390

widow of Roger Clifford, and sister and coheir of
Thomas Courtenay, sixth Earl of Devon. One
of Sir William's daughters by his first or second
wife married Charles Clifford, the son of Sir
William's third wife by her first husband. In Sir
William Knyvet's will he mentions his daughter-
in-law Elenor, widow of his son Edmund and
mother of Sir Thomas Knyvet, and also mentions
his grandson Edmund. There is also in Nicolas's
Testamenta Vetusta the will of Anne, Duchess of
Buckingham (proved 1480), who leaves her
"daughter Beaumond" some plate, and I think it is
mentioned in a note that this daughter Joan was
married secondly to Sir William Knevett, of
B. F. S.
Buckenham, co. Norfolk, Knight.

"ANGLO-SAXON" (6th S. iii. 208).-The earliest students of our mother tongue in the sixteenth century, Lambard, Foxe, Archbishop Parker, the Spelmans (Sir Henry and Sir John), W. L'Isle, and others, use "Saxon" or "the old Saxon." Abraham Wheloe, in his edition of Bede, 1643, while speaking of Alfred's Paraphrase as Saxon, styles its author the King of the Anglo-Saxons, "ab augustissimo veterum Anglo-Saxonum rege, Aluredo sive Alfredo." In 1655 Junius edited Cadmon, the title being Cadmonis Monachi Paraphrasis Poetica Genesios, &c., Anglo-Saxonicè conscripta. Somner in 1659 printed his Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum Voces Phrasesque præcipuas Anglo-Saxonicas, &c., complectens." In 1665, Junius published two versions of the Gospels, "Gothica et AngloSaxonica"; and in 1689 Hickes issued his Institutiones Grammatica Anglo-Saxonica. The term was continued by W. Elstob, Rawlinson, Thwaites, and Benson in their several publications. Sammes, however, in 1676 has "The English-Saxon alphabet" at p. 410 of his Britannia Antiqua Illustrata. Miss Elstob also preferred "English-Saxon" in her edition of Elfric's Homily in 1709, and her Grammar in 1715. But the term Anglo-Saxon seems to have been the more popular, as in 1715-27 we have two volumes of "Controversial Discourses, containing Wm. Elstob's Office of Devotion used in the Anglo-Saxon Church, with a Translation and Notes," and to have been generally adopted. Many now prefer the term "English," "The priest shall as used by our forefathers, e. g., say unto the people on Sondayes and holydayes the sense of the Gospell in Englishe" (translation of a passage in Abp. Parker's Testimonie of Antiquity, p. 60), the original being "on englisc." So in many passages.

"Vestimenta vero eis erant laxa Warnefridus, diaconus, in the eighth century, as in these passages, "At vero Cunibertus rex Heret maximè linea, qualia Angli-Saxones habere solent," iv. 23; melindam ex Saxonum Anglorum genere duxit uxorem," v. 37; "His diebus Cedoaldus rex Anglorum Saxonum qui multa in_suâ patriâ bella The Angles, though considered a gesserat, ad Christum conversus Romam properavit," vi. 15. subdivision of the more powerful and extensive Saxon people, bore the chief and leading part in the expedition to Britain, and their union is correctly expressed by the denomination Anglofor while the name of Saxons has disappeared Saxon. Time, too, has done justice to the Angles, (save in Essex, Sussex, Middlesex), the name of the Angles is still embodied in England and English. It is remarkable that Ina, who began King of the West Saxons," but his reign A.D. 700, calls himself at the beginning of his laws " denominates the people of his kingdom "Englishmen."

