preparations of a rough nature had been made to stand a siege, when the news of the skirmish at Tuk-i-Put caused an entire change of plans.

January 22d. Announcing to them his intended withdrawal, he pointed out to them that the British arms had been successful everywhere, that resistance to its progress was hopeless, that neither Shere Ali nor Yakoob Khan could reign at Cabool unless he accepted the British terms, and that it was idle to entertain any hope of Russian assistance. On the next day he marched to Subbery, twelve miles distant, leaving Sultan Jan as the British representative at Matoond. On the following day news arrived that the Mangals were threatening the fort. A force was dispatched back to Matoond, who found the hills swarming with Afghans. General Roberts rescued his representative, stripped the fort, burned the stores, and marched back to his camp, allowing it to be announced that he had abandoned Khost for the present, convinced that similar disturbances would be incessant. Wali Mahomed, a half brother of Shere Ali, tendered his submission, and was received by General Roberts at a durbar held for the purpose.

General Roberts, after annexing the Kuram Valley, advanced into the Khost Valley, in an endeavor to make a new route into Afghanistan. At Bukk, the governor of the province sent in an officer to announce his surrender. At Yakubi, which General Roberts reached January 6th, the deputy-governor of Khost came to pay his respects to the British commander, and transferred to him the forts and records. Notwithstanding these favorable signs, his force was in a critical position. Large numbers of Mangals were hovering around the camps in a threatening manner, and the men were obliged to sleep on their arms. On the 7th, in anticipation of an attack in the night, General Roberts went out against the Mangals, and defeated them after a brisk action. A reconnaissance was made of the southern and western extremities of the valley, and a promise was gained from the people that they would not give the British any trouble. The Mangals, however, continued to maintain a threatening attitude, and a return to the Kuram Valley was decided upon. Before leaving Khost, General Roberts called the chiefs of the valley to a durbar at Matoond

While these movements were going on, a band of Mazud Waziris, a tribe who did not acknowledge the rule of the Ameer, made an incursion into British territory, and plundered and burned the frontier town of Tank. Reënforcements were sent to the neighborhood to prevent a repetition of the outrage, who made

attacks upon the marauders and finally cut them off.

The general demeanor of the inhabitants of Candahar after the occupation of the city was quiet; nevertheless, two attempts were made to assassinate British officers. One was against Major St. John, general political superintendent, who was fired at but not wounded; the other against Lieutenant Willis, of the Royal Artillery, who died a few days after ward from the effects of his wound. Gholab Hussein Khan was appointed civil administrator of Candahar, under the supervision of Major St. John. General Stewart prosecuted a reconnaissance to Khelat-i-Ghilzai, a town eighty-eight miles northeast of Candahar, on the road to Ghuznee and Cabool, and occupied it without resistance January 20th. General Biddulph was dispatched to Girishk, at the ford of the Helmund, on the road to Herat, and reached his destination, also without opposition, on the 29th. General Stewart returned to Candahar, where he made preparations to send his surplus troops back to India, while he retained with him as many men as would be needed. Approaches toward Yakoob Khan with reference to negotiation were repelled by him, he answering in writing that he had orders from Shere Ali to hold Cabool and would do it. He was, however, troubled at home with quarrels with his tribal chieftains. He having occupied a fort of the Ghilzais at Tezeen, hostilities were begun against him by that tribe.

Shere Ali, after his flight from Cabool, made his way toward the Russian frontier. He became ill, and sent to General Kaufmann for a military surgeon. On his arrival at the Russian frontier, his followers were disarmed, he alone being allowed to retain his arms. The Russian authorities endeavored to persuade him not to go to St. Petersburg, but he insisted upon it. He was said to have been astonished at his treatment by the Russians, he having expected to be received as an ally. His illness, which arose from a gangrene of the thigh, increased, and he was obliged to remain at Mazar-i-Shereef, near Balkh, and postpone his journey to Tashkend. He, however, dispatched an embassy to Tashkend, consisting of his nephew, his Grand Vizier, his Minister of Justice, and his Minister of the Interior, which traveled in state and was attended by a numerous suite. General Kaufmann had received instructions from St. Petersburg, in anticipation of the arrival of the embassy, to decline all negotiations. He had previously stated to an American correspondent, in explanation of the attitude of the Russian Government, that there would be no Russian interference between Afghanistan and England unless a European war should break out in which Russia and England should not be on the same side. "Besides," he added, "it is the Emperor alone who can decide the future." All question on this subject was put to rest by the death of Shere Ali,

