"And in our speech our Scripture and old Scots names are gone out of request; instead of Father and Mother, Mamma and Papa, training children to speak nonsense and what they do not understand. These few instances amongst many that might be given are additional causes of God's wrath."-"Life and Death of Alexander Peden, late Minister of the Gospel at New Glenhill, in Galloway," in Walker's Biographia Presbyteriana, vol. i. p. 140. Edinburgh, 1827. Quoted in Buckle's History of Civilization in England. London, 1866, vol. ii. p. 392, note 166. A. D. M. [Peden was Minister of New Luce, Galloway, 1660-62: b. 1626, d. 1686.] Matthew Prior (1664-1721), in his Poems on Several Occasions, constantly uses the term 'mamma," while Gay, in his Beggars' Opera (1727 or 1728), makes frequent use of both "papa" and G. F. R. B. "father." I find, from a careful perusal of a large collection of family letters, that these terms came into use between 1760 and 1770. It may here be placed on record that within the last ten years" mother" and "father" have again come into favour among the upper classes of society. Little Ealing. A. H. Indies; and the uniform of officers in rifle regiments has been from the first a Hussar uniform. The 10th and 15th Light Dragoons were made Hussars in 1806; but the 7th claim a year's priority, having been made into Hussars in 1805. The 8th Light Dragoons and 11th Light Dragoons became Hussars in 1822 and 1840. The 18th, 19th, 20th, and 21st date as Hussars from 1858, and the 3rd, 4th, 13th, and 14th were made Hussars in 1861. The regiment which Lord Combermere began his service in was the 6th Dragoon Guards, and he served with them in Flanders in 1793 as Captain. He was a Major of March, 1794, and Lieut.Colonel also on the 9th of the same month. He embarked in command of the 25th Light Dragoons for the Cape of Good Hope in 1796, when, after a short active campaign under Sir Thomas Craig, he went on with his regiment to India, and served the campaigns against Tippoo Sultan, 1798-9; but whether the 25th Light Dragoons were raised by General Gwynn, and equipped as Hussars, I have not here the means of ascertaining. 18, Long Wall, Oxford. GIBBES RIGAUD. The 10th Royal Hussars were the first dressed J. P. DE LOUTHERBOURG: MARY PRATT (6th S. as Hussars in our service, and I believe this to iii. 247). This artist was buried at Chiswick, have been late in the last century. I am not March 25, 1812, as "Philip James De Louther- aware that any German or Hessian Hussars were bourg, R.A.," aged seventy-two. On July 6, in our pay in the last century. There was no 1813, Salome De Loutherbourg, from Hammer-officer of the name of Combermere in the army in smith, aged seventy-eight, was buried "in the 1794. A Major-General Francis Gwyn was full family vault in the churchyard" of Chiswick, and Colonel of the 25th Light Dragoons, of which in the same vault, Oct. 4, 1828, Lucy De Louther- regiment a Stapleton Cotton-Viscount Comberbourg, from Hammersmith, aged eighty-two. The mere of the present day?-was Lieut.-Colonel; former was probably the sister, and the latter the both these officers were appointed to the 25th on widow, of the originator of the panorama. March 9, 1794-the date, I believe, of the raising of their regiment. The 18th Hussars was the next regiment to be clothed and equipped as such; this took place in 1805, and they were followed by the 7th, and afterwards by the 15th Hussars. J. L. C. See accounts of him in Didot's Nouvelle Biographie Universelle, Nagler's Kunstler Lexicon, Rose's New Biographical Dictionary, and Michaud's Biographie Universelle. EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. WHEN WERE HUSSARS FIRST RAISED IN ENGLAND? (6th S. iii. 108.)-The earliest Hussars in our service were, according to Haydn's Dict. of Dates, in 1759. But not knowing what is alluded to, I have taken the first to have been Hompesch's Hussars, which, with other foreign troops, were serving England about 1795-6 till 1802. Hompesch's Hussars and Löwenstein's Fusiliers and Chasseurs served in St. Domingo in 1795, and, returning to England next year, were placed on the establishment. HAROLD MALET, Major, 18th Hussars. The first Hussars raised in England were, I believe, Hompesch's Mounted Riflemen, in the year 1797, who wore the scarlet overalls; they were raised by the late Lieut.-General Ferdinand, Count Hompesch, a nephew of the last Grand Master of Malta. My late father, Lieut.-General Baron de Rottenburg, K.C.H., entered the English service as Major in that regiment, in which he remained only a short time, being appointed Lieut.-Colonel of the 5th Battalion, now the second, of the 60th Regiment, which was made a rifle battalion, and was the first rifle battalion in the English army, so far as I know. DE R. Count Hompesch organized some mounted riflemen, and when the 5th Batt. 60th was raised, at Christmas, 1797, 400 of these mounted rifle5, Castle Yard, Windsor Castle. men formed its nucleus. In 1799 it took over "WEEDS AND ONFAS" (6th S. iii. 87).—There 500 men from Löwenstein's Chasseurs in the West is no difficulty in satisfying MR. BIRKBECK TERRY as to the origin of the latter of these terms. An supposition that it is not seeking the revelation of "onfa'" (Anglicè onfall) means ED. MARSHALL. an "attack," a secret, I ask this. Græcorum: tribuo illis litteras, do multarum artium ED. MARSHALL. [How does the above affect W. E. B.'s reply, since received?] THE LAST MAN'S CLUB (6th S. iii. 107).