The absolute population of Berkshire, at each of the four twenty; the number of miles of road under their charge enumerations made in this century, was :

100

There are ten savings-banks within the county, at Abingdon, Faringdon, Hungerford, Maidenhead, Newbury, Reading, Twyford, Wantage, Windsor, and Wokingham. The number of depositors and amount of deposits on the 20th November, 1832, 1833, and 1834 were respectively as follows:

1834. 7,937

1832. 1833. Number of depositors 7,128 7,586 Amount of deposits £238,659 250,181 260,425 The accounts of these savings-banks, with reference to the number and magnitude of the deposits on the 20th November, 1834, stood as follows:

Education. The following abstract of the various establishments for education in Berkshire is taken from the returns made to the House of Commons in the session of 1835, in consequence of an address moved by the Earl of Kerry in May, 1833, and which returns have been put in order by Mr. Rickman:

Schools. Scholars. Total.
23

Females
Sex not specified.

238 211

244

511

6737

5862

3282

Sex not specified

Lending libraries of books are attached to 21 schools in Berkshire.

BERLICHINGEN, GOETZ VON, a German knight, or petty feudal lord of Suabia, notorious in the history of the middle ages for his bravery and his lawless turbulence. He lived under the reign of the emperor Maximilian I., the predecessor of Charles V. Goetz was called iron-handed, because having lost his right hand in battle, he had a steel one made with springs, by means of which, it is said, he could still handle his lance. He was often at war with his neighbours, and at times he took the part of the peasantry against the nobles. In 1513 he declared war against the free imperial town of Nürnberg. With 170 men he waylaid the merchants returning from Leipzig, plundered them of all they had, and consigned many to his dungeons, in order to exact a ransom for them. Upon this the emperor put him under the ban of the empire, and sentenced him to pay 14,000 florins. The money was collected after some difficulty, and the offender was restored to his civil rights. (Dunham's History of the Germanic Empire in Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopædia.) Having again offended the emperor, he was at last besieged in a castle by the imperial troops, where he defended himself desperately, but was wounded, and died. Goethe has taken him for the subject of one of his dramas, Goetz von Berlichingen, which was and still is very popular in Germany, as being a picture of the manners and social state of the latter part of the middle ages, before the imperial authority was thoroughly enforced through the country by means of standing armies, well disciplined, and provided with artillery. (See Goethe's drama already mentioned, which has been translated by Sir W. Scott, and Madame de Stael's Allemagne.)

BERLIN, a minor circle in the administrative circle of 693 Potsdam, which, with that of Frankfort, forms the province of Brandenburg in the kingdom of Prussia. The circle of Berlin, containing simply the city of Berlin and its immediate environs, is the smallest subdivision of that description in the Prussian dominions, but the most populous. Its area does not exceed twenty-six square miles: but it comprises two towns, and twenty-two villages and hamlets; and the number of its inhabitants in 1826 was 216,237, and in 1831, 229,843, besides the military, who were about 16,600.

15,881

16,574

14,113 If we take as the groundwork of the calculation the summary of ages obtained at the census of 1821, which summary was made to include not more than 94 per cent. of the then population of the county, we shall find that, making allow ance for the increase that has since occurred, the inhabitants between the ages of 2 and 15, at present living in Berkshire, must amount to rather more than 50,000; and consequently that very few more than 3 in 5 of those children are receiving instruction in schools of all descriptions, even supposing, what is not the fact, that none of the scholars attending at Sunday schools receive daily instruction; but as many attend both the Sunday and day schools, it follows that they are enumerated twice in the abstract, and accordingly make the sum total greater than it really is.

The city of Berlin, which derives its name from Berle,' a word implying uncultivated land' in the language of the Sclavonian Vends, who were the earliest settlers in this quarter, is situated in a sandy plain on both banks of the Spree, which is 200 feet broad in this part of its course. The Spree winds through Berlin from south-east to northwest, and divides it into two nearly equal portions.

