Sophomores, with Miss Irwin, entertained all the new students at Fay House. On Oct. 15 the Athletic Club gave a reception in the Gymnasium to all the new-comers, at which Miss Wallace and Miss Humphrey received. The Freshmen have been entertained as usual by the Sophomores, and the new special students by the old specials.

The Class officers for this year are: '96, Louise M. Endicott, president; Alice H. Stratton, vice-president; Edith A. Nickels, secretary and treasurer. '97, Edith Gilman, president; Emily R. Lovett, vicepresident; Clara P. Folsom, secretary; Elizabeth H. Tetlow, treasurer; '98, Grace W. Landrum, president; Kate P. Chase, vice-president; Margaret M. Nickerson, secretary; Gertrude F. Hall, treasurer. '99, Celia M. Gould, president; Myra H. Nichols, vice-president; Jane E. Sever, secretary; Bertha M. Boody, treasurer. The Special Students formed an organization last year for the purpose of increasing their social life. The officers are: Marguerite Fiske, president; Mary R. Drury, vice-president; Grace L. Forbes, secretary; Eleanor P. Fiske, treasurer. The officers of the Graduate Club are: Kate O. Petersen, president; Mrs. Flora W. Patterson, secretary; Annette Fiske, treasurer. Of the Idler Club, Edith N. Richardson, president; Edith Gilman, vice-president; Elizabeth W. Newhall, secretary; Kate D. Griswold, treasurer. Of the Emmanuel Club, Katharine M. Thompson, president; Ethel D. Converse, vice-president; Elinor Lambert, secretary; Elizabeth W. Newhall, treasurer. Of the English Club, Isabel Butler, president; Louisa P. Haskell, secretary. Of the French Club, Marguerite Fiske, president; Louise M. Endicott, vice-president; Alice F. Sprague, secretary and treasurer. Of the German Club, Beatrice E. Hahn, president; Grace A. Hill, secretary; Marguerite Fiske, treasurer. Of the Classical Club, Josephine S. Edmonds, president; Alice B. Sterling, secretary; Edith A. Nickels, treasurer. Of the History Club, Grace Bigelow, president; Louisa P. Haskell, secretary. Of the Philosophical Club, Rachel K. Taylor, president; Gertrude Stein, secretary. Of the Scientific Club, Helen W. Munroe, president; Blanche L. Needham, secretary. Of the Glee Club, Louise M. Endicott, president; Bertha V. Drew, leader; Ethel D. Converse, secretary; Helen W. Munroe, treasurer. Of the Mandolin Club, Edith L. Sawyer, leader; Annie E. Hyde, business manager. Of the Music Club, Edith A. R. Adams, president; Cora O. Goldthwaite, secretary; Alice H. Stratton, treasurer. Of the Tennis Club, Carolyn L. Humphrey, president; Katharine M. Thompson, secretary; Ethel D. Converse, treasurer. Of the Athletic Club, Carolyn L. Humphrey, president; Mabel E. Harris, vice-president; Grace W. Landrum, secretary; Margaret M. Nickerson, treasurer.

Several of the Special Students have taken positions as teachers for

the year. Edith Walker, '90-'93, is teaching in the High School, Concord, N. H.; Ada T. Griswold, '91-'92, at Kenosha, Wisconsin; Alice B. MacDonald, '94-'95, in the High School, Everett; Mary P. Fiske, '94-'95, in the Cambridge Latin School; Annie Torrey, '94-'95, in the High School, Bath, Maine; Katharine Flavan, '85-'90, in Miss West's School, San Francisco, Cal.; A. Bertha Hardy, '85-'91, in Miss Baird's Institute, Norwalk, Conn.; Bessie Burns, '94-'96, at Thayer Academy, Braintree; Louise S. Waite, '90-'91, at Miss Porter's School, Farmington, Conn.; Ethel A. Jacobs at the High School, North Andover. Anna B. Thompson, '84-'95, is teaching at Wellesley College, and carrying on part of her work at Thayer Academy at the same time. Florence P. Robinson, '91-'92, has a Latin fellowship at the University of Wisconsin. Mary P. Tenney, '92-'94, has a private school at Everett. Alice M. Robinson, '91-'92, married John S. Shepard. Mary A. Webster, '80-'83, married Henry H. Dwight. Margaret Carret, '87-'91, married Charles P. Garrison. Effie Lanagan, '89, married Knut E. Knutson.