-The following note, from the St. James's Gazette for Feb. 4, 1881, may be interesting :— whether by an armed force or an ailment. The CICERO ON THE GREEKS (6th S. iii. 108).meaning attached to "weed" by Henderson is quite correct; it means any ephemeral fever, but Cicero's opinion of the Greeks is to be seen at is more especially applied to the slighter febrile some length in the Orat. pro L. Flacco, cap. iv., v. From this an exact answer to the query may be attacks to which females, human or bovine, are taken :subject after parturition, and perhaps particularly to the shivering fit which ushers in the disorder, for it was used in Tweeddale, fide Jamieson, to designate a fit of ague, which has now practically ceased to be an indigenous disease. Whilst the meaning of the word is clear enough, the origin of the use in this sense is a much more difficult matter. Jamieson says, "Although I have not met with the term in any dictionary, I am informed that German weide or weite corresponds to French accablé, as signifying that one is oppressed with disease." It may be so, but I am not able to find any authority for this application of the words weide and weite, each of which has many significations in German, but none of them bearing in the least degree on a febrile or other malady. To connect it with weide, pasture land, because cows are liable to the fever, and because this may be due to noxious weeds, would be a far-fetched etymology. It can have nothing to do with weide in the sense of the chase, nor, so far as I see, with any of the many applications of weit or weite. Whether it is equally far-fetched to connect it with the obsolete weide, surviving in the modern eingeweide, the bowels (inward parts), upon an obsolete pathology of the febrile attack, I will not pretend to say. It would be interesting to me and to other Scotsmen, especially to my obstetric brethren, to know how a fever came to be called a "weed." DOUGLAS MACLAGAN, M.D. University of Edinburgh. "CHARNICO" (6th S. iii. 126).-Dr. N. Delius, in a note on Shakespeare's 2 Hen. VI., II. iii., says that charneco was a sweet wine of Portugal, and was called so from a village near Lisbon. CHR. W. 71, Brecknock Road, N. BISHOP WILBERFORCE AND THE GHOST (6th S. iii. 111).-As Bishop Wilberforce, it is stated, " never concealed the fact" that he had seen a ghost, may I ask for the particulars on some trustworthy authority? What I have heard is this :-That he saw a priest in a library in which the ghost was wont to appear, who asked him to take a book from a shelf which was pointed out, and destroy a paper in it without reading it, which he accordingly did; after which the priest, who was the ghost, never appeared again. On the "Dr. Vattier, who died at Cincinnati the other day, was the only remaining member of 'The Society of the Last Man.' This society was formed on Sunday, the 30th of September, 1832, known as the 'cholera year.' artist, where seven persons were assembled conversing Its formation was suggested in the studio of a young upon the plague and the havoc it was causing. On each recurrence of the anniversary, in accordance with the arrangements of the society, a dinner was given, at which the survivors attended; but covers were invariably but one living representative remained to attend the provided for seven. It was further arranged that when feast he was to open and drink a bottle of wine that had been provided at the first banquet. The bottle, with a tightly closed cork, was preserved in a casket of mahogany made expressly for the purpose, and shaped like the Bunker's Hill monument. In the base the records of the society were kept, and the lid of the casket was sealed and locked. Death spared the little band for four years. On the fifth year there was one vacant chair at the banquet. In 1839 five members only were found at the table; in 1842 this number was reduced to four; in 1849 three only sat down to dinner. In 1855 but two Vattier in 1856 sat alone at the banquet, and performed remained; one of these died in that year; and Dr. the sacred obligation of uncorking and drinking the bottle of wine. For the last twenty-four years he honoured the anniversaries in solitude and secrecy, dining with no company but six vacant chairs. He has now shared the fate of his fellow members, and 'The Society of the Last Man' is a thing of the past." the flour of any kind of pulse, generally of that of úrid (Phasealus Mungo, L.), which are flavoured with subcarbonate of soda, the native name of which is pápar or papad khár, khár being the Hindi word for any alkaline salt. W. E. LONGEVITY (6th S. iii. 126).