, besides the albuminoids, of which the cells are mainly composed, they contain about two per cent. of peptones, and that these exist in all three of the modifications distinguished by Meissner.

A process completely analogous to the excretion of animals is discovered to take place in this plant. That plants give off carbonic acid as a product of waste tissue, just as animals do, has long been observed. Nitrogenous products of the oxidation were by analogy known to exist, but have never been observed. Nageli discovered in his analysis of the yeast-fungus, besides the glycerine and succinic acid which were known as extractives of yeast, several of the well-known nitrogenous products of the waste of animal tissue-guanine, xanthine, surkine, and leucine, the last of which is believed to be in animals the urea in one of the stages of its formation.

A no less startling discovery has been made in the animal kingdom by which one of the broadest and plainest marks of distinction between the animal and plant kingdoms has been obliterated. Certain animals are found to exercise a most important physiological process which has been supposed to be the most exclusive and distinctive attribute of vegetable life. The green color of a number of the lower animals, belonging to widely separated groups, is well known to be due to the presence of chlorophyl. This substance is found to exist in certain infusoria, in a species of fresh-water sponge, in the Hydra viridis, in a sea-anemone, the Anthea cereus, in a tube-worm, the Chaptopterus Valencienesii, in the Bonellia viridis, in an isopod, the Idotea viridis, and in three species of planarians. The green grains contained in these animals were found by the chemical and spectroscopic investigations of Cohn, Ray, Lankester, and others, to be chemically identical with plant - chlorophyl. That they performed the chemico - physiological function of chlorophyl in plants, that they had the power and actually served to decompose carbonic acid, was not established; and that such a process attended and supported the life of these animals seemed quite as incredible as did the fact that the nitrogenous substances dissolved by the gastric fluid of the carnivorous plants actually served as nutriment. An English scientist, Geddes, has now discovered that this process does take place in the planarians at least. Placing a number of specimens in water, and exposing them to the rays of a bright sun, he found that they emitted bubbles of gas which contained from 45 to 55 per cent. of oxygen. In their habitat on the seashore they are always found covered by a few centimetres of water only, and directly exposed to the sun: in an aquarium they seek the fullest exposure to the light, and live much longer when in the light than when kept in the shade. By dissolving out the chlorophyl with alcohol, and subjecting an aqueous extract of the bleached and coagulated substance of their bodies to the delicate and infallible iodine test, he discovered the indisputable presence of starch. The blue coloration, fading out on exposure to heat and reappearing when the solution cooled again, establishes

beyond question the existence of this purely vegetable constituent in these animals.

These remarkable discoveries, following closely one upon another, of plants which devour, digest, and are nourished by animal food, of veritable peptones formed by many plants, of plants performing a process of excrementation, and the converse discovery of starch-forming, oxygen-exhaling animals, overturn the broadest, never-questioned generalizations, and obliterate the clearest marks of distinction which have been fixed regarding the demarkation of the animal and vegetable kingdoms. This latest revelation of the infinite complexity and manifold interlinkages of organic nature is accentuated by its discoverer in the following language: "As the Drosera, Dionæa, etc., which have attracted so much attention of late years, have received the striking name of 'carnivorous plants,' these planarians may not unfairly be called 'vegetating animals,' for the one case is the precise reciprocal of the other. Not only does the Dionaa imitate the carnivorous animal, and the Convoluta the ordinary green plant, but each tends to lose its own normal character. The tiny root and the halfblanched leaves of Pinguicula are paralleled by the absence of a distinct alimentary canal and the abstemious habits of the planarian."

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC (REPÚBLICA ARGENTINA). For detailed statements of the territorial divisions and population, reference may be made to the "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1877 and 1878.

The President of the Republic is Dr. Don Nicolás Avellaneda; the Vice-President, Dr. Don Mariano Acosta; and the Ministers composing the Cabinet, as follows: Interior, Dr. Don Benjamin Zorrilla; Finance, Dr. Don Victorino de La Plaza; Justice, Public Worship, and Public Instruction, Dr. Don Miguel Goyena; War and the Navy. Dr. Don Carlos Pellegrini. The Argentine Chargé d'Affaires in the United States is Sr. Don Julio Carrié. The Consul-General (at New York) is Sr. Don Cárlos Carranza; and the Vice-Consul, Mr. F. H. Snyder.

The Governors of the several provinces