which took place February 21st. The event was officially announced to the Viceroy of India in a note written to him February 26th by Yakoob Khan, who also, speaking of a previous letter he had sent to the Viceroy, added, "As my father was an old friend of the British Government, I send this information out of friendship." Shere Ali was attended by a Russian doctor, Javorsky, who states that after his death the town was in a state of anarchy for five days. A conflict broke out between the partisans of Yakoob Khan, his brother Ibrahim Khan, and his nephew Ahmed Khan. The partisans of Yakoob Khan were victorious, and appointed a new governor, who released Javorsky from the prison into which the contestants had thrown him, and escorted him to the frontier to secure his personal safety. The ambassadors sent by Shere Ali to General Kaufmann took leave of him March 9th. The Russian General, acting under instructions from the Czar, gave them no message to the new Ameer. The coldness of the Russians toward Shere Ali indicated that they had adopted a different policy in reference to the British in Afghanistan from that which it had been supposed they would pursue. In explanation of the change, it was believed that an understanding had been reached between the British and Russian Governments, involving a toleration by the former of certain features of the Russian policy toward Turkey, in consideration of a similar toleration by the Russians of the British operations in Afghanistan. The diplomatic correspondence on the Central Asian question published in February showed that the withdrawal of the Russian embassy from Cabool had been arranged for in December, 1878.

General Biddulph's rear-guard was attacked on the march from Girishk on the Helmund, February 26th, by from 1,500 to 2,000 Alizai Duranis, who were driven off with an estimated loss of 150 killed. This event rendered necessary a continued occupation of Girishk.

Yakoob Khan was proclaimed Ameer immediately after the death of Shere Ali, and seems to have had no difficulty in retaining the recognition he had already gained at Cabool. Efforts to negotiate with him were continued by the British, with at first but little prospect of success. In the latter days of March Major Cavagnari informed the Viceroy that there were no hopes of coming to peaceful terms with Yakoob Khan, and an immediate advance on Cabool was ordered. The British forces suffered from the guerrilla attacks of the native tribes, in consequence of which expeditions were sent out on the 1st of April to Futtehabad and Lughman, with orders to reduce the tribes holding those places to obedience. A squadron of hussars of the former expedition, in crossing the Cabool River at night, missed the ford, and Lieutenant Harford and fifty men were drowned. The other expedition attacked the Khujianis who were threatening the column, and defeated them.

Early in April the British reconnaissance was pushed forward to Gundamuk, where the forces were placed in a strong position. A messenger was dispatched to Cabool to seek an interview with Yakoob Khan, and was followed on his return to Gundamuk by the Ameer himself, who arrived at the camp on the 8th of May. He was met by Major Cavagnari with an escort, and was received with a parade of troops of all arms, who lined the road to the camp for a distance of two miles and a half, to the point where General Browne and his staff were awaiting him, and with a salute of twenty-one guns. He was much pleased with his reception, and sent a dispatch to the Viceroy expressing the hope that peace would speedily be made and a permanent friendship established between England and Afghanistan. The agreement of the negotiating parties upon the basis of peace was announced in the British Parliament on the 19th of May. The treaty was signed on the 26th, and was ratified at Simla on the 30th of the same month. Its chief provisions were as follows: A British resident was to reside at Cabool, who should have the power to send British agents to the Afghan frontier on special occasions. The foreign affairs of the Ameer were to be conducted under British advice, and Great Britain would undertake to support him against foreign aggression. The British authorities were to have complete control over the Khyber and Michnee Passes, as well as of the relations and independence of the frontier tribes in the district in which the passes are situated. The Afghan territory in British occupation was to be restored to the Ameer, with the exception of the Kuram, Pisheen, and Sibi Valleys, which were as signed to the British for administration, on condition that the Ameer should receive the surplus of revenue after the administrative expenses were paid. The Ameer was to receive an annual subsidy of £60,000, contingent upon his strict execution of the treaty. Yakoob Khan sent a dispatch to the Viceroy expressing his satisfaction at the conclusion of the treaty, and his hope that the friendship now established between England and Afghanistan would be eternal. He said also that he was exceedingly pleased and thankful for the reception accorded to him by the British officers, and purposed, toward the close of the next cold season, to have "a joyful meeting with his Excellency, for the purpose of making firmer the basis of personal friendship, and drawing closer the bonds of affection and amity in a most suitable and appropriate manner." The Viceroy answered the letter in the same spirit. The British troops were ordered back from Jelalabad and the other advanced positions they had occupied, leaving only small detachments to hold the posts temporarily. The Ameer issued a proclamation announcing perpetual peace and friendship between Afghanistan and the British Government, publicly declared a general amnesty, and sent an expedi