—Curiously enough, a few hours before reading MR. KING'S statement I had read a notice of Henry Jenkins in Lord Teignmouth's Reminiscences, vol. ii. pp. 316-17. From this it appears that Sir G. Cornewall Lewis was incredulous as to his alleged age of 169. I give the passage :— "The vale of Mowbray is proverbially healthy, unless to weak lungs. The evidence of Jenkins's attaining the age of 169 years is very strong, though perhaps not absolutely conclusive. He lived and died in the next parish. The site of his house and the remains of the holly tree, lately destroyed by lightning, which he planted, are pointed out. He lies buried beneath a monument, erected in the present century, in Bolton churchyard. Sir G. Cornewall Lewis's incredulity, if proof against the belief of old Jenkins's longevity, would have been baffled by the evidence in support of that of an old woman in a neighbouring parish, Welbury, whom I saw in her 109th year, capable of conversing for a short time without exhaustion, who lived a year longer, and whose age is commemorated on a headstone by the incumbent. The average of life of the last four persons who died in the small parish of Langton in 1873 reached eighty-one years. A hale old man of another parish applied to me for a summons for assault by his land lord, who was in his hundredth year." HUGH PIGOT. Stretham Rectory, Ely. BRASSES IN LOUGHBOROUGH CHURCH (6th S. iii. 123). These brasses are all engraved; see Haines's Manual, ii. 114. There was probably some relationship between Robert Lemington (No. 4) and Thomas Marchall (No. 2). Can any one inform me how they were connected, or tell me where I can find the will of Thomas Marchall? Rafe Lemyngton, merchant of the Staple of Loughborough, in his will, 1521, proved in P.C.C., mentions his " cosyn" Thomas Marshall, godson Rafe Marshall, and "cosyn" Issabel Marshall. G. W. M. JOHN KEATS (5th S. ix. 25). In the above note reference is made to "what Mr. Charles Kent has recently done, with the assistance of the Rev. Dr. Vaughan, in the case of Charles Lamb." This, I suppose, points to a discovery of entries in the Temple registers respecting the family of Lamb; I should, therefore, be extremely obliged for a reference to the publication containing the particulars. J. A. RUTTER. "LOVE" AS APPLIED TO SCORING (4th S. xii. 268).—Whence the origin of this word as applied to scoring? E.g., at billiards we say “ ten love," or ten to none. The above query seems to have never been answered. A friend tells me that he put the same question to Bell's Life and another sporting paper without success. With your permission, I should like to try it again in "N. & Q.," in the hope that some of your correspondents may trace the origin of the word, or rather of its use in the above sense. G. DE JEANVILLE. TASSIE'S MEDALLIONS (5th S. v. 448).-The title of James Tassie's book will, I think, answer J. C. J.'s query. It is given thus in Lowndes: ancient and modern engraved gems, cameos, as well as "A descriptive catalogue of a general Collection of Intaglios taken from the most celebrated Cabinets in Europe; cast in coloured Pastes, white Enamel, and Sulphur, by James Tassie, Modeller, arranged and described by R. E. Raspe, and illustrated with copper plates: to which is prefixed an Introduction on the various Uses of this collection, the origin of the Art of Engraving on hard stones and the Progress of Pastes. London, 1791. 4to. 2 vols." G. F. R. B. THE FOLK-LORE OF BIRDS: BIRDS AS RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS (6th S. iii. 163).-Is not the peacock in old Christian sculptures and paintings intended to represent the phoenix? It is well known that the phoenix has been adopted as a We sometimes see in type of the resurrection. Chinese and Japanese painting a bird with the body, legs, and neck resembling those of a stork, but with a short beak and peacock's feathers in its tail. This bird I have heard called a phoenix; and as the fable of the phoenix came, no doubt, from the east, there would be nothing extraordinary in the western nations representing it in the form of a bird which also came originally from eastern climes. As to the goose-to say nothing of the honour done to it at Michaelmasa pair of these useful and sagacious birds are always preserved in the cloisters adjoining the Cathedral of Barcelona. They are looked upon as sacred, but I was not able to discover what reason there was for keeping them there. Can any correspondent of "N. & Q." throw any light on this matter? E. McC-. Guernsey. is altogether on the wrong scent with regard to SURREY PROVERBS (6th S. iii. 246).-A. J. M. in Devonshire, and is quoted thus, which bespeaks "chicken porridge." The proverb is well known its own meaning:-"Like chips in porridge, neither good nor harm.” W. H. H. R. In this part of Surrey (north-west) present tenses of verbs, as well as nouns, are similarly inflected; e.g., a parish sexton said to a party of visitors who asked him for the key of the church tower, "I going along with them." never trustis any one up the steeple without me C. S. J. This proverb, "They're just like chicken porridge, neither good nor harm," in South-east Cornwall, South Devon, and Worcestershire, takes the form of "Like chips in porridge, neither good nor WM. PENGELLY. harm." THE STATE OF PARTIES IN ENGLAND IN 1688 (6th S. iii. 229).—In addition to the Editor's footnote of authorities, I may suggest, "Memoirs of the Life and Times of Daniel De Foe: containing a Review of his Writings and his Opinions upon a variety of Important Matters, Civil and Ecclesiastical. By Walter Wilson, Esq., of the Inner Temple. In three volumes. London, Hurst, Chance & Co. 1830." G. T. JOHN DE UFFORD, BISHOP OF ENACHDUNE (6th S