hanged late in October for complicity in the massacre, among whom were the Kotwal of Cabool, the head of the city mollahs, and two generals, one of royal blood; and on the 16th of November forty-nine Afghans had been hanged for complicity in the massacre. A military demonstration was made from Kuram up the Chakmani Valley, which resulted in the dispersion of the hostile bands. In the last days of October, by order of the Viceroy of India, General Roberts issued a proclamation stating that, in consequence of the abdication of the Ameer and the outrage at the British residency, the British Government had been compelled to occupy Cabool and other parts of Afghanistan. AFRICA. The area, according to Behm and Wagner ("Bevölkerung der Erde," vol. v., Gotha, 1878), is 10,941,000 square miles, and the population 205,219,500. For the area and population of the divisions and subdivisions, see "Annual Cyclopædia " for 1878.

It is believed that about one half of the population of Africa are Mohammedans. After being for many centuries the principal religion of the northern and northeastern coast, Mohammedanism has made more recently great progress in the interior of Africa, and has advanced westward as far as Liberia. The entire Christian population of Africa does not exceed 7,000,000. About one half of these belong to the Abyssinian and Coptic Churches, and are directly descended from the Christian Church of the first centuries. Since the beginning of the maritime discoveries in the fifteenth century, the Portuguese and Spaniards have established their sovereignty over large tracts of land, and the population has gradually become connected with the Roman Catholic Church. In the Portuguese possessions on the continent of Africa, in Congo, Angola, and Mozambique, the carelessness of the Portuguese Government has allowed the missions to fall to ruin, and the connection of the native population with the Catholic Church to become merely nominal, being reduced to the retention of some usages and ceremonies. Large numbers of the natives continue, however, to regard themselves as Catholics, and still figure in the statistical accounts of the Church; and, in view of the greater interest which the Portuguese Government begins to show in its colonies, it is believed that ere long the entire population of the Portuguese colonies, no less than that of the Spanish, will be in real communion with the Catholic Church. The conquest of Algeria in modern times has opened to the same Church a new and large missionary field in Northern Africa, in which already a considerable population of European descent, with a small number of native converts, promise for the future an important addition to its territory. Egypt and Tunis have received large additions to their Catholic population by the immigration of Catholics from Italy and other countries of Southwestern Europe. The Roman Catholics under British rule live chiefly

in the island of Mauritius, which formerly belonged to France, and still is predominantly Catholic.

The Protestant missions in Africa are classified as West African, South African, and East African missions. In West Africa, missions are carried on in Gambia, Pongas, Sierra Leone, Mendi, Liberia, the Gold Coast country, Yoruba, Old Calabar, the Cameroons, the Gaboon, Corisco, and the Sherbro country, by seven American, nine English, and three Continental societies. They include, according to the reports for 1878 and 1879, so far as they are completed, 386 missionaries and assistants, and 25,636 members of the Church. The South African missions are planted among the Damaras, in Namaqualand, the Cape Colony, the Transvaal, Caffraria, Natal, and Zoolooland, and are under the control of one American, six British, and nine Continental (including the Moravian, Waldensian, French, German, Finnish, and Scandinavian Lutheran) societies, and the societies of the colonial churches. They embrace, so far as reports are at hand, 637 missionaries and assistants, and 60,000 communicants. The principal East African missions are carried on by the societies of the Church of England and the United Methodist Free Churches. Several societies have established missions in Abyssinia, chiefly among the Jews, and in Algeria; and five societies have begun missions since 1875 in the interior, on the great lakes and the Congo River, employing altogether between thirty and forty laborers, but have not yet made any reports of converts. Denominationally, the working forces and churches of the Western and Southern African missions are related as follows: Baptist, 22 missionaries and assistants, 209 members; Congregational, 26 ministers, 670 members; Episcopal and Anglican, 149 ministers, 6,878 members (including some white colonists in South Africa); American Lutheran, 1 minister, 40 members; Methodist, 190 ministers, 36,751 members; Moravian, 65 min. isters, 10,386 adherents; Presbyterian, 33 ministers, 3,732 members; United Brethren, 2 ministers, 70 members; Lady Huntingdon's Connection, 60 preachers, exhorters, and teachers; Continental societies (French, Swiss, German, Finnish, and Scandinavian Lutheran and Reformed), 318 ministers, 31,518 members. The Anglican missions in Sierra Leone have been turned over to the native Episcopal church of the colony, which receives a grant of £500 a year from the Church Missionary Society. This church has 14 clergymen, 4,874 communicants, and 14,000 native Christian adherents, with 4,037 scholars. The Reformed Dutch Church of South Africa includes 50 ministers, 113 congregations, and 220,000 souls. In Madagascar, the London (Congregational) Missionary Society has 414 European and native preachers, with 3,804 other native assistants, 67,729 members, and 233,188 adherents; the Anglican missions have 13 ministers and

