distinguéva, he distinguished distinguevámo, we distinguished distinguevate, you distinguished distinguévano, they distinguished Indeterminate Preterite. Distinsi, I distinguished distinguésti, thou distinguish edst Future. Distinguerò, I shall or will distinguerd, he will distinguish dopo, after dispiacere, to displease vincere, to conquer, to beat distingueréte, you will distin- Conditional Present. distinguerésti, thou wouldst distinguerebbe, he would dis- distinguerémmo, we would distinguish distinse, he distinguished distingacréste, you would disdistinguémmo, we distinguished tinguish distinguéste, you distinguished distinguerebbero, they would distinsero, they distinguished distinguish IMPERATIVE MOOD. [No First Person.] Distingui, distinguish (thou) distingua, let him distinguish distinguiámo, let us distinguish Present. distinguéte, distinguish (ye or ITALIAN-ENGLISH. Buón dì a Vossignoría. Come stà V. S. ?* Non troppo bene; così, così, sóno obligato a V. S. Come stà il signor suo fratello? Non stà bene. Avrà gusto di vedérla.† Non avrò tempo di vederlo oggi. V. S. seda. Date una sédia al signór. Non è necessário. Bisogna che vada a fare una vísita quì vicíno. E molto affrettata V. S. Tornerò adésso, adesso. Adío, signóre. Ho gran gusto di vederla in buóna salute. Ove 'l tuo padróne? dorme ancóra? Signor, nò, è svegliato. E leváto? Signor, nò, stà ancóra al letto. Che vergógna di stare al letto à quest' ora! Andái jeri al letto tanto tardi, che non ho potuto levármi à buồn ora. Che si fece quì dopo cena? Si ballò, si cantò, si rise, si giuocò. Che fécero gli altri? Giuocárono a scacchi. Quanto mi dispiace, non averlo sapúto! Chi ha vinto? Chi ha perduto? Ho vinto. Fin a che ora s'è giuocáto? Fin alle due dopo mezza notte. A che ora siéte andáto al letto? Alle tre e mezza. Non mi meraviglio che vi leviate così tardi. Che ora è§ Che ora (credéte che sia? Credo che non siano ancóra le otto. Come le otto! sóno Che distinguéssi, that I might sonáte le diéci. Bisogna adúnque che mi lévi quanto prima. distinguish SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Che distingua, that I may distinguish che distíngua, that thou mayst distinguish Imperfect. che distinguéssi, che distingua, that he may disguish che che distinguiámo, that we may distinguish che che che distinguiate, that you may distinguish che distinguano, that they may distinguish that thou mightst distinguish ENGLISH-ITALIAN. Good evening, sir. How do you do, madam? Very well, I thank you. How is your sister? She is not very well. I shall be very glad to see her. You will not have time to go to-day; Take a seat, madam. I am not well. We shall be very glad to see you. You must go and pay a visit near here. I am in a great hurry. He will return directly. I was very glad (say, I had great pleasure) to see him in good health. Where are your brothers? They are still asleep. Is she up? Are you still in bed? What a shame! Did you go to bed so late last night that you could not get up early this morning? He is not in bed at this time of day (say, this hour). What did your brothers do yesterday after dinner? They danced, they sang, they laughed, and they played. At what games? At chess, draughts, and other games. He is vexed he did not know it. I won; he lost. How late (say, till what hour) did your brother and sister play? Till three o'clock in the morning. What o'clock does he think it is? He thinks it is not two yet. It has struck eight. You must get up as soon as molto affrettato, in a great hurry possible. They went to bed so late last night, that they could not get up early in the morning. I am surprised that they are in bed at this time of day. Are they not awake? No, sir, they are still asleep. At what time did they come last night? At half-past ten. How late did they dance? Till half-past three in the morning? They must get up as soon as possible. I am very glad to see you. He was very glad to see me. They are in a great hurry. Good bye, madam. Good morning, sir. We shall return directly. What a shame, to go to bed so late! LESSONS IN SPANISH.-No. IX. CONJUGATION.-Continued. Present. