Future Space Programs

We believe that there is a logical evolutionary approach to the planning of future space
programs- an approach that is consistent with the selection criteria we have suggested.
This approach begins with our two most significant existing resources, the Shuttle and
Spacelab, and evolves into a family of growth options.

Because the key to the growth options is additional electrical power, a power module would be the first important new element in the evolutionary sequence. A free-flying Spacelab to provide a facility for science and applications research could then be considered. A construction-system module should follow in order to develop the capability to assemble large space structures in orbit.

With the development of these basic capabilities for electrical power, structural assembly, and research, the space program could use the Space Transportation System to evolve in many different directions. Some science and application payloads would be continually manned, and others would be assembled by man in orbit but would operate unattended except for occasional servicing.

These basic elements and payloads could become the stepping stones for further explorations in earth orbit and deep space. Synchronous-orbit operations, lunar programs, interplanetary ventures, and solar-system explorations will all require such elements.

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In consonance with our remarks today, we offer the following broad recommendations:

Advance the Space Shuttle into operational readiness. Getting to and from space is
necessary in utilizing space for any endeavor. Therefore, we feel that the Space
Transportation System should be brought into operation at the earliest possible date.
Moreover, the primary consideration in implementing the Shuttle program was the
ability to conduct experiments, applications research, and operations from near-
earth orbit at the earliest possible time. We should now begin preparations to under-
take these long-sought space programs.

Implement an evolutionary approach to obtain additional electrical power on orbit,
gain the ability to assemble large structures in space, and develop payloads and
programs that can utilize these capabilities. Abundant electrical power and long stay
times on orbit are the most important and technologically feasible next steps toward
a broad spectrum of potential new space-program benefits. The capability to assemble
large structures in space is needed to achieve the benefits that greatly improved
communications and alternative energy sources can provide. These two capabilities,
augmented by the Space Transportation System, offer the broadest possible spectrum
of new opportunities to continue the flow of benefits from space.

Establish "proof of concept" demonstration milestones to assess technical and
fiscal feasibility as well as progress toward ultimate goals.

Increase R&D funding to initiate developments directed toward new space opportunities.
Stability of R&D funding should be an objective, for fluctuating budget levels lead to
wasteful use of resources. A strong R&D effort will directly contribute to technological
leadership. To preserve the current U. S. position, we must recognize and act upon this
fact.

Operate on the assumption that future space programs, like those of the past and
present, will yield numerous unanticipated benefits. While benefits that can be
identified in advance will always be major considerations, it should be borne in
mind that our space programs have historically produced numerous unforeseen
benefits and applications of great utility and significance.

■Implement an Evolutionary Approach to:

- Electrical Power On-Orbit

- Large Structures in Space

- Payloads Utilizing These Capabilities

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President, McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company

Huntington Beach, California

Mr. Johnson has been President of McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company since 1975.
Before that, he was Corporate Vice President, Engineering and Research, with
McDonnell Douglas Corporation in St. Louis, Missouri.

From 1969 to 1973, Mr. Johnson served as Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research
and Development. During World War II, he served in the Navy as a lieutenant.

From 1946 to 1969, Mr. Johnson held numerous technical management positions at
McDonnell Douglas, including that of Vice President, Research and Engineering, during
the time when the Delta and Saturn launch vehicles were being developed. When
appointed Assistant Secretary of the Army, he was serving as Vice President for the
Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) Program.

Mr. Johnson has received many awards for contributions in civil and military affairs.
He holds bachelor's and master's degrees in mechanical engineering from the
University of California at Berkeley.

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Libros

Future Space Programs: Hearings Before the Committee on Science and ...