ALUMNAE.

Mary H. Buckingham, '90, Edith S. Cushing, '84, Frances G. Davenport, '94, Annette Fiske, '94, Ellen C. Griswold, '91, Mary S. Locke, A. M., '92, Caroline E. McDuffie, '94, Blanche L. Needham, '94, Lucy A. Paton, '92, Kate O. Petersen, A. M., '95, Nellie I. Simpson, '95, Rachel K. Taylor, '94, and Mabel E. Townsend, '94, are studying at Radcliffe this year. Mary H. Buckingham, '90, is teaching in Miss Folsom's and Miss Bynner's schools, Boston; Grace M. Coleman, '94, is teaching in the Cambridge Latin School; Frances S. Belcher, '95, in the High School, Claremont, N. H.; Mabel Colcord, '95, in Mrs. Throop's School, Worcester; Florence W. Smith, '95, in the High School, Marblehead; Cornelia W. Green, '89, in Miss Ingols's School, Cambridge; Lucy A. Paton, '92, at Miss Folsom's School, Boston; Irma M. Clapp, '95, in the High School, Wellesley; Pauline G. Wiggin, A. M., '95, is teaching English at Vassar College; Rose Sherman, '94, is working in the Misses Ward's School, Boston; Alice G. Arnold, '95, has a private class of children in Cambridge; Emily A. Daniell, '95, is a member of the Brookline training class; Mary V. Clark, '95, is assistant secretary of the State Charities Aid Association of New York; Mary Breed, '92, is a resident at Denison House, Boston.

There were some errors in the description of the Radcliffe seal in the last number; it is now printed correctly, viz.: "It seemed fit that the arms of Ann Radcliffe, whose name the College bears, should be used for its seal, and through the courtesy of Henry E. Woods, Esq., of the VOL. IV. NO. 14. 16

New England Historic Genealogical Society, there was obtained from Herald's College in London the Radcliffe coat of arms, impaled with that of Moulson; Sir Thomas Moulson being the husband of Ann Radcliffe. The arms are blazoned thus: - Gules a chevron argent fretté sable between three mullets or (for Moulson); impaling, argent two bends engrailed sable (for Radcliffe). These arms are inclosed in a lozenge as pertaining to a woman, and now also as indicating a college for women. Around the lozenge in the field is the legend 'Veritas,' and on the circle surrounding the device this descriptive legend, Sigillum Academiae Radclivianae in Nov Ang'. The Radcliffe College colors are thus seen to be red and white, the combined fields of the arms."

Mary Coes, '87.

DEPARTMENTS.
ECONOMICS.

The Department of Economics began its work for the year under unfortunate circumstances. Professor Dunbar, its honored head, was compelled by ill-health to withdraw from academic work for the year, and was given leave of absence by the Corporation. His withdrawal rendered necessary changes in the courses of instruction. Of those announced to be given by Professor Dunbar, course 7, on Financial Administration and Public Debts, was undertaken by Dr. John Cummings, and course 12, on Banking and the History of the Leading Banking Systems, by Professor Taussig. The additional work thus assumed by Professor Taussig was made possible through the aid of Professor Macvane, who will conduct during the second half-year that part of Economics 2 which had been announced to be given by Professor Taussig. Course 8, on the History of Financial Legislation in the United States, has been shifted to the second half-year, and will then be given by Dr. Joseph A. Hill, A. B. '86, Ph. D. '92. By this rearrangement all the courses originally announced will be given, and no diminution in the Department's offering results from Professor Dunbar's absence. Another change has taken place, affecting course 1. The numbers in this introductory course have grown steadily of late years, and it is now taken annually by about 400 men. It had been the policy of the Department to conduct it not by lectures, but mainly by face to face discussion, in rooms of moderate size, the men being divided into sections for this purpose. As the numbers grew, however, it became more and more difficult to keep the sections at a manageable size, to find convenient rooms for them, and to secure efficient instructors. The alternative of lecturing to the men in one large room had long presented itself, but the probable