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Yo haya, I may have. As the auxiliary verbs are required to form the compound El háya, he may have. tenses of every other verb, we first give the conjugation of Present. Yo he, I have. Tú has, thou hast. Nosotros hémos, we have. Vosótros habéis, ye have. Ellos han, they have. Yo había, I had. Vosótros habíais, ye had. Ellos habían, they had. Perfect Definite. Yo hube, I had. El hubo, he had. First Future. Tú habrás, thou shalt or wilt have. El habrá, he shall or will have. Nosotros habremos, we shall or will have. Vosotros habréis, you shall or will have. Ellos habrán, they shall or will have. Perfect Indefinite. Vosótros habéis habido, ye have Ellos han habido, they have had. Vosótros habíais habído, ye had Ellos habían habido, they had Second Pluperfect. Yo hube habido, I had had. El hubo habido, he had had. IMPERATIVE MOOD. [No First Person.] Ha tú, have thou. Haya él, let him have, or, may he have Hayan ellos, let them have, or, may they have. Nosotros háyamos, we may Vosotros háyais, you may have. Ellos hdyan, they may have. Imperfect. Yo hubiéra, habría, or hubiése, Tú hubieras, habrías, or hubiéses, El hubiéra, habría, or hubiése, hubiéseis, you would, First Future. Si yo hubiére, if I should have. Si tú hubiéres, if thou shouldst Si él hubiére, if he should Si nosotros hubiéremos, if we Si vosotros hubiéreis, if you Si éllos hubiéren, if they should By examining the above conjugation, it will be seen that, after having learnt the simple tenses, the componnd ones are also known, as these latter are always formed by placing the past participle after the persons of the simple tenses of the auxiliary verb.* The personal pronouns of the nominative case are seldom used with the verb, as the ending of the person of each tense generally indicates the person and number of its nominative. Thus, the first person plural of every tense has its ending in mos: when, therefore, the learner sees any tense of a verb having for its final letters mos, he may know that its nominative is to be rendered in English by the pronoun we. In the conjugations which follow, the pronouns will be omitted in Spanish. Ser, to be. Simple Tenses. Compound Tenses. • Perhaps one of the easiest methods of learning the conjugations of the verbs is to copy and re-copy each tense till it can be done without referring to the Grammar. INDICATIVE MOOD. Serás, thou shalt or wilt be. Perfect Indefinite. Había sido, I had been. Second Pluperfect. Húbe sido, I had been. Hubiste sido, thou hadst been. Remark.-To commit the conjugations of the Spanish verbs to memory may seem a difficult task, yet if the learner will faithfully follow the directions contained in the lessons, we think he will be enabled to learn the variations of person and number in all the moods and tenses of the different verbs, without any very laborious effort on his part. The irregular auxiliary verb haber, should be copied and re-copied, each tense at a time, till it is thoroughly learnt, that is, till the pupil can readily write all the persons of each tense without Hubieron sido, they had been. referring to the conjugated form, pronouncing and accenting all properly as he copies. After having committed this verb to memory, he will be prepared to conjugate the compound Habré sído, I shall or will have tenses of any other verb. been. Hubo sido, he had been. Second Future. Habrás sido, thou shalt or wilt have been. Habremos sido, we shall or will Habréis sido, you shall or will Séa, I may be. Séa, he may be. Sedis, you may be. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Perfect Indefinite. Haya sido, he may have been. Hayais sido, you may have been or Pluperfect. VOCABULARY. Soy hijo del juez. Tú eres jóven. ¿Soy yo rico? Vms. son jóvenes. La cuchara no es de oro. Pedro es robusto. El azúcar es dulce. Este libro es de María. Estos tenedores son de plata. Estas señoras son Francesas. V. es Español. Vms. son Alemanes. Somos Españoles. Sois Inglesas. Son Ingleses. Somos Inglesas. Vms. son Ingleses. Soy Aleman. Es Española. Eres Inglesa. Somos carpinteros. Sois pinEres zapatero. tores. Es médico. Soy librero. Somos jueces. Pedro era posadero. Mis hermanos eran sombrereros, pero ahora son carpinteros. Tu padre era panadero, y ahora es librero. Eras médico. Yo era abogado. Eran soldados. • Es Espanola, "she-is a Spanish-woman." Es Espanol, "he-is a Spanish-man," or "Spaniard." E'ramos zapateros. Erais abogados. Vm. era juez. Vms. eran libreros. Eran impresores, pero ahora son carpinteros. Ella no era una hermosura. No era yo mas robusto que él? ¿Eran abogados? Mis hermanas no eran tan culpables como ella? Erais impresores. Yo era general. Estas ciudades eran pequeñas, pero ahora son grandes. El