of several West India islands, the Spaniards established, throughout their colonies, to defend themselves against such interlopers, what were termed Guarda-costas, the commander of which were instructed to massacre all foreigners that might fall into their hands. This tended to produce a close alliance among the mariners of all other nations; and a permanent state of hostilities was thus established, in the West Indies especially, independently of peace or war at home. The members of the marine league thus formed, obtained the name of buccaneers, from the circumstance of the Caribs, or aboriginal inhabitants of some of the West India islands, calling meat, prepared with salt by themselves in a peculiar way, boucan, and which was the only food met with by the adventurers in their marauding expeditions. The French buccaneers, however, were termed flibustiers, being their own corruption of the word freebooters.' So many were the deeds of prowess of the buccaneers, and so great fame had they at length in Europe, that, in 1625, the French and English united, and seized first St. Kitts, and then Tortuga, islands which became the headquarters of the association; and whenever either England or France was at war with Spain, the buccaneers of the hostile state obtained letters of marque from the mother country, and acted as regular privateers on the Spanish main. The latter custom gave a colour of legitimacy and honour to the buccaneers calling, and confounded the notions of right and wrong in their ignorant minds; and the first English governors of colonies, being somewhat roguish, allowed them to pursue their own course without molestation. The most renowned of all buccaneer chiefs was Henry Morgan, a Welshman, who actually forced his way across the isthmus of Darien, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, to plunder the rich city of Panama, 1670; and this exploit

having opened the way to the great southern seas, the buccaneers laid the foundation of much of our present geographical knowledge of that part of the world. Morgan effected his object: with 37 vessels, having on board 2000 men, he, after incredible hardships, crossed one of the wildest and most difficult countries on the face of the globe; and having fought the Spaniards, and massacred 200 prisoners in cold blood (for he was a cruel fellow), he sacked Panama, and returned home laden with booty. The dexterous ruffian, however, contrived to trick most of the fleet out of their share of the spoils, and sailed for Jamaica, already an English colony; and he had the address to obtain knighthood from Charles II., and the appointment of deputygovernor of Jamaica. After this, 1684, the skilful seaman, Dampier, acted as a buccaneer; and of his expedition, which led him to explore the Pacific, from the coasts of Chili and Peru to those of China and Hindustan, he has left an interesting account. In 1670 Great Britain agreed to put down the buccaneersystem against Spain; but a much more effectual relief was afforded the Spaniards, when the war broke out between England and France, on the accession of William III. The French flibustiers thereupon attacked their ancient allies, the English buccaneers; and from that moment the parties visited upon each other some of the cruelties they had received in common from the Spaniards-and they never again confederated. At once Henry Morgan's magnificent project of establishing an independent buccaneer state in the islands of the Pacific vanished into air. The treaty of Ryswick, 1697, effected the final suppression of the pirates, many of whom turned planters; while others, who had good sailing-ships, went in quest of adventures to other parts of the world, never to be heard of more.

GENOA MADE AN OLIGARCHY.Andrea Doria, a Genoese admiral in

being taken prisoner by the landgrave of Hesse, was put to death at Mulhausen, 1526. A party of anabaptists next appeared in Munster, holding yet more absurd and equally dangerous doctrines; and to illustrate the law regarding apparel, one Boccoldt solemnly promenaded the streets of the city stark naked. The popes, however, by their severities, at length extirpated the sect, whose title of anabaptists (from the Greek) is supposed to have arisen from their rebaptizing such as entered among them, which the term implies. They did not sprinkle, but immersed their followers, and that only when of an adult age. (See Baptists.)

MEXICO A SPANISH COLONY, 1520. (See Cortez.)

Rise of the ANTINOMIANS.-John Agricola, a native of Isleben in Saxony, taught, 1538, that the law is not necessary, now that the gospel has been promulgated; and that repentance is not to be preached from the decalogue, but from the gospel. As his opinions were calculated to supersede the necessity of good works

and a virtuous life, Luther warmly attacked them; and it was he who gave them the appellation of antino mian, or against the law. Much of the old antinomian error is now perceptible in those sects, in and out of the church of England, which maintain the possibility of faith existing and insuring salvation, without good works; and which hold that the elect, as children of grace, cannot sin. What is sin in the wicked is not sin in the elect. The English parliament, in the act against presbyterians, 1648, declared that any one guilty of antinomianism, or maintaining that the moral law of the ten commandments is no rule for Christians, or that a believer need not repent of sin, should publicly retract or be imprisoned. Agricola, of whose opinions there appear to have been exaggerated statements, was one of those employed to draw up the Interim ; and catholic writers themselves allow him to have been orthodox on the article of justification. There are now no antinomians, simply distinguished as such.

Turkey under SELIM I.- Having deposed his father, Bayezid II., 1512, and supplanted his eldest brother, Ahmed, Selim was opposed by the latter in arms; but, after a severe contest, he captured and put him to death. The unnatural Moslim (though such practices were common at the period of accession, among the members of the regal Turkish family, up to very recent times,) then caused his brother, Kortchut, who was too popular on account of his patronage of learned men, to be strangled, and thereupon hurried off an immense force towards Persia, against Shah Ismail. His troops were defeated by Ismail, with the loss of 50,000 men, 1514; and two years elapsed before he could muster an army for an assault upon Egypt. In his progress thither, 1516, he made himself master of Syria, and in 1517 defeated and made prisoner Tomaun Bey, the Mamluk soldan, and converted Egypt

into a Turkish province, suffering it to be ruled in a tributary form by the inferior Mamluk chiefs. Elated with his success, he now contemplated an attack upon the Christian powers in Europe; but death put a stop to his projects at Cluri in Thrace, 1520, at 46, in the very place where he had fought against and dethroned his father. He was succeeded by his only son, SULEIMAN II., the Magnificent' (properly the Just'). He is considered the greatest emperor the Turks ever had, and certainly was their most famous conqueror. After reducing a revolt of the Mamluk beys of Egypt, and making a truce with Ismail of Persia, he turned his arms against Charles V. of Germany, and took Belgrade 1521. In 1522 he got possession of Rhodes, which had been in the hands of the knights of St. John of Jerusalem two centuries; and in 1526, defeated the Hungarians at Mohatz, in which battle Louis II.,

their king, perished in a morass. He took Buda 1529, and at length invested Vienna, but was obliged to raise the siege of that city. After a period of tranquillity, which extended many years, Suleiman attempted to take Malta, and spent much blood and money in that fruitless labour; but in 1565 he made himself master of Scio, which had been in the possession of the Genoese from 1346. He died in Hungary, at the siege of Zigeth, 1566, aged 76.

THE POPEDOM.-Giovanni de Medici, son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, gonfaloniere (chief magistrate) of the Florentine republic, succeeded Julius II. in the papal chair, 1513, as LEO X. He had been made a cardinal at the early age of 13, by Innocent VIII., and had shared exile from Florence with his brother, after the death of his father, 1492. Julius having employed him as legate in the army against the French, he was taken prisoner by the latter at Ravenna, 1512, but contrived to escape; and upon hearing that the new gonfaloniere, Soderini, had been expelled by the Florentines, he induced the Spanish troops, then in the pope's pay, to enter Florence, and restore his family to power. This was speedily effected, though not without bloodshed; and in three months after the cardinal had seen his brother Giuliano elected in Soderini's place, he was called to Rome by the death of Julius. On receiving the tiara, he commenced a pontificate which, though brief, forms one of the most memorable epochs in the history of modern Europe, comprehending as it did the outbreak of the reformation, the establishment of the Spaniards in Italy, and the sudden restoration of learning and the arts, through the very liberal patronage of Leo's own family in all its branches. Leo's coronation, at which he spent immense sums, took place on the same day in 1513 as that on which he had been taken prisoner the year before; and he passed in procession through Rome, riding the horse on which he had been captured. Northern Italy being at the moment

disturbed by the French invasion, Leo sent his secretary Bembo to the Venetians, to break their alliance with Louis XII. against the Milanese. The French, under La Trimouille, had just been driven out of the peninsula; and Louis, inclined to have the pope on his side, knew well how to gain him. Leo had just reopened the council of Lateran, which had begun under Julius II., for the extinction of the schism produced by the council of Pisa, convoked by Louis XII. to check the power of that pope. Circumstances were now changed: Louis XII. made his peace with Leo 1514, renounced the council of Pisa, and acknowledged that of Lateran. Louis XII. died 1515, without male issue; and his successor, Francis I., among his other titles, assumed that of duke of Milan, which was the signal of a new Italian

war.

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The Venetians joined king Francis; and though the emperor Maximilian, Ferdinand of Spain, the Swiss, and duke Sforza, united against him, Milan at length fell to the French by the victory of Marignano, 1515. After his success at Milan, Leo made proposals of alliance to Francis, conferring with him Bologna; where the famous concordat was agreed on, regulating the appointment to the sees and livings in France, and which continued in force up to the French Revolution. In 1517 Leo authorised that sale of indulgences, which in the sequel occasioned the Reformation; but though he in two bulls anathematized Luther and his party, he was too much taken up with the affairs of Italy, to care about a remote controversy carried on in Saxony, the fatal consequences of which he evidently did not foresee. In 1518, a league of five years was proclaimed by Leo among the Christian princes, to oppose Selim I. of Turkey, who threatened Italy; for which purpose he yielded part of the revenues of the Church. Nothing, however, was done against the Moslims; and in 1521 Leo, distrusting Francis, entered secretly into al