Imágenes de páginas
PDF
EPUB

Mine monitoring

Repetitive imagery routinely acquired by Landsat is of direct importance to routine monitoring of change in strip mine growth and reclamation, and to identify areas where on-the-ground inspection is required. The EROS Program and the Bureau of Mines are cooperatively funding remote sensing projects in four States. In New Mexico, the Navajo and McKinley coal mines, Grants uranium district, and potash mining areas are being monitored using Landsat imagery. In addition, digital analysis of Landsat data is being used for monitoring phosphate mines in Florida and kaolin mines in Georgia and South Carolina.

The Conservation Division of the Geological Survey is also using aerial photographs and satellite imagery to delineate various categories of surface mining operations and stages of reclamation in the Powder River basin of Montana and Wyoming and in southeastern Idaho. Aerial photographs and Skylab and Landsat images are being evaluated for use in mapping land use, vegetation, and drainage in preparing environmental analyses and impact statements. Also in this region, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) successfully completed a digital analysis of Landsat imagery to classify and measure the areal extent of strip areas, spoil piles, and reclamation at 14 coal sites on the northern Great Plains (EPA, 1975). Verification was based on aerial photographs, company maps, and contacts with company personnel.

The Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration is using aerial and satellite imagery to identify linear features that are related to fault and fracture systems, and which have been shown to have direct correlation with mine roof falls in several areas (Rinkenberger, 1977). These efforts have been applied to areas in more than 100 potentially

hazardous sites in 26 states.

Shallow seas mapping

Although Landsat was not specifically designed to be an ocean mapping tool, its general characteristics have clearly demonstrated the value of synoptic, multiband views in shallow seas areas. The green band (band 4 extends from 0.5 0.6μm) permits visual observation of sea bottom features to depths of at least 30 m in clear water areas such as near the Bahama Islands. A new submarine reef was discovered by the use of Landsat data in the Chagos Archipelago of the eastern Indian Ocean (Hammack, 1977). It was named "Colvocoresses' reef" by the U.S. Naval Hydrographic Office after A. P. Colvocoresses of the U.S. Geological Survey for his special contributions to satellite cartography and shallow seas mapping.

Recent acquisition of Landsat images over the U.S. Trust Territories of the Pacific demonstrated that image transparencies of the three principal Landsat bands (4, 5, 7) could be prepared quickly in color by using the simple diazo foil process to show the relative depths of submarine reefs. Band 7 was used to show exposed land areas in red; band 4 was processed in blue to show deep reef areas in blue; band 5 was exposed to yellow diazo film to depict reefs at intermediate depths in green. These relative depth displays are now being correlated with existing bathymetric charts for the Western Caroline Islands and Samoa.

Experimentation with computer compatible tapes of these same images

on interactive computer analysis systems is currently underway and is providing greater detail on the characteristics of underwater land forms.

24-215 O 78 - 29

[merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]

FUEL CONSERVATION BY SPACE LASER POWER FOR DRIVING AIRLINERS IN HIGH-ALTITUDE LEVEL FLIGHT

ECONOMIC PRESTIGE

EXPORT OF SPACE LIGHT SERVICES AND RELATED GROUND EQUIPMENT

EXPORT OF ADVANCED PRODUCTS BASED ON SPIN-OFFS FROM SPACE TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES

EXPORT OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT RELATED TO SPACE ELECTRONIC SERVICES

IMPACT OF PROGRESS TOWARD OPENING POWERFUL NEW ENERGY SOURCES IN THE 1990s (POWERSOLETTA OR SOLAR OR FUSION POWERED MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION FACILITIES)

IMPACT OF PROGRESS TOWARD LARGE FUSION-POWERED LUNAR INDUSTRIES

SG1077-14

THE INDUSTRIAL INTEGRATION OF EARTH AND SPACE (PT.2 OF 2)

ECONOMIC PRESTIGE

THE OPEC COUNTRIES CHALLENGE THE ECONOMIC PRESTIGE OF THE U.S.
(AND THE OECD COUNTRIES IN GENERAL) AS PROFOUNDLY AS SPUTNIK I
CHALLENGED THE TECHNOLOGICAL PRESTIGE OF THIS COUNTRY

THIS CHALLENGE IS JOINED BY OTHER PARTS OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD
IN VARIOUS CONTEXTS (E.G. NORTH-SOUTH INTERFACES, SEABED MINING)

THE RESPONSE IS COILED IN TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS. SPACE INDUSTRIA-
LIZATION IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO ASSURE A STEADY AND BROAD
ADVANCEMENT OF OUR TECHNOLOGY BASE

[ocr errors]

IN THE WAKE OF THIS ADVANCEMENT, NEW PRODUCTS AND SERVICES NOT
AVAILABLE ELSEWHERE WILL BE INTRODUCED ON THE WORLD MARKET.
UNIQUE WAYS OF ASSISTING IN THE NEEDED INDUSTRIALIZATION OF
ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WILL BECOME AVAILABLE
ORBITAL INDUSTRIAL CAPABILITIES IN THE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
SECTORS WILL CAUSE THE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF LUNAR RESOURCES
TO BECOME A PSYCHOLOGICAL REALITY WORLDWIDE ALREADY IN THE 1980s,
THAT IS, EVEN BEFORE IT IS AN ECONOMIC REALITY

• IN HISTORIC PERSPECTIVE, THE OUTWARD THRUST OF SPACE INDUSTRIALIZATION,
IN CONJUNCTION WITH TERRESTRIAL TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES (E.G. DEEP-SEA
MINING, DEEP SHAFT MINING, FUSION), MAY BE COMPARED TO THE WESTWARD
THRUST IN THE FACE OF OTTOMAN CHALLENGES 500 YEARS AGO. THE FAR-
REACHING POTENTIAL OF SPACE INDUSTRIALIZATION WILL COUNTERACT THE
ECONOMIC CHALLENGE, INCREASE OUR EXPORTS, ADVANCE THE ECONOMIES OF
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND, ON ALL THESE GROUNDS, STRENGTHEN THE
ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL PRESTIGE OF THE U.S. AND ITS OECD FARTNERS

SG1077-21

Since 1973, the U.S. Geological Survey has published 24 different experimental maps (one at two different scales) made from images acquired by manned and unmanned satellites. (See Table 1.) The maps are at various scales and include an unusual set of two-season (early fall and mid-winter) Landsat image maps of a large icecap of Iceland (U.S. Geological Survey, 1977a, 1977b).

Additional research on the early fall

image of the icecap revealed that morphologic, geologic, and hydrologic details were actually recorded by spacecraft sensors but required special processing to show the information that was missing from standard photographic images. Computer enhancement techniques were applied to computer compatible tapes by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and by the EROS Data Center. The enhanced fall images of the icecap reveal subtle morphologic detail on the icecap surface not previously portrayed. represents a major advance in the quality and usefulness of Landsat image

maps in ice-covered areas (Williams and others, 1977).

This

« AnteriorContinuar »