the disease, born doubtless of the belief, once very motion to quash indictments found by the prevalent, that insanity implied demoniac possession, late grand jury of the United States, because does still a vast deal of harm. It causes too often a a Confederate soldier was a member thereof concealment of the disorder until the curative stage has passed away. It invests it with attributes not (and of course could not take the ironclad only mysterious and forbidding, but alike prejudicial oath), was denied. Upon a similar state of to its proper humane and scientific treatment. It circumstances Judge Woods, of the United adds greatly, too, to the afflictive burden of those who States Circuit Court, held precisely the opposuffer from its lighter forms, or who have recovered from its more serious attacks. site of the opinion of Judge Bruce, and quashed several indictments in Louisiana because upon the grand jury which presented them there were members who could not take the ironclad oath. Their decisions were final, because in these cases, which really involve the liberty of the citizen, there is no appeal from the decision of the Federal Judge. The report of the physician (Dr. Bryce), after designating alcohol" as the most active of all the exciting causes of insanity," presents the following statement compiled from facts of the total annual expense of alcoholic stimulants in this country: 182,100. The total amount of crime costs the Government annually $32,528,437, three fourths of which, or $24,396,328, is attributable to intemperance. Add the cost of pauperism caused by this evil, $21,375,000, and we find the total annual expense of alcoholic stimulants to the people of the United States to be There are consumed in this country each year 561,Many revenue cases brought before the 000,000 gallons of alcoholic liquors, which at manu- Court developed the fact that Commissioners facturers' prices cost the consumers the round sum of were in the habit of issuing blank affidavits to $1,841,204,000. It kills 164,062 persons each year, agents and deputy marshals, to be filled up whose days are shortened ten years, making a total of 1,640,620 years of time, which at $50 per year with the names of such parties as the agent or makes $82,031,000. There are 1,523,662 regular or deputy marshal might be able to charge, on moderate drinkers, who it is estimated lose one third his own oath, with violation of the law, as he of their time as a consequence of the gratification of had reason to believe. On such warrants this appetite, entailing a pecuniary loss alone of $76,- many innocent persons have been arrested, and subjected to great expense, injustice, and oppression, and the Commissioners, agents, and marshals have reaped a large amount of unlawful fees. opinion, setting forth these facts, and deJudge Woods read an able nounced such proceedings as contrary to the United States Constitution, which declares that "no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized." He concluded with an order that no Commissioner shall issue any warrant of search, seizure, or arrest, unless a witness shall first appear before said Commissioner and make the proper affidavit. $2,041,249,428. Some cases of indictment for election frauds occurred in Dallas County, and were brought up for trial before the United States Court (Judge Bruce), at Montgomery. The counsel for the defense maintained that the jury law in the statute-book was operative and valid, whereas the Court and District Attorney held the reverse, as follows: The counsel for the defense moved to quash the indictments based upon the provisions of section 820 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, Boutwell edition. This section constitutes the pith of the somewhat celebrated ironclad oath. (See CONGRESS, UNITED STATES.) One at least of the members of the recent grand jury of the United States was a Confederate soldier, and consequently could not take this oath. The counsel for the defendants held that so long as the oath was contained in the Revised Statutes it was operative and of full force and effect. Judge Bruce maintained just the reverse. He held that the ironclad oath was effectually repealed prior to the passage of the act adopting the Revised Statutes of the United States by Congress, and that its appearance in the new edition of these statutes did not reenact it. The law which was passed by Congress, accepting the Boutwell edition of the Revised Statutes of the United States, included all laws of a general and permanent character in force on the 1st day of December, 1873. Judge Bruce held that the test-oath act was repealed before December 1, 1873, and consequently, not being one of the acts in force on that date, its appearance in the Revised Statutes did not reënact it. Hence the The statute of Alabama declares that "all railroad companies in the State . . . may, for the transportation of local freight, demand and receive not exceeding fifty per cent. more than the rate charged for the transportation of the same description of freight over the whole line of the road." The Supreme Court of the State held that, as it is the policy of railroad corporations to so connect their lines as to effect a long continuous connected line of transportation, and under such arrangement the saving of labor and increase of business resulting from such connection enable each road to accept