Possibly Camden was the first of modern writers to adopt the name Anglo-Saxon, as in the "Epistola Dedicatoria" of his Anglica, &c., Frankfort, 1603, p. 2, he writes, when speaking of the extracts from the Saxon Chronicle, "Annales quos suâ linguâ conscriptos majores nostri Anglo-Saxones solos habuere." He took it apparently from Asser, who dedicates his work De Rebus Gestis Alfredi to "Elfred Anglorum Saxonum Regi," and says, on p. 11, ed. 1603, A.D. 884, "Eodem transmisit." anno Elfred Angul Saxonum Rex classem suam de Cantio, plenam bellatoribus in Orientales Anglos dirigens, prædandi causa Since the publication of the Saxon Charters, by Kemble (Codex Diplomaticus Evi Saxonici, 6 vols.) it has been shown that this name was occasionally adopted by the kings. On this point, and on the whole subject, Mr. Freeman's note on "The Use of the Word English," being Appendix A See also Mr. to the first volume of his History of the Norman Conquest, should be studied, as settling the quesW. E. BUCKLEY. tion in a most satisfactory manner. Cockayne's Saint Marherete (E.E.T.S. edition), pp. 74-7.

For a full discussion of the use of this term (ancient and modern), see Freeman's Norman Conquest, vol. i. App., note A, and iii. 44 (note).

Bp. Hatfield's Hall, Durham.

J. T. F.

The first Anglo-Saxon dictionary, published by Somner (small folio, Oxon., 1659), bears the title, Dr. Bosworth, in the preface to his Dictionary "Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino- Anglicum Voces of the Anglo-Saxon Language, Lond., 1838,...Anglo-Saxonicas cum Latina et Anglica interin its Latin form, designating Anglo-Saxon" pp. 1, li, shows that the people never called them- pretatione complectens." But we find the term selves Anglo-Saxons, but that the name is given them by historians, and is of Latin formation. collectively the people of England (though in The earliest use of it appears to be by Paulus contradistinction to the Northumbrians), even as

far back as the year 889, in Kemble's Codex subject; but it tickled my fancy to see so ludiDiplomaticus Evi Saxonici. The Latin names, crous a theme treated so gravely by a learned "} and Anglosaxonia "In French Robin was used Anglosaxones," occur man. He now says, there not less than forty-four times in documents generically as we use Giles or Hodge [jeering and belonging to the years 889-1066 (v. Anglia, ed. uncomplimentary terms as we all know], and it Wüliker, vol. i. p. 4). H. KREBS. seems to have been adopted in English." Just so. Oxford, Exactly my own opinion. But, he says, we are We are speaking of different things. He forgets, not speaking of different things; we are both speaking of "Robin for Robert as an affectionate term of endearment" ("N. & Q." 6th S. ii. 496), his exact words. In the same article he says he is "unable to give a further example of Cock Robin" than the one quoted by DR. CHANCE; but that Robert as an affectionate term of endearment; then, as an intensative term of affection, he was likened to Robin Redbreast, and the latter word added to point the allusion; this more familiarly became Cock Robin." It is the assumption that "Robin" is an affectionate term of endearment" that I have been opposing, and which he now says was equivalent to Giles or Hodge. So much for the original subject. Now for what has been imported into it. DR. NICHOLSON does not agree that Robin Hood was considered decidedly low, and says, "Because a foolish song may have been written on Wellington, few will therefore consider Wellington This is not so good logic as he 'foolish or low."'" generally uses. The cases are not parallel. If not one only but many foolish songs had been written about Wellington,-so many that they had become a byword and had passed into a proverb, until other foolish songs were likened to "a tale (or song) of Wellington "=mere trash and ribaldry,then (if such a thing were possible) it would prove that Wellington was considered "foolish or low." Can DR. NICHOLSON give a few instances of complimentary allusions to Robin Hood by writers of the period? And as he finds some fault with those I gave, here are some others, and if these are not sufficient, I can furnish him with plenty more :

MINING TERMS (6th S. iii. 207).-See Ray's Travels in England and Wales, London, 1674; the notice of coal-pits in Dr. Plot's Staffordshire, chap. iii., "An Account of preparing some of our English Metals and Minerals"; Ray's English Words, p. 174, London, 1691; The Derbyshire Miner's Glossary, by James Mander, Bakewell," the progress seems to have been this,-Robin for 1824; The Liberties and Customs of the LeadMines in Derbyshire, by E. Manlove, London, 1653; Laws and Customs of the Stannaries of Cornwall and Devon, by T. Pearce, London, 1725, with marginal notes, Truro, 1808; Fodine Regales, by Sir John Pettus, London, 1670; Mineralogia Cornubiensis, with an Explanation of the Terms and Idioms of Miners, by W. Pryce, London, 1778.