hombre fué criado. Fuí castigado. Esta carta fué escrita para mi madre. Fuimos castigados. Las cartas fueron escritas para las Francesas. Fuiste castigado. Vmd. fué premiado. Vms, fueron premiados. Fuísteis castigados. Fuí premiado? La Española fué premiada. Fuí jóven. Mi madre ha sido desgraciada. He sido desgraciado. Has sido premiado. Han sido fieles. Hemos sido castigados. He sido castigado. Habeis sido fieles. Ella ha sido hermosa. El abogado ha sido desgraciado. Vms. han sido premiados. He sido feliz. Vm. ha sido fiel. Mi hermana había sido imprudente. Habíamos sido imprudentes. Yo había sido castigado. V. había sido premiado. Vms. habían sido imprudentes. Habíais sido castigados. Serán premiados. Juan será soldado. Mis hermanos serán abogados. María será una hermosura. Seré médico. Seréis soldados. Vms. serán premiados. Serás castigado. Seré rico. Pedro será mas rico que Juan, pero Juan será ménos ignorante que Pedro. El vino será barato este año. La harina será barata. El azúcar será caro. Nunca serás juez. No serán premiados segun sus obras. Los criados serán castigados? Nunca seréis abogados. Los buenos serán premia dos. Sé fiel. Sé bueno. Sed fieles. Sed puntuales. Sé puntual. Seamos buenos y sábios. Séa el criado premiado. Séan las criadas castigadas. Séa Juan tan fiel como Pedro. Séan Vms. felices. Séa V. muy feliz. Séan los impíos castigados. Que las cartas séan escritas. Séa el impresor premiado. Quiero que Juan séa rico. Quiero que mis amigos sean buenos. Quiero que V. sea económico. Quiero que seas feliz. Quiero que seáis económicos. Es posible que no seas pobre. Muy probable est que nunca seáis ricos. Est posible que Juan no sea castigado. Muy proble es que estas señoras nunca sean premiadas. Preciso erat que ella fuese castigada. Preciso era que fuesen puntuales. Erat preciso que no fuésemos negligentes. Era preciso que los pintores fuesen económicos. ¿No sería este librero el mejor de los dos? Si yo fuese vmd., yo sería puntual. Si yo fuera rico, yo sería económico. Si fueran ricos, serían soberbios. No creo que vuestra madre haya jamás (ever) sido linda. No creo que Vms. hayan jamás (ever) sido prudentes. ¡Ojalá hubiese yo sido frugal! Ojalá hubiesen sido prudentes! ¡Ojalá hubiéseis sido frugales! Serás premiado, si fueres diligente. Quiero ser prudente. Quiero ser diligente. El que es mal hijo no puede ser buen padre. El que es impio, no puede ser amable. Pretende no haber sido engañado. Pretende no haber sido castigado. Siendo como eres tan imprudente, ¿quién te dará dinero? Habiendo sido engañado por sus amigos, les escribió muchas cartas. ENGLISH-SPANISH. I am a soldier. Thou art a lawyer. They are young. He is diligent. I am frugal. Ye are negligent. You (Vmd.) are punctual. They are fortunate. I am small. She is small and pretty. You (Vms.) are prudent. I am a son of the judge. Am I imprudent? The spoon is of gold. These forks are of silver. The ladies are French-women. You (Vmd.) are a Spaniard. Ye are English-women. We are Germans. I am an Englishman. She is a Spanish woman. Thou art a physician. He is a bookseller. Ye are painters. They are shoemakers. [In the following paragraph, the past tense in English is to be rendered in Spanish by the imperfect of the indicative.] Que, before the subjunctive mood, is generally a conjunction, meaning "that" as, quiero que María sea buena, "I wish that Mary may-be good." "Es" is here used as an impersonal verb, and means "it is." ? There is no necessity for employing the pronoun "ella" here, as the gender of the adjective terminations indicates the gender of the nominative of the vero. Peter was an innkeeper. My brothers were hatters, but now are carpenters. Thy father was a baker, and now is a bookseller. Thou wast a physician. I was a lawyer. They were soldiers. We were shoemakers. Ye were lawyers. You (Vmd.) were a judge. You (Vms.) were booksellers. They were printers, but now are carpenters. She was not a (una) beauty. Was I not more robust than he? Were they lawyers? Were not3 my sisters as culpable as she? Ye were printers. I was a general. These cities were small, but now they are large (grandes). the indicative is to be used.] [In the following paragraph, the Spanish perfect-definite of * * ten for my mother. We were punished. The letters were Man was created. I was punished. This letter was writwritten for the French-women. Thou wast punished. You md.) were rewarded. You (Vms.) were