its share of the sum realized from this branch of the business, a sum which would fall much below fair remuneration for receiving, loading, transporting, unloading, and delivering the same quantity and description of freight, whose departure and distribution were each within the limit of the one road, hence the words "over the whole line of its road" mean, and only mean, freight which is taken at one terminus and discharged at the other. ALASKA. This distant region, belonging by purchase to the United States, has not yet been provisional form until supplanted by a regularly enacted system. A chief magistrate and five selected men, each in separate precincts, were provided and authority given to try civil and criminal cases, to attend to the municipal affairs of Sitka, and to take charge of estates. All citizens entered heartily into the matter, and every one entitled voted, and the government was accepted. The officers elect are: Collector Ball, chief magistrate; selectmen, first precinct, P. Corcoran; second, T. Haltern; third, N. G. Matropolosky; fourth, (omitted); fifth (cannery), Thomas McCauly. There is no test of American citizenship; all white men twenty-one years of age are voters. The officers elect constitute together a provisional council, which regulates and sets in motion the machinery and details of the government, hears appeals from the selectmen's decisions, and tries grave offenses. advanced to the dignity of an organized Territory. The relations of the inhabitants to the Federal Government are only such as were obtained for them by the treaty with Russia in March, 1867. The third article provides that the inhabitants of the ceded Territory, with the exception of the uncivilized native tribes, shall be admitted to the enjoyment of all the rights of citizens of the United States, and shall be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty of property and religion. The uncivilized tribes are subject to such laws and regulations as the United States may from time to time adopt in regard to the aboriginal tribes of that country. There is no law for the arrest of persons charged with common-law offenses, such as assault, robbery, and murder, and no magistrate authorized to issue or execute process in such cases. Serious difficulties have already arisen from offenses of this character, not only among the original inhabitants, but among citizens of the United States and other countries, who have engaged in mining, fishing, and other business operations there. On July 25th the people at Sitka assembled and resolved upon the organization among themselves of a civil government. This was completed on August 28th. The preamble of the ordinance adopted sets forth the danger to person and property arising under an absence of all civil law; gives the reasons why no previous efforts could be made to form a government; proclaims the intention to secure protection against violence from the Indians, and that they feel able to maintain a In the early part of the year reports were spread respecting apprehended attacks by the Indians; but nothing of the kind has taken place. A letter received at the Navy Department, dated June 23d, from the commander of the United States ship Jamestown, which was ordered there to protect the white settlement from the Indians, represents the state of affairs as very quiet. He says: "I am satisfied that both the local Indians and the Tchilcats have friendly feelings toward the whites, and that there is no danger of any premeditated attack upon the settlement. The whites furnish to the Indians a market for their furs, fish, etc., and supply them with many needed articles. Many of the Indians, both men and women, 'dress up' on Sunday, and cheap dry-goods are in demand. The two settlements have existed in juxtaposition for many years, and it is exceedingly creditable to both that, with no law to govern them, they have both so governed themselves that outrages and disorder are uncommon. There is, however, a terrible danger to which the whites are exposed, and it is far from an imaginary one. When intoxicated with the vile 'hootchenoo,' like all drunken men, the Indians are liable to commit outrages which the whites are powerless to prevent, and to resent which would draw upon them the vengeance of the entire family to which the culprit belonged. It is my belief that in February last the settlement narrowly escaped a massacre. That it did escape is due greatly to the influence of certain friendly Indians of superior intelligence. I do not think that there is any danger while a vessel of war is here, and I hope to be able to so influence the Indians that after we shall have left they will preserve peace." The revenue derived from the Territory annually is about $300,000, and the supply of fish is destined to equal the demand of the whole country. Coal has been found in abundance, with iron ore of excellent quality. Gold and silver are known to exist, but the mountains are heavily timbered, which interrupts prospecting, especially where there is trouble with the natives. No present inducements warrant the Government in keeping constant military guard over so vast a range. But if there be gold regions and encouragement offered, California would furnish 5,000 miners, who would open the mines and take care of the hostile Indians. With the exception of those that are in the southern section, the Indians