ED. MARSHALL.

There is no formal vocabulary, but many local mining terms are used and described in

"The Miner's Guide, being a Description and Illustration of a Chart of Sections of the Principal Mines of Coal and Ironstone in the Counties of Stafford, Salop, Warwick, and Durham. By Thomas Smith, Land Agent, Horseley Heath, Tipton. Printed for and sold by the Author, 1846."

The volume is illustrated with six copper-plates,
and is now "scarce."
I have only the volume,
not the "chart." The following is in the new
catalogue of Mr. Wm. Brough, bookseller here :-
"Pryce, W., of Redruth, Mineralogia Cornubiensis, a
Treatise on Minerals, Mines, and Mining, portrait by
Basire and plates, folio, boards. 1778."
And the volume is described as containing an
"explanation of the terms and idioms of miners."

Birmingham.

ESTE.

"In Sermones percase it is not conueniente to mingle iestyng saiynges of mortall menne, with the holie scripcusablie bee vsed, to quicken soche as at Sermones been tures of GOD but yet might thesame moche more exeuer noddyng, then olde wiues foolishe tales of Robin Hoode, and soche others, whiche many preachers haue in tymes past customablie vsed to bryng in, taken out euen of the verie botome and grosseste parte of the dreggues of the common peoples foolishe talkyng."

Apoph. Erasmus, 1542. Reprint 1877, p. xxv.
"The Holy Bible grounde of truth and of lawe,
Is now of many abiect and nought set by,
Nor godly scripture is not worth an hawe;
But tales are loued ground of ribaudry,
And many are so blinded with their foly,
That no scripture thinke they so true nor good,
As is a foolishe iest of Robin hood."

Barclay's Ship of Fools (1570), f. 23.
"From fury, franzie, and imprisonment,
From fine Maid Marian and her Morris dance,

392

NOTES AND QUERIES.

From vnkind brothers that cannot agree,
The Lord of heau'n and earth deliuer me.'

distract attention from the main point, they may
go for what they are worth. It would be more
satisfactory if he would support his dictum by
examples, the same as I have done.

N. Breton's Pasquil's Precession, 1600, st. 13. A "Cock Robin shop" is a contemptuous name Our ancestors held right views about both Robin Hood and Maid Marian. A pretty sort of a "Maid Marian" to be "trapesing" about with for a small bookseller's, where penny histories, a pack of fellows, lodging in hedge bottoms (in" cock and bull" tales, and other cheap literature romance language "under the greenwood-tree-e-e!"). He and she were both low and disreputable.

which a poor style of work is done. These terms
is sold. A "Cock Robin printing-office" is one in
are considered anything but complimentary. I
would not advise unbelievers to try the experiment
R. R.
of going into some such office and asking the men
at work if theirs is a "Cock Robin office."

Boston, Lincolnshire.

I did not give all Heywood's lines, simply because they are too long-there are four folio pages of them. They are in his Hierarchie of the Blessed Angels, 1635, pp. 204-7. We cannot have dust thrown in our eyes. The simple meaning of the lines is that poets were not honoured or treated as they ought to be-not so respectfully as successful tradesmen or men of any other profession, but with an irreverent and coarse familiarity, which Heywood, like a fine cheery old fellow as he was, trying to put the best face on the matter, does say he will take for a proof of love. He finishes thus pathetically, notwithstanding his fine make-being situated on the brow of a hill falling rather believe :

"Meane time we spend our fruitlesse houres in vaine,
And Age, of Want and Hunger doth complaine;
It grieves us now, although too late, at last,
Our youth in idle Studies to haue past;
And what a folly 'tis, we now haue found,
To cast our Seed in an vnfaithfull ground.

*

*

*

If any loves me and intends to giue?

*

I wish to taste his bounty whilest I liue."