rewarded. Ye were punished. I was rewarded. I was young. The Spanishwoman was rewarded. My mother has been unfortunate. Thou hast been rewarded, They have been faithful. We have been punished. I have been punished. Ye have been faithful. She has been beautiful. The lawyer has been unfortunate. You (ms.) have been rewarded. I have been fortunate. You (Vm.) have been faithful. My brother had been imprudent. We had been imprudent. I had been punished. You (V.) had been rewarded. You (Vms.) had been imprudent. Ye had been punished. brothers will be lawyers. You (ms.) will be rewarded. They shall be rewarded. John will be a soldier. My Thou wilt be punished. I shall be rich. Peter will be richer than John, but John will be less ignorant than Peter. Wine will be cheap this year. Flour will be cheap. Sugar will be dear. Never wilt-thou-be a judge. They will not be rewarded Will the male-servants2 be according-to their works. rewarded? Never will-ye-be lawyers. The good shall-be rewarded. punctual. Be-thou punctual. Let-us-be good and wise. Be-thou faithful. Be-thou good. Be-ye faithful. Be-ye be rewarded. May John be faithful as Peter. May you (Vms.) May the male-servant be rewarded. Let the female-servants be happy. May you (Vm.) be very fortunate. Let the printer be rewarded. impious be punished. Let the letters be written. Let the I-wish that (que) John may-be rewarded. I-wish that my I-wish that thou mayest-be happy. I-wish that ye may be friends may be good. I-wish that you (V.) may be economical. economical. It-is (es) possible that thou mayest not be poor. It-is very probable that ye may never be rich. It-is possible that John may not be punished. It-is very probable that these ladies never may be rewarded. It was (era) necessary that she should-be punished. It was that we should not be negligent. It-was necessary that the necessary that they should-be punctual. It-was necessary painters should-be economical. Would not this bookseller be the better of the two? If (si) I were (should-be) you (Vmd.), I would-be punctual. If I were (should-be) rich. I would be economical. If they were (should be) rich, they would be proud. I do not believe that the physician's mother has (may have) ever (jamas) been pretty. I do not believe that you (Vms.) have (may-have) ever (jamás) been prudent. O-that I had O-that I had been frugal! (should-have) been prudent! O-that ye had been frugal! Thou shalt-be rewarded if thou art (shouldst-be) diligent. I-wish to-be prudent. I-wish to-be diligent. He who is a bad son, cannot be a good father. He who is impious cannot be amiable. He-pretends not to-have been deceived. He-pretends not to have been punished. Being so (tan) imprudent as thou art, who will-give thee money? Having been deceived by his friends, he wrote them many letters. Remark. The learner should now write out, for practice, the different persons of all the tenses of the various moods of the verb ser (omitting the nominative personal pronouns), as directed in Remark at the beginning of this exercise. The participle after neuter verbs must agree in gender and number with the word to which it belongs. FRENCH READINGS. FRENCH READING S.-No. XXXI. LE VIEUX ROI ET LA JEUNE FILLE SECTION III. Ma maîtresse est bien malade,1 répondit la gouvernante; en disant ces mots elle se passa la main sur les yeux et essuya ses pleurs.2 Charlotte ajouta : 3 15. Que répondit la pauvre | 21. Qu'arriva-t-il le lende 16. Que lui dit la reine d'Angle- 17. Que dit-elle de son mari? 19. Que disait-elle du jardin ? ces mots ? 22. Où la malade apprit-elle lenom de sa bienfaitrice? 23. Que répétait sans cesse la vieille gouvernante? 24. Que prodigua-t-on à la malade ? 25. Que ne pouvait croire la pe tite fille? NOTES AND REFERENCES.-a. from pouvoir; L. partii., p. 100. Je pourrai peut-être diminuer ses souffrances, et être assez heureuse pour lui rendre quelques services.....Allons--b. from prendre; L. part ii., p. 100.-c. L. part ii., § 49, R. (2).-d. ce n'est guère la peine, it is hardly worth the while.-e. chez vous. Et la reine reprit la main de l'enfant." L. S. 88, R. 2.-f. from vouloir; L. part ii., p. 100; also L. S. 69, R. 4.-g. from savoir; L. part ii., p. 104.