800 members; the Norwegian Lutherans have 19 missionaries and 288 members; and the Friends have 100 congregations. Primary schools are taught at all the stations, and are freely attended by pupils of all ages. Higher schools are also connected with the older stations, and most of the missions have normal and training schools for teachers, and theological schools for the education of native preachers. The statistics of those schools of which regular reports are given show that the attendance of scholars generally exceeds the number of members in the churches. Fourah Bay College, of the Church Missionary Society, on the West Coast of Africa, is affiliated with the University of Durham, whence some of its students have received degrees, and provides a full course of collegiate instruction, with comparative philology, theology, and the Hebrew and Arabic languages. The institution of the Free Church of Scotland, at Lovedale, Catfraria, has elementary, literary, and theological classes, of three years each, and is attended by natives and English, most of the native races of South Africa and the stations of all the denominational missions being represented among its pupils. It has furnished trained teachers for the Free Church and other missions, has developed a branch institution at Blythewood in the Transkei, and has contributed to the establishment of the new mission at Livingstonia, on Lake Nyassa. The mission schools of Madagascar have been extensively developed and systematically organized, and have promoted the establishment of a national system of education. Grammars and dictionaries of the languages of the numerous tribes have been prepared by the missionaries, school and religious books have been published in them, and a varied literature has been produced in the Caffre dialects. This literary work gives employment to some respectable printing

Western Powers on Turkey, in consequence of the extravagant measures adopted by the Khedive. Several changes of ministry followed, until finally Riaz Pasha, who had been exiled by Ismail and recalled by Tevfik, was appointed President of the Council. The relations of Egypt and Abyssinia were in an unsettled condition. In the latter part of the year Colonel Gordon was sent to Abyssinia to arrange a definite treaty of peace. (See ABYSSINIA, and EGYPT.)

The British had another native war on their hands in South Africa in 1879, and one which eclipsed all of the preceding wars in importance. This year it was the nation of the Zooloo Caffres, under their king Cetywayo, with whom the British came into conflict. The causes that led to it were said by the colonists to be the general insecurity of their frontiers, and the utter disregard which Cety wayo exhibited toward the demands of the governments of Natal and the Cape. On the other hand, the natives who were from time to time captured, as well as Cety wayo himself, stated that at no time had the Zooloo king been anxious for war, and that he had done everything in his power to satisfy his white neighbors. In England, the war was regarded as unnecessary. The British, at first, met with defeat, but on July 4th they gained a complete victory over the Zooloos, which was followed on August 28th by the capture of Cety wayo. The Zooloo land was then subdivided into thirteen districts, and a chief appointed for each, while a British resident at the krall of each chief is to watch over British interests. The question of a South African confederation was again prominently brought forward by Sir M. Hicks-Beach, but received little encouragement from the colonies. (See CAPE COLONY, and ZooLoos.)

In Algeria, a complete change of government took place. The supreme civil and military powers, which had been united up to this time in one person, were separated, and a new governor-general and commander-in-chief were appointed. In June an insurrection of Kabyles broke out simultaneously in Tunis, Algeria, and Morocco. A boundary commission which was to settle the disputed boundary between the British colony of Sierra Leone and the Republic of Liberia adjourned sine die on April 24th, without settling any one point in the dispute. Agreement between the English and Liberian members was found to be impossible, and the former flatly refused to refer the matter to Commander Shufeldt of the United States Navy, who had been selected as arbitra

tor.

The Portuguese Government in March sent a man-of-war to Whydaly to blockade the coast of Dahomey, on account of the capture and imprisonment of a Portuguese merchant. The King of Dahomey, on the other hand, ordered all roads leading from the interior to the coast to be blockaded, so that the entire commerce of the country was prostrated.