and Esquimaux of Alaska are peaceable, friendly, and inclined to trade. The climate, though cloudy and rainy, is not so hard as is supposed. The winters are less severe than in Canada. timber is plenty, housing is not costly. Alaska is as large as many Californias, and the existence of one gold-field would indicate more. With the furs, fisheries, timber, and coals added to its gold and silver mines, it would soon take rank with California in its productions. As Vienna. During his stay in Germany he devoted himself ardently to study, and he speaks with great fluency French, English, Italian, and German. During the war with Russia he was Turkish Ambassador in Vienna, when his knowledge of Western affairs made him of great value to his Government. When, however, in spite of his repeated assurances that Austria would not permit Servia to take part in the war, the latter country did begin hostilities, he was recalled, particularly as he was a warm friend of Midhat Pasha. Upon the creation of the principality of Eastern Roumelia, he was selected for the position of Prince, as being a Christian and a Bulgarian. He is described as a man of strict integrity, and as possessing a thorough knowledge of the condition of his principality. ALEXANDER I., first Prince of Bulgaria, was born April 5, 1857. He is the son of Prince Alexander of Hesse, the brother of the Empress of Russia. His mother was the daughter of Count Haucke, who was a Russian general and for a time Minister of War. Upon her marriage with the Prince of Hesse she received the title of Princess of Battenberg. Prince Alexander is the second son of this union, his elder brother being now in the British navy. He served with the Russian army all through the Turkish war, and is well acquainted with Bulgaria and its inhabitants, which could not but recommend him to the Bulgarians. He rode in the ranks of the 8th Uhlans, and was also attached to the staff of Prince Charles of Roumania. At the siege of Plevna he gained unusual experience, was among the first who crossed the Balkans with General Gourko, and accompanied the Grand Duke Nicholas to Constantinople. After the close of the war he was transferred to the Prussian Life Guards, and at the time of his election was doing garrison duty at Potsdam. ALGERIA, a province of France in Northern Africa. Governor-General in 1879, Albert Grévy. The country is divided into territory under civil administration and territory under military administration. The former is subdivided into departments and the latter into divisions. The area and population, according to the "Statistique Générale de l'Algérie (1877), are as follows: DEPARTMENTS AND DIVISIONS. tration: Algiers.... Oran.... Constantine. ALEKO PASHA, the Governor-General of Eastern Roumelia, was born about 1830. He is a Bulgarian and a Christian, his Christian name being Prince Alexander Vogorides. His father was the Prince Vogorides who played 1. Territory under civil adminissuch an important part during the Crimean war, and who was the first Prince of Samos. He was a native of a small village near the Kazan Pass, and went in early youth to Constantinople, where he was educated in a Greek 2. Territory under military adschool. It was mainly owing to his influence that the Greeks during the Crimean war did not openly espouse the cause of Russia. Aleko Pasha, who was his third son, occupied in the beginning of his diplomatic career various subordinate positions at Berlin, London, and Total. ministration: Algiers... Total... Total Algeria..... 818,834 122,914 2,867,626 ALGERIA. On March 16th, M. Albert Grévy was ap- M. Grévy on taking possession of his post On June 1st the General-in-Chief telegraphed tine. The revolt was declared suppressed by In July a commission was appointed by M. ALLEN, WILLIAM, a Governor, Senator, etc., was born at Edenton, Chowan County, North Carolina, in 1806. By the loss of both parents he became an orphan in infancy. As there were no common schools in North Carolina at that time, nor in Virginia, to which he subsequently removed, he had no public opportunities to obtain instruction. By private aid and his own efforts he obtained the rudiments of an education. While at Lynchburg, Virginia, he supported himself by working as a saddler's apprentice. At sixteen years of age, with his bundle in hand, he started on Here whom he had never seen, and who was the foot for Chillicothe, Ohio, to find a sister mother of Senator Allen G. Thurman. he was sent to the town academy, and continued under the supervision of his sister until he became a law student in the office of Edward Revolutionary fame. He was admitted to pracKing, a son of the distinguished Rufus King of tice before he was twenty-one years of age, and soon attained considerable reputation as a criminal lawyer. Public speaking had always presented great attractions to him, and he cultivated the art of addressing juries and asseinblies successfully, with more diligence than the learning of cases and the acquisition of pure legal habits of thought and statement. He had a fine figure and a powerful voice, and soon attracted public attention. He shortly after became the Democratic candidate for Congress in a strong opposition district, and had an ex- Governor for a competitor. He was elected by one majority, and was the youngest member in the House of the Twenty-third Congress. At the next election Mr. Allen was