--h. from devoir. Bientôt elles arrivèrent à la maison qu'habitait l'émigrée, dans le village de Kew. 5 Maman! maman! voilà une bien bonne dame qui vient vous voir..... Elle a promis de me donner tous les jours de bien belles fleurs pour vous. A cette voix, la malade, qui était assise près de la fenêtre," sur laquelle se trouvaient quelques pots de réséda, et qui, la tête appuyée sur sa main, regardait le soleil couchant, essaya de se lever; mais la reine l'en empêcha avec bonté, et prit une chaise auprès d'elle en lui disant: Vous souffrez beaucoup, Madame? -Je n'ai plus la force de souffrir beaucoup1....mais j'ai souffert beaucoup, répondit la veuve émigrée. SECTION IV. Un jour le vieux roi Georges, qui venait de retomber dans un de ses sombres accès de folie, entendit chanter la jeuneb Française. Il fut frappé de la douceur de sa voix; il l'ap-Louise, chantez-moi ce que vous chantiez tout à pela, et, la prenant sur ses genoux, il lui dit; l'heure.2 -Oh! c'est bien triste, répondit l'enfant.3 -N'importe, j'aime cet air; et je serais bien aise de Votre charmante enfant me l'a dit, et je viens vous pro-l'entendre encore. .Permettez, Oh! j'ai peu de temps, ce n'est guèred la peine13....je vous remercie, Madame. -Eloignez des pensées si sombres.16.... Pensez à votre enfant, et veuillez accepter mon offre ; je vous la fais de bon cœur. Je viendrai vous prendre moi-même. Mon mari et moi nous aimons beaucoup les émigrés français.1 -Oh! tant mieux! tant mieux !18 répétait la petite Louise. Je suis bien contente d'aller dans une grande maison.. avec un beau jardin.19 Maman, vous y serez bien mieux qu'ici. Et en disant ces mots, elle baisait les mains de la dame étrangère.20 Le lendemain matin, une voiture vint chercher la pauvre malade. Ce ne fut qu'en arrivant au pavillon de Kew,22 que la dame française suts que la reine était sa bienfaitrice. Qui aurait jamais cru que c'était une reine !23 répétait sans cesse, dans sa joie, la vieille gouvernante; une dame en robe d'indienne et en chapeau de paille! Les soins les plus empressés, les mieux entendus, les prévenances les plus délicates, étaient prodigués à la mère de Louise, mais ils ne lui rendaient pas la santé : le chagrin Quant avait pénétré trop profondément dans son cœur.. . . . à la petite fille, elle ne pouvait croire qu'un grand jardin avec beaucoup de fleurs, un bon logement avec de bons Elle était si conmeubles ne dussent pas guérir sa mère.25 tente, la charmante enfant, de jouer dans la volière de la reine, et de donner à manger aux oiseaux! COLLOQUIAL EXERCISE. 1. Que repondit la gouver- 2. Que fit-elle ensuite ? 6. Que dit alors la petite 7. Où était la malade? 8. Qu'essaya-t-elle de faire ? 10. Que lui dit Charlotte? 14. Que dit-elle à l'égard de la O mon peuple! que vous ai-je fait ? Pendant que la fille de l'émigrée faisait entendre ce refrain douloureux, le vieux monarque, les yeux fixés sur elle et plongé dans une sombre rêverie, laissa couler quelques larmes silencieuses. Le soir, quand il fut seul chez lui, pendant qu'il n'y avait point de lumière dans sa chambre, il se mit au piano et répéta l'air du Pauvre Jacques, sur lequel la complainte royaliste a été composée. Depuis ce jour il faisait souvent venir la petite orpheline, qui venait de perdre sa mère, et lui disait: -Enfant, chantez l'air de Louis XVI., l'air qui me fait pleurer. 10 Quand Louise commençait à chanter, le vieillard s'asseyaits à son piano-orgue, et l'accompagnait doucement11 et dieuses plaintes. avec des accords si tristes, qu'ils ressemblaient à de mélo Ah! c'était vraiment chose touchante à voir et à entendre, que cette petite orpheline,12 chantant, d'une voix émue, les malheurs d'un roi martyr, à un autre roi accablé sous la main de Dieu. La reine Charlotte s'attacha de plus en plus à Louise de Glandeuil.13.... Elle avait soigné la mère jusqu'au dernier moment; elle adopta l'enfant, l'éleva avec bonté, et, plus homme anglais.15 tard, l'ayant richement dotée, elle la maria avec un gentil Louise vit encore;16 ses beaux cheveux noirs sont devenus blancs, et dans l'aisance et la paix que Dieu lui a données sur la terre étrangère, elle conserve religieusement le souvenir de sa pauvre mère et de ses nobles bienfaiteurs.17 Elle a beau vieillir, la mémoire du cœur ne s'éteint pas en elle. Quand, il y a trois ans, je suis retourné en Angleterre, j'ai vu chez Madame Radnor, née Glandeuil, un portrait de Georges III., Speint dans ses plus vieux jours. Le monarque aveugle, semble courbé sous les poids des ans et de son mal;19 une longue barbe blanche s'épanche sur sa poitrine; sa vénérable chevelure, partagée sur le front, tombe, de gauche et de droite, sur ses épaulés ;20 la tête du |