educational advantages of instruction in smaller rooms by sections caused this alternative to be avoided. For the present year, however, the withdrawal of Professor Dunbar rendered some economizing of the force of the Department necessary, and it has been accordingly determined to try the lecture plan for the current year. All the members of the course meet in Upper Massachusetts, a room which, by the way, proves reasonably well adapted for this use, and there are given lectures by the various instructors who take part in the course. By way of testing their reading and securing for the instructors some evidence as to their attainments, a system of weekly written papers has been introduced. On a given day of each week the students write answers to questions bearing upon the work of that week and of previous weeks. These answers are examined and corrected, and serve as a means of estimating the diligence and attainments of the students. Whether this radical change of plan will prove to be advantageous remains to be decided by the year's experience; but it indicates a change in the methods of college work which is making its way in all directions, and which presents new and difficult problems to instructors. The Seminary in Economics opens the year with sixteen advanced students of good quality, and promises well. Two are Seniors in Harvard College; the remainder are members of the Graduate School. Four are candidates for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the close of the current year. The growth of the Seminary in numbers and the better organization of its work are part of the general advance of the Graduate School, which is now reaping the fruits of the marked gains it has made in recent years.

EDUCATION AND TEACHING.

F. W. Taussig, '79.

There is a decided gain again this year in the number of students registered in the courses in Education and Teaching. There are 64 in the four fundamental courses, and 8 more have signified their intention to take a course in methods of teaching science, organized the first week in November, making a total of 72 as compared with 42 at this time last year. Of these students 31 are graduates, 15 are Seniors, 7 are Specials, and the remainder are mature men from the Junior and Sophomore classes. The largest gains are in the courses in Educational Theory and in the Seminary, comprising this year 23 and 16 students respectively. Of the students in the Seminary 12 are graduates, several of them having more than one academic degree, 2 are Seniors, and 2 are Special students in Radcliffe College. As in former years, the students in the Seminary are resident graduates, and also teachers, principals, and superintendents of this vicinity, who wish to study under

direction some of the problems of their profession. The work of the Seminary for this year centres in the content and form of the course of Study for both Elementary and Secondary Education. The course in methods of teaching science, to which reference has been made, is intended primarily for students in the four-years' Course in Science for Teachers in the Lawrence Scientific School, but is open also to College students. It is intended also for teachers now in service, who may wish to avail themselves of the instruction, and teachers of this vicinity are to be notified accordingly. The students in these courses have organized the Harvard Pedagogical Club, which meets about once a fortnight. The purpose of this Club, besides the usual opportunities afforded by such organizations, is to confer with prominent teachers who live, or may happen to be temporarily in this vicinity, on educational questions of general interest; and also to form the nucleus of an audieuce for lecturers on education, whom the Club may invite to address them from time to time. The Club has also considered the possibility of founding a department library. Much of the work in at least two of the courses in Education and Teaching has to be done with the help of many books, and, until the present year, duplicates of any of these books have not been available. Many more sets of duplicates should be supplied to meet the wants of the students. The chief obstacle to providing such duplicates through the Club is the fact that most of the members are graduates and Seniors, and hence most of them are in residence and personally interested in the Club for only one year. Through an arrangement with several leading publishers who exhibit their publications at the University, a text-book library is accessible to the students. value of such a library to students who wish to acquaint themselves with the teaching resources in their several departments is obviously great. It is hoped that in time this collection may grow into an educational museum, in which not only text-books, but collections of school furniture and apparatus, and all the working appliances of schools, will find a place. This hope cannot be realized, however, without the expenditure of funds not now in sight. It is a pleasure to note that among Harvard men who are now teachers, and who therefore know the difficulties that oppress and hamper the young teacher who enters on his work without any professional training, there are some superintendents and principals, who select candidates for vacancies from among those students, who, other things being equal, have had the professional training these courses afford. It is also gratifying to record that the number of teachers already in service, who resort to the University, both in term time and in the Summer School, for the study of their profession, is steadily growing.

The

Paul H. Hanus.