defeated by a small majority, but obtained fifteen hundred more votes than the rest of the ticket. In 1837, when only thirty-one years of age, he was elected to the United States Senate and took his seat March 4th, where he became a leader. Just before the expiration of his term he went directly before the people of Ohio as a candidate for reëlection. The result was that the Democrats had a handsome majority in the Legislature, and Mr. Allen was reelected without opposition. In the Democratic National Convention of 1848, which met in Baltimore, so bitter was the contest between the friends of Cass and Van Buren, the leading candidates, that, to prevent a division, a committee, composed of men from both factions, waited on Senator Allen in Washington and urged him to accept the nomination for the Presidency; but he persistently refused to allow his name to be used, taking the ground that, as he had been an earnest advocate of Cass's nomination, to accept a nomination himself would be a betrayal of his friend. He afterward made a canvass of New York and Pennsylvania in favor of Mr. Cass. Mr. Allen then retired from public life, from which he did not emerge again until 1873, when he ran as the Democratic candidate for Governor of Ohio, and was elected by about 1,000 majority, his associates on the State ticket all suffering defeat. Mr. Allen was again the Democratic nominee for Governor in 1875, but after a vigorous contest was defeated by General Rutherford B. Hayes, who was in the next year the Republican Presidential candidate. Thus closed his political career. He continued in excellent health until the morning of July 10th, when he complained of being unwell, but did not regard his illness of sufficient importance to receive attention until the afternoon. At six o'clock he retired to bed, and was up and down several times during the night. His sonin-law and daughter sat up in an adjoining room. A little before one o'clock she was startled by seeing her father arise from the bed, stagger to a chair, and fall into it. Before they could reach him he was dead. death was instantaneous. His AMERICA. The prominent change in the administration of affairs in the Dominion of Canada during the year has been the adoption of a system of high protection for home manufactures. It remains to be seen whether this policy, to which the Canadians have committed themselves almost irrevocably, may not prove too burdensome to a people so largely engaged in agricultural and similar pursuits. The general depression of trade had, however, disposed them to welcome any innovation in their commercial policy, and the large increase in imports from the United States during several years, with a decrease from Great Britain, had awakened discontent in all classes. A constitutional question arose out of the dismissal of Lieutenant-General Letellier of Quebec, which became complicated by later events until it involved the Dominion Government, the Governor, and the British Government in a controversy. (See DOMINION OF CANADA.) The extension of railway communications has been one of the prominent Canadian questions of late years, and especially the construction of the Pacific Railroad. During the year a section from Lake Superior to the Province of Manitoba, about 185 miles in length, has been put under contract, and the line has been extended west of the Red River to a point south of Lake Manitoba. The work is also connected at St. Vincent with the system of the Northwestern States. The In the United States, the 1st of January, 1879, was fixed for the resumption of specie payments by the Federal Government at its place of deposits in New York City. This seems to have taken place without producing the slightest unfavorable impression. enormous exportation and diminished importation of the previous year still continued, and soon enlivened the stagnant trade that had prevailed during the larger part of 1878. The consequence has been a state of remarkable and increasing prosperity during 1879. The political affairs of the country have been quiet. The only agitation was that produced in Congress by the efforts of the majority to remove from the statutes every appearance of authority for military interference at the elections, while the President vetoed all such bills, although they contained the appropriations necessary for the expenses of the Government. In this conflict between the legislative and the executive departments no conclusion was reached. The results of the State elections were generally in favor of the Republicans, although the total vote was somewhat reduced. The elections attracted much interest, as they were held in some of the large States, which occupy an important position in a close Presidential election, such as is anticipated in 1880. Some disturbances occurred with roving bands of Indians on the frontier, by which a few lives were lost on each side. The hostile condition was promptly suppressed, and peace has uniformly prevailed throughout the country. In Mexico and the Central American States no event of political importance transpired during the year. In the first-named country, demonstrations hostile to the Diaz Administration were for a time apprehended; but, with continued tranquillity, confidence was restored, in the belief that no change would take place in the existing order of things before the elections for a new President in 1880. |