Berlin is the capital of the province of Brandenburg, the metropolis of the Prussian monarchy, the largest and the finest town in Germany, Vienna only excepted, and the ninth in Europe in point of population. It occupies a surface of upwards of 6700 acres, at an elevation of about 125 feet above the level of the sea, and is above ten miles in circuit. It is the seat of government, and of the supreme courts of judicature. The various quarters of the town, which are united under one system of municipal administration, and have, since the year 1724, borne the name of royal residences (königliche Residenz-Städte'), are six in number. The quarters are, Berlin, the old town, between the right bank of the Spree and the King's Fosse, which place it on a complete island; Cologne, Old and New, on the left bank of the Spree, on an island formed by a canal which issues from and flows again into the Spree; the Friedrichswerder, which lies to the south-east of New Cologne; Dorotheen-stadt, or the New Town, likewise on the left bank of the Spree, between this river and the celebrated Brandenburg Gate, on that part of the Spree which separates the pleasure-garden (Lust-garten') from the square next the arsenal; and Frederick's Town (Friedrichs-stadt'), the most southwestern and the handsomest part of Berlin. Connected with these six quarters there are four Vorstädte, or suburbs, within the walls, and one beyond them: those within the walls are the suburbs of Spandau, the King's, Stralau, and

These several quarters of Berlin, with the exception of Voigtland, are closely connected with each other, and surrounded by a wall sixteen feet high, in which there are fourteen land-gates and two water-gates, besides four minor outlets. They are divided into twenty-nine police quarters, and contain eleven palaces, or residences for members of the royal family, and 8714 private dwelling-houses* (6700 within the walls), in which there are 53,363 distinct family occupations; the rent of which amounts to 3,985,270 dollars, or about 547,980. The portion insured against fire in 1833 was valued at 79,194,650 dollars, or about 10,889,2647. The number of bridges in Berlin is 42: the principal are the Schloss-brücke, or Bridge of the Palace; the Marshal Bridge; and Frederick's Bridge, which is of iron, 245 feet long, between 32 and 33 feet broad, and consists of eight arches of 27 feet diameter, and 53 feet in height. The number of squares, open spaces, and markets is 32; of streets, 158; of lanes, 14; and of passages, 14. The places of worship for the Lutherans, Reformed Lutherans, and Roman Catholics, are 27 churches; and for the 4000 Jews, one synagogue. There are 17 public hospitals, and 8 military infirmaries; 17 barracks, and 4 riding or drilling houses for the soldiery; 8 royal magazines, independently of 4 powdermagazines out of the town; and 24 cemeteries, of which 16 lie within the walls, and 8 beyond them. The total number of public buildings is 178.

Louisa, the last being formerly called the Colognian, or | Berlin, having been consecrated in the year 1223; the Köpenickian suburb; the fifth is New Voigtland, or the Landschafts-haus, or provincial house of assembly for the Oranienburg suburb, beyond the Spandau suburb in the representatives of the mark of Brandenburg; St. Mary's north-west. Church, in length 211 feet, breadth 99, and height 56, with a handsome pulpit of alabaster, some fine paintings by Rode, the tomb of Kanitz the poet, and a steeple 292 feet high, accounted the loftiest in the city; Frederick's Bridge, which we have already described; the Lager-haus (storehouse), in which are several royal manufactories, besides the ateliers of Rauch the sculptor, and two other artists, Tick and Wach; the King's Gewerbhaus (handicraft establishment), comprising a mechanics' institute, workshops in which metals are melted, and screws, wheels, &c., are manufactured by steam; apartments containing casts, drawings, and engravings, for gratuitous instruction in the art of design and modelling; and a laboratory, library, and collection of models, attached to the Society for Promoting Mechanical Industry, which has upwards of 800 members; the Royal Gymnasium of the Grey Friars (Zum Grauen Kloster), attended by more than 400 youths; the Garrison Church, the largest in Berlin, containing a superficies of nearly 16,000 feet, independently of the space occupied by the columns: it possesses a remarkably fine organ, and several allegorical paintings of Prussian commanders; the parochial church, built in the shape of a cross, 51 feet broad, and 102 long; Frederick's Hospital, or Orphan Asylum, which maintains more than 350 orphans, provides board for 650 other children, and has a royal inoculating institution attached to it; and, lastly, the Stadtvogtei, or prefecture of the town, which contains the police offices, and the prisons for all offenders within the jurisdiction of the civic auhorities. Crossing over to the opposite, or left bank of the Spree, we enter Old Cologne, the most central quarter of Berlin, from the Long Bridge, a structure of stone, with five arches, 165 feet in length, and with an iron balustrade. Upon this bridge stands the massive equestrian bronze statue of the great Frederick William, elector of Brandenburg, on a pedestal, having at each of its four corners the colossal effigy of a slave. This monument, moulded by Schlüter and cast by Jacobi, was erected in the year 1703. The bridge leads immediately into the Schloss Platz, or square of the palace, an area 1450 feet in length and 450 in width, the north-west side of which is occupied by the royal palace, an oblongrectangular building composed of four courts, and containing five hundred habitable apartments. It is the present residence of the heir-apparent and Prince William, his uncle. It is 474 feet in length, 284 in breadth, 104 in height, and 1516 in circuit. It contains the great library, belonging to the heir-apparent; the royal treasury and archives-depôt; the picture gallery, with nearly 300 specimens of the Italian, Flemish, and old German schools; the white hall, with marble statues of four emperors, and sixteen electors of Brandenburg; the museums of natural history and mechanical arts, as well as of the fine arts; and the three great reservoirs over the principal entrance, which is an imitation of the triumphal arch of Severus in Rome: these reservoirs are kept constantly filled with 7000 tons of water.