66

They were allowed to pine and die in beggary,
notwithstanding they called one of them "Robin,"
an affectionate
which DR. NICHOLSON did say was
term of endearment."
A clerical friend of mine, born and bred in
communication,
Lancashire, to whom I read my
observed," You are quite right. In our part of
the country if a man has been christened Robert
and is a soft kind of fellow, they call him 'Robin';
but if he has got his wits about him, they generally
call him 'Bob." This is consolatory to me, for I am
happy to say I have hitherto escaped "the affec-
tionate term of endearment, Robin" (both with
and without the "intensative Cock"), but have
been called "Bob" times innumerable.

The fact that a person advertises the pet name
of his dead child is no proof to me that that person

A SLOPING CHURCH FLOOR (6th S. iii. 228).The church of St. Pierre-du-Bois in Guernsey has this singular feature in a very marked degree, and it may be accounted for in this particular instance by the nature of the ground-the church

rapidly to the westward. The same peculiarity
adjoining parish of St. Sauveur, but the building
existed also in a lesser degree in the church of the
having been repewed a few years ago, and a
wooden floor substituted for the original irregular
pavement, this uncommon feature has disappeared.
The same reason did not exist in the case of this
church as in that of St. Pierre-du-Bois, the ground
on which the church of St. Sauveur is built being
perfectly level. The architecture of the former
church may be referred to the end of the four-
teenth century, that of the latter to a time when
the decorated style was giving way to the flam-
shafts of the pillars separating the nave from the
boyant. In the church of St. Pierre-du-Bois the
aisles shorten gradually to the eastward, the
capitals being all on the same level, and the bases
having the same size and height throughout. I
noticed that in the church of St. Jacques at
Lisieux, in Normandy, the floor rose in a gentle
slope towards the east, following apparently the
inclination of the ground on which the church is
elsewhere in France, though I cannot call to mind
built; and I think I have seen the same feature
where. The effect architecturally is by no means
unpleasing, as it adds to the apparent height and
length of the building. May not the architect
EDGAR MACCULLOCH.
have had this end in view in some cases?

Guernsey.

can be taken as a witness to the value of words or
epithets. I have heard of one who wished to have
a child christened "Beelzebub," because he said
The parish church of Stinchcomb, Gloucester-
"he liked Scripture names "; and of another who,
having already Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John
in his family, wished to "compliment Acts a bit "shire, slopes in a similar way to the instance cited
by having a fifth child so named. But this would
convince few people that either "Beelzebub" or
"Acts" were desirable names for children.

There are one or two other objections which DR. NICHOLSON raises to some of the passages quoted; but as they probably are mere feints, intended to

by J. G. R. I have met with others. Probably the arrangement; they certainly had in a modern the peculiarities of site have something to do with instance which I can cite. A beautiful little was opened at Gunnislake last year. Gunnislake church, designed by Mr. James Piers St. Aubyn,

394

NOTES AND QUERIES.

early career, even down to details of the writs issued against him, is given with merciless industry. If some bibliographical avvocato del diavolo were to compile a list of the "detractors " like Joseph Smith's Anti-Quakeriana, it would be a very curious book.

[This discussion is now closed.]

ESTE.

"AS DRUNK AS DAVID'S SOW" (6th S. iii. 188). -When, as in the present instance, a proverbial saying appears absolutely nonsensical, it is safe to assume a corruption of its original form. What connexion exists between a sow and drunkenness ? None that I know of. Is there any word which may have been corrupted into sow, and which had such a connexion? I think there is. M. Littré, Dict. de la Langue Française (Hachette & Cie., Paris, 1872, 4to.), s.v., gives as the second meaning of soul, "plein de vin; ivre," and states, "Dans soul Il ne se prononce jamais, même devant une voyelle; au xvie siècle Bèze note que saoul se prononce sou." M. Bescherelle aîné, Dict. National (Garnier Frères, Paris, 1857, 2 vols., 4to.), s.v., cites as an instance of the use of soul, "On croit quand on est soul être au-dessus d'un roi." Cf. our This, if I am right, "As drunk as a lord." reduces the proverb to a person being "As drunk dead drunk. I do not as David is soul" (sou): know that I should venture further, but I will hazard a suggestion. The word soul points to a French origin for the saying, and the David-whoever he be-must, therefore, be looked for there. M. Hénault states :