tion in accordance with his agreement, with British officers, to effect the pacification of Badakshan. These proceedings were followed by measures for organizing the financial administration of the country, and introducing good government into the provinces. On the 12th of July the Viceroy of India issued a congratulatory address on the skillful conduct and conclusion of the Afghan war, in which he recognized the gallantry, steadiness, and strict discipline of the troops, and the tact and discretion of the political officers, and acknowledged the loyalty of the native princes, Medals were promised to the British troops who had been engaged in the campaign.

A British mission to Cabool was dispatched from India early in July. It consisted of Major Cavagnari as envoy and minister, Mr. Jenkyns as secretary and first assistant, Lieutenant Hamilton, V. C., as commandant of the escort and assistant, and Dr. Kelly in medical charge, with an escort of twenty-six cavalry and fifty infantry of the corps of the guides. On arriving west of the Shutargardan pass, the embassy was met by an escort of the Ameer's troops to conduct it to the capital. It arrived at Cabool on the 29th of July, and was received with military honors by a considerable body of soldiery of all arms drawn up along the route, and a salute of seventeen guns. A large assembly of people witnessed the entry with orderly and respectful behavior. On the evening of the same day, the British envoy presented his credentials to the Ameer, who gave a friendly answer to his address. The evacuation of the country was begun by the British troops, with the expectation of completing it by the 1st of September. It was considered an evidence of the desire of the Ameer to act up to his treaty engagements that he showed Major Cavagnari three letters which he had received from the Russian General Kaufmann, and consulted him as to the answers he should return to them. Following the advice of the British envoy, he replied courteously to them, and suggested at the same time that all future communications should be sent through the Indian Government.

On the 3d of September the British residency at Bala-Hissar was attacked by mutinous Afghan troops and destroyed, and all of the British officers were murdered. The attack originated in a parade of some of the Ameer's regiments for their pay. They were given one month's pay when they demanded pay for two months. They became violent, stoned their officers, and rushed upon the residency, which was in the neighborhood. Having seized arms from the arsenals and public stores, they kept up a vigorous attack upon the inclosure of the residency, which was gallantly met by the officers and soldiers within. The fight was continued for several hours, during which the disaffected regiments were joined by others and by bodies of the populace. The mob were kept in check by the vigorous resistance of the Brit