The Spree receives, at what is called the Ship-builders' Dam,' the Panke, which flows through part of the suburb of Spandau; and without the walls is the Sheep or Militia Fosse, which runs out of the Spree near the Silesian Gate, winds along the skirts of Louisa and Frederick's Towns, skirts the Thier-garten, which is a sort of open park, and rejoins the Spree in the vicinity of the village of Lietzow. Three canals, also, namely, the former ditch of the ramparts, with the King's and Sluices' Fosses, are of much utility to the inhabitants.

Of the 14 land-gates of Berlin, there is none to be compared with the Brandenburg Gate, on the west si of the town, next the Square of Paris, in the Dorothee stadt. It is a copy of the Propylæa of the Acropol.s at Athens, but on a much larger scale: it was constructed in 1780, and exhibits a double colonnade of 12 columns of the Doric order, each 44 feet in height, and 5 feet 8 inches in diameter, which occupy the centre, with 5 entrances between them, that in the centre having an iron gate 18 feet high; the structures on each side of it have their roofs supported by 18 smaller columns, 24 feet in height. The pediment, which rests upon the 12 larger and central columns, is surmounted by a Victory standing upon a car drawn by four horses, 12 feet high. This was carried off by the French in 1807, and brought back from France seven years afterwards. The entire breadth of the Brandenburg Gate is 199 feet (195 Berlin feet), and its elevation, including the pediment, rather more than 65. The bassi-rilievi on the pediment represent Margrave Albert Achilles capturing a standard with his own hands from the Nuremberg troops; and the sculptures in the metopes represent the combat between the Centaurs and Lapithæ.

Immediately outside of this gate lies the Thier-garten, which is laid out in walks, avenues, and labyrinths. It contains a number of country-residences and gardens, stationary zelte, or tents for refreshments, a fine flower-garden, the master of the hunt's establishment and public gardens, the great area for military exercise, and the handsome palace of Bellevue with spacious grounds, where Prince Augustus resides.

Our description of what is most remarkable in Berlin will be best understood if we take the chief objects in the respective quarters of the town in regular succession. We shall begin, therefore, with Berlin, the oldest quarter: here we find the post-house, town-hall, and seat of the civic judicature; the general military school; the royal gymnasium, called the Joachims-thal, with four courts; the church of St. Nicholas, supported by 16 Gothic columns, which is 174 feet in length, 74 in width, and 40 in height: it has a steeple, and is the most antient church in Our numbers are taken from Dr. Hörschelmann's statement (1834), which is borne out by other Berlin writers. The Report of the Statistical Bureau, in Berlin, on the other hand, states the number to have been 11,971 even so far back as the year 1828.

The gardens at the back of this magnificent edifice are surrounded by an allée of poplars and chestnuts, but derive their chief attraction from the noble Museum which stands at their northern extremity, and contains the choicest specimens of the arts that were scattered through the royal collections in Berlin and Potsdam, as well as a multitude of acquisitions made of late years. This splendid structure will immortalize the name of Schinckel, the architect. Owing to the swampy nature of the soil, it is built on upwards of 1000 pine-piles from 48 to 50 feet in height. Its form is a rectangular oblong, 281 feet in length, and 182 feet in depth. It is 62 feet in elevation from the ground to the uppermost edge of the entablature which runs round it, has a basement story and two floors above it, and the principal front, which faces the gardens, is broken by a flight of 21 steps, leading to a vestibule 16 feet deep, which is formed by 18 Ionic columns. The various collections which it contains are, the picture gallery, consisting of a fine hall 208 feet long, and nearly 31 feet wide; two smaller halls, each 125 feet long and 29 feet wide, and several apartments adjoining; the whole, including the partitions between the windows, present a surface of wall of between 38,000 and 39,000 square feet. It contains also collections of antient sculptures, vases, antient and modern coins, antient bronzes, and pottery. The building was begun in 1823, and was opened on the 3rd of August, 1829. In front of this edifice is a colossal vage, chiseled