=

Charlemagne introduit en France le chant Grégorien,
et par l'établissement qu'il fit d'une école dans son
Palais, laquelle devint le modèle de plusieurs autres. il
mérita le titre de Restaurateur des Lettres. Chacun des
Membres de cette Ecole ou Académie prenoit un nom
particulier, et Charlemagne lui-même, qui se faisoit
honneur d'en être Membre, prit celui de David."
Can it be that the new style of music was caviare
to the general, and that the illustrious chorister
appeared to the ungodly as a man full of new wine?
FRANK REDE FOWKE.

24, Victoria Grove, Chelsea.
This has been a proverbial expression in Eng-
land for at least a hundred and sixty years. It is
used by Bailey, the lexicographer, in his admirable
translation of the Colloquies of Erasmus in 1725:
-"And then when he comes Home, after I have
been waiting for him till I don't know what Time
at Night, as drunk as David's Sow" (The Vneasy
Wife). It is hardly necessary to say that the
expression has no counterpart in the original
Latin. This not very elegant saying is given in
Grose's Classical Dictionary (ed. 1823), and the
animal is said to have belonged to the King of

Israel.

EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A.

The "David" in this phrase looks very suspicious. It is most probably a mere bit of

alliteration, added to make a jingle-so dear to
vulgar ears-to the much older saying, “As
drunk as a sow." The tale about the drunken
wife I believe to be one of a very numerous class

passages from Sir T. More are a hundred and
invented long after the phrase. The following
twenty years before the example quoted from Ray:

"But what shold seme farther from pride than dronken
glotonye. And yet shall ye find mo yt drink themself
sow drunk of pride to be called good felowes, than for
"O Sowe drunken soule drowned in such an insensible
luste of the drink self."-Sir T. More's Workes, 1557, p. 82.
"And in the morenyng by viij. was his houre
slepe that he lyeth and rowghteth."-Id., p. 332.
To be dronke as any swyne.

Colyn Blowbol's Testament (about 1500).
R. R.

Boston, Lincolnshire.

ELIZABETH MILLER (6th S. iii. 267).-The Clitus, official number 8,658, was a brig of 194 She was re-registered at Irvine, on tons, built at Monkwearmouth, Durham, in the year 1812. Jan. 8, 1834, when William Miller, merchant of owners of fifty-two shares. The Clitus was conSaltcoats, and his daughter Elizabeth became the demned as unseaworthy on March 13, 1876. a short time before her death, but she never served Elizabeth Miller retained her interest in her until as captain; ten different persons held that position EVERARD HOME COLEMAN. during her part ownership.

71, Brecknock Road, N.

HIPPOCRATES OF CHIOS (6th S. iii. 209).—An account of him, very full as to his writings and EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. medical achievements, is in the Encyclopædia Britannica, new edition. Hippocratis Vita, Philosophia, et Ars Medica, Berlin, Oettinger, 1836, 8vo. WILLIAM PLatt.

115, Piccadilly.

KING GEORGE II.'S VISIT TO MARGATE (6th S. iii. 227). The following extract is from the London Magazine, 1745 (p. 463):

"In Saturday, August 31, about four in the morning his Majesty landed at Margate from his German dominions; and having passed thro' the City at one in the afternoon, amidst_the_repeated acclamations of his A. L. LEWIS. people, arrived at Kensington Palace in good health.” This was in consequence of the rising in Scotland.

DUNGHILLS IN CHURCHES (6th S. iii. 229).

The payment to the clerk of Sandwich Church for cleaning away the dunghills was probably for bats, which accumulates in great quantities in old clearing aways the heaps of dung of birds and churches. We usually remove two large sacks full of birds' nests and dung every year when the belfry is cleaned out. In the south of England “a hill”