order of the procession, but I think it was Sumner who, being up early that day, said to Mr. Fields at the shop, "What Petrarch has done for love, Tennyson has done for friendship." And dear Fields before lunch had met each of the other four as he came in, and had the pleasure of hearing each of the four repeat the same praise in the same words.

Best of all, these five presidents of Harvard knew each other rather intimately and loved each other. Mr. Quincy was really as young as the youngest of them at the time this picture was taken. There is a little story of him which I like to tell to my Philistine friends whenever I meet them, and I meet them every day. After he had retired from the presidency, only because it was thought that a man must retire after he was seventy years old, he moved into Boston and looked round him there. Then he wrote a letter to the mayor of the day to say that the time had arrived when the city could improve some flats, to which it had rights, below the Quincy Market. It had acquired those rights in Mr. Quincy's dynasty as mayor. Well, the board of aldermen was pretty much such a board of aldermen as we choose now, and they put their heads together and wrote a civil note to him, implying that they understood their business a great deal better than he did, and that they would manage the affairs of the city if he would let them; and that as for the flats anybody might improve them who wanted to. Accordingly, the old gentleman bought the flats himself, and improved them himself, and I fancy his children and grandchildren have been very much obliged to that board of aldermen for their unwillingness to have other people interfere in their affairs. He was only eighty-four years old when he took a prominent part in the canvass for Colonel Frémont, glad to mount his old war-horse and to have another blow at the Southern oligarchy which then made its last successful effort, before it was compelled to take back seats for twenty-eight years. I had the pleasure of talking with him myself in 1861, when he was as wise as ever; and in his eighty-ninth year he gave good counsel and was of clear foresight in the struggles of that crisis.

I do not suppose that in fact these five presidents did often meet at the same table. But they were glad when they did meet so, and each one of them was a good counselor and good friend to each of the others.

Edward E. Hale, '39.

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES IN ROME.

THE new school in Rome is due to the interest of many colieges and of many men of diverse professions in many States, North, South, East, and West. It started without traditions, except such as could be claimed, on the score of relationship, from the elder sister at Athens. The one important experience which that school had to impart to us was, that in a place in which almost everything was new to the students, and in which almost everything had a large literature accumulated around it, our whole American system of a dozen or so of hours of recitations or lectures a week must be abandoned. The study of a few fields, with time for each, — such was the programme of the school at Athens.

The work opened upon the appointed day, October 15, 1895, in the Casino dell' Aurora, the beauty and cheer and comfort.of which have been a constant factor in our life. The lease of the building had been secured by the American School of Architecture, to which we owe our share in its use. The students were set to reading upon topography, and sent upon introductory topographical excursions, under the guidance of Mr. Walter Dennison, Fellow of the School, who had spent some months of the previous winter here, and had taken part in the work of Professor Hülsen of the German Institute. A course in Classical Archaeology on the pagan side, and a course in Christian Archaeology, each taking one lecture a week, were begun by the Associate Director, Professor Frothingham, and a course in Epigraphy, with two lectures a week, by myself. The aim of the first was to illustrate one great branch of ancient Italian civilization, the so-called Pelasgic, represented by the cities of the Hernican and Volscian hills, Signia, Aletrium, Ferentinum, Verulae, to which a trip of several days was made under Professor Frothingham's guidance, beside a stay of some days, at a later time, at Norma, in the neighborhood of the ancient Norba; and, second, to illustrate the second main branch of Italian civilization, the Etruscan, for the study of which a trip of several days was made by the School, under Professor Frothingham, taking in the Faliscan excavations at Narce-Mazzano, for well- and trench-tombs of the archaic NO. 16.

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period; to Cervetri, the ancient Caere, for the internal architecture of large chamber tombs; to Corneto, the ancient Tarquinii, for the internal decorations of tombs; and to Castel d' Asso and Norchia near Viterbo, for the external architecture of rock-cut tombs. The work upon the subject of Christian Archaeology included a brief review of the history of architecture, sculpture, painting, mosaics, and minor branches of art during the first eight centuries of the Christian era, and was supplemented by visits to basilicas under the guidance of Professor Frothingham, and by three visits to the Catacombs, conducted by Professor Marucchi. The churches of Rome and the neighboring towns also furnished material for the study of the later development of art in the province of Rome.

In the early part of November, the topographical lectures of Professor Hülsen began. To these our students, like the students of other foreign schools in the city (though ours outnumbered the rest), were admitted by the kindness of Professor Hülsen and of the head of the Institute, Professor Petersen. A similar arrangement exists in Athens, where the students of the American School are admitted to Dr. Dörpfeld's topographical lectures.