A reconnaissance was made from Ali Khel into the Lagar Valley, in which no signs of hostility were observed. The tribes appeared to be friendly, and even to afford assistance to the British. The Governor of Candahar was instructed by the Ameer to be guided by the instructions of the British authorities. The Shutargardan Pass was occupied September 11th, and a strong column was dispatched by General Stewart in the direction of Ghuznee for the purpose of watching, and to maintain order in that part of the country. An attack was made on the camp of the 72d regiment on the night of the 19th, but the assailants had disappeared before the company sent out to clear the ground reached the spot. A treacherous attack was made by Mangals and independent Ghilzais on a convoy of mules on the 22d, and an attack on a tower upon the Tirkai Kotal at the same time. On the 24th General Baker occupied Kushi, a Ghilzai village west of the Shutargardan, on the high-road to Cabool, without resistance. The Afreedees and other tribes in the Khyber Pass guaranteed the safety of their portions of the road to Cabool, and the Shinwarries volunteered to convey supplies to the front. General Hughes's brigade advanced from Candahar to Khelat-i-Ghilzai on the 23d. On the 27th General Baker received a letter from the Afghan commander-in-chief, asking whether he would receive him and the Ameer's heir apparent in his camp at Kushi. The General replied in the affirmative. An hour later a message came from the Ameer Yakoob Khan, asking General Baker to receive him. The General responded, saying he would meet the Ameer one mile from the camp. The Ameer, his son and father-in-law, and General Daoud Shah, with a suite of forty-one persons, came to Kushi on the same day, and were received by the British. The visit of the Ameer was regarded with some suspicion, and the fact was pointed out as evidence of his insincerity that he had written to the British after the massacre at Cabool that General Daoud Shah, who accompanied him, had been killed in his efforts to quiet the mob. Nevertheless, it was evident that he had put himself into the hands of the British, and had given in his own person the strongest evidence of his good faith which it was possible for him to offer. He afterward accompanied the British march; but both he and his advisers urged General Roberts to delay his advance, fearing that the Afghan troops, whom he did not trust, would sack the BalaHissar on his approach. The General replied that delay was impossible.

In order that the purpose of the British march might be made clear, General Roberts was instructed to issue a manifesto to the Afghan people, to the effect that the British army advanced on Cabool to avenge the treachery to the British envoy in that city, that the peaceable inhabitants would not be molested; but, if opposition was offered, those persons with arms in their hands would be treated as

enemies. Further, non-combatants, women, and children, were advised to withdraw to a place of safety. The Ghilzais and Mangals were threatening the Shutargardan, and an attack was made on them on the 2d of October, in which forty of them were killed, while two of the British were wounded. On the 6th of October General Roberts was at Charasiab, ten or twelve miles south of Cabool, and separated from it by a single range of hills, the road through which is described as a gorge. Reconnoitering parties were sent out at daybreak on all roads leading to Cabool. They found the enemy advancing in great force from the direction of the city, and soon had to retire. The high range of hills between Charasiab and Cabool was crowded with troops and people from the city, while parties of Ghilzais appeared on the hills running along both flanks of the camp; and reports were received that the road to Zahidabad, along which a convoy of stores and ammunition was expected, was threatened. Warning and assistance were sent to the convoy. General Baker was intrusted with the duty of carrying the heights in front of the camp, and, having with a detachment driven the enemy off the main hills and captured twelve guns, with a loss to his own force of four killed and nine wounded, he with his main force made a turning movement to the left, and in a hot contest carried height after height in gallant style, with a loss of seventy men killed and wounded, while the enemy fled in confusion, having suffered a large loss, including two standards. The enemy's force was said to consist of eleven regiments, with artillery and "immense numbers of hillmen." It was remarked that the Ameer's party, who were still in the camp, watched the result eagerly, and professed great satisfaction with it. The head men of the suburbs of Cabool asked if they might pay their respects to the British commander.

On the 8th General Roberts was before Cabool. Generals Baker and Macpherson were detailed in strength to attack the enemy who had assembled from the hills above Bala-Hissar. The enemy confronting General Baker fled, abandoning twelve guns, were pursued, and scattered. General Massy was sent to cut off the retreat of the Afghans on the road between Bannian and Rochestan, and captured seventyeight guns in an abandoned cantonment at Shalpoor. At night the citadel and palace of Bala-Hissar had been abandoned by the enemy. On the evening of the next day the British cavalry, returning from the pursuit of flying Afghan bands, rode through Cabool, and found some of the shops open and everything quiet. General Roberts made a public entry into Cabool at noon of October 12th, accompanied by the Ameer and his suite. British troops of all arms lined the road, and the artillery fired a salute when the British standard was hoisted at the entrance to the city. The Bala-Hissar was subsequently occupied by two regiments.