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Table 5 repeats the energy options of Table 2 but adds recent funding levels. It appears that research funds are not being expended for solar power satellites in proportion to the potential benefit. For example, solar power satellites appear to be a clean, abundant, energy source which can be developed with technological certainty. Yet the SPS funding level is less than 1% of that for fusion which apparently requires considerable development in the area of fundamental physics.

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The solar power satellite concept is now approximately 10 years old. System level studies have now defined the concept; the next step should be a technical verification phase as shown in Figure 13. In this phase verification tests of the basic elements of SPS technology would be performed on the ground and in space. The space shuttle, which will become operational soon, would be the fundamental vehicle for accomplishment of the in-space verification test, and would be the basis for construction in space of a prototypical large scale electrical generation module in the early 1980's. The total verification effort defined here is approximately $3 billion, a modest amount in comparison with the potential benefits of solar power satellites and in comparison with past expenditures for other alternative energy sources.

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The Orbital Service Module, an adjunct to the space shuttle orbiter and the Nation's future space transportation system will soon begin conceptual development in a systems study.

This "orbital resident" will provide electrical power and other services for long term utilization by payloads brought to and from space by the space shuttle orbiter and thereby free the space shuttle for a basic transportation role. With one or more Orbital Service Modules available in space, large scale test of solar power satellites systems might proceed at even lower cost than was shown in Figure 13.

Near the end of the technical verification phase a development and facilitization effort would get underway leading to in-space operation of the first full-size solar power satellite in the early 1990's. The orbital construction base concept developed in the SPS systems studies has the capability to produce, in space, one solar power satellite per year, thus, in the production phase a single construction base would be producing units at that rate. Perhaps one to two years after the first base was made operable, a second construction base could be brought on line in orbit, allowing even more rapid solar power satellite construction.

Thus, the contribution of solar power satellite to our total energy requirements by the end of this century could be quite significant.

We all remember the old joke in which the farmer giving directions says, "You can't get there from here." Expeditious development of a new energy source may be required in order that we do not find ourselves in a position where we cannot get there from now (whenever now may be). Historically several decades usually pass between development of a new technological concept and its full implementation. For example, the turbojet engine began development in the late 1930's, but was not in fleetwide aircraft utilization until the 1960's. It may be mandatory to embark upon vigorous development of a new energy source to let that source achieve significant use before degradation of our national economy and fuel depletion preclude development of this source. We should not start too late.

The planet's store of fossil energy will be depleted. The U.S. Department of Interior has estimated that about 1% of the measured world recoverable energy reserve was consumed in 1974. The global consumption rate is increasing more than 5% per year.

So it's only a matter of time. How will the human race respond to this challenge? Other countries envy the wealth and technical expertise of the United States and expect (perhaps this expectation is unexpressed) us to provide leadership. Surely the nation which put man on the moon can do something.

What will be our response? Will we advocate conservation and enforce careful rationing of the dwindling resources, so that each person has less and less until "the lights go out" and our economy crumbles? Or will we accept some energy solution which endows our successors with a legacy of ever increasing pollutants which eventually overwhelms the environment?

There is abundant energy in the universe. Fantastic quantities of energy stream past our planet from that giant, existing fusion reactor, our Sun. We can tap this energy in a clean and safe way and bestow on our posterity the basis for a stable life without excessive austerity. Solar Power Satellites can give us access to this energy, but we must begin while we yet have the time and resources for the accomplishment.

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QUAKER RIDGE ROAD, CROTON-ON-HUDSON, N.Y. 10520 TELEX 137343 914 762-0700 23 January 1978

Hon. Olin E. Teague

Committee on Science and Technology

U. S. House of Representatives

Washington, D. C. 20515

Dear Mr. Teague:

Thank you for your invitation to submit a paper to the Committee
regarding our views on the future of the space program. The accompanying
text is a very brief adaptation of a recent Hudson Institute study funded
by NASA. The study attempts to provide a long-term perspective on the
future of space developments and is available to anyone interested.

I hope our submission will assist your committee in its deliberations.
Sincerely yours,

William M. Brown, Ph.D.

Director, Technological Studies

ASIA PACIFIC OFFICE: KOWA BLDG. NO. 9, 1-8-10 AKASAKA, MINATO-KU, TOKYO 107 JAPAN
HUDSON RESEARCH EUROPE LTD., 54 RUE DE VARENNE, PARIS 75007, FRANCE
HUDSON OF CANADA, 666 SHERBROOKE STREET WEST, MONTREAL, QUEBEC, H3Z 2H3

24-215 O - 78 - 22

TEXT FOR SUBMISSION TO

HOUSE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The U.S. was born in a revolution which coincided roughly with the beginning of the industrial revolution, the chief precursor of which may have been the steam engine. An inspired visionary engineer daring then to look ahead 200 years might have declared that the "saw" in the future: engines which would seed, plow and harvest the fields

engines which would mine, smelt and forge metal from ores

engines which would move men and produce to market

engines which would attach to wings and fly through the air, even carrying people across oceans

engines which would write and sketch at amazing speeds

engines which would clean homes, stables, farm land

engines which would clean, prepare, and serve foods and beverages

engines which would send and receive messages rapidly over long
distances

engines for war which would seek out and destroy enemies

engines which would overcome gravity and reach the moon

In 1776 even the intellectual elite would hardly have considered such "drivel" worth reading. After all, the above list would require people to believe that they were privileged to be living at the edge of a fantastic age of technological miracles which were ready to unfold before them in a rapidly growing stream.

Of course, reality has been very much more impressive than the above list suggests. At that time concepts such as radio, nuclear energy, electronics, and lasers were not only unknown but unimaginable.

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