We had thus impinged upon a definitely established system of work, the result of an experience of over fifty years in Rome. What that system is, it will be worth while to state.

Beginning about the middle of November, Professor Hülsen gives a course of about eighteen lectures on Topography. While these are going on, no other work is given in the Institute. They fill the time until Christmas. About January 15, Professor Hülsen begins a similar course in Epigraphy, lecturing in part at the Institute, but much more in the Galleries. At the same time, the head of the Institute, Professor Petersen, begins a course of weekly lectures in the museums, not limited to any particular scope, but in fact dealing with questions of the history and chronology of Art. About ten of these lectures were given in the present year. At the end of March, or thereabout, the students go to Greece. On their return, early in July, they are met by Dr. Mau at Pompeii, who directs their ten days' study of this city. This is all the stated work of the Institute. The theory upon

1 In the coming year Professor Petersen plans to give a course of eighteen or twenty lectures dealing with the specifically Roman development of art.

which it is conducted is that, when the students take up a subject like Topography or Epigraphy, they need the whole or nearly the whole of their time.

The Institute holds open meetings every other week from December to April. The papers are very rarely by students (I have not heard one this year), often by one of the three men regularly attached to the Institute, but also in large part by outsiders. It will be understood that the comparatively small amount of teaching, and the constant repetition of subjects in which the professors of the Institute are incessantly working, give these three men leisure for research, and furnish them with subjects.

The stress of the work in Roman Topography made it necessary to suspend, for a time, the work in Classical and Christian Archaeology and in Epigraphy. In early December, however, another course, to which we were fortunate enough to gain admission for our students, had to be begun, namely a course in Palaeography, given in the Archives of the Vatican by Professor Melampo. The work occupied three hours a week, and, from the time when it opened until Christmas, our students were undoubtedly kept pretty busy, both through the novelty of the subjects and-a serious factor in Rome, where Horace's irony calls the distances humane commoda- through the wide separation of the places of work from one another and from the School building.

We had thus been brought, by the force of circumstances, to a system like that of the German Institute, yet differing from it. While we have adopted the principle of concentration, and the idea that most courses should cover about twenty conferences, we have not been able to have merely a single course going on at a time. There are certain things upon which it is important that every student who comes for a single year only (and we shall always have such among our number) should make at least a beginning. It is to be expected, however, that within a few years our students will bring at least an elementary knowledge of Epigraphy, Palaeography, and Archaeology with them.

In addition to the courses now begun, the need of a course in Numismatics was made evident, not only by the general interest of the subject itself, and its importance to Roman History and Roman Iconography (or Portraiture), but by the zeal with which several students had begun privately to hunt up coins and study

them. But for such a course a trained expert was needed, and a great and choice collection. The School had the good fortune to be able, with the consent of his Holiness the Pope, to make an arrangement with Professor Stevenson, Curator of Coins in the Vatican; though the collection itself is one to which the public had never been admitted.

These lectures began in January. At the same time, Professor Frothingham resumed his weekly lecture in Classical Archaeology, and his weekly lecture in Christian Archaeology, continuing them, except when obliged, on account of the work at Norba, to be absent, until the departure of the students for Greece. In view of this intended excursion, the work in Classical Archaeology was now devoted to Archaic Greek Sculpture and to Greek Architecture. An introduction to the former subject was given by Professor Waldstein, who, happening fortunately to be in Rome, lectured at the Museum of the Conservatori upon Archaic and Archaistic Sculpture. The work in Christian Archaeology was supplemented by three visits made by the School to the three most important Catacombs, under the charge of Professor Marucchi, Curator of the Egyptian Museum at the Vatican, and a distinguished worker in Christian Antiquities. The death of Professor Armellini, of the College of the Propaganda, deprived two of our students, for whom admission had been obtained, of the lectures of another distinguished scholar in the same field.

Thus at the end of January, our students in Classical Archaeology on the pagan side, had six stated exercises a week, of an hour each, three in Palaeography, one in Classical Archaeology, and two in Numismatics, the latter subject being at this point quite new to them. They were very busy. My course in Epigraphy was therefore not resumed until the first week in February. From this time until the departure of the students for Greece, near the end of March, I gave two weekly exercises, generally of an hour and a half each, but running up several times to two hours and a half. The introductory lectures of the first month had been given in the School building. When these were postponed, it was arranged that the students should, in any spare moments, make themselves first thoroughly familiar with Cagnat's Epigraphie Latine, and then go on to read as much as they could in Wilmann's Selections, adding to this whatever experimentations they could get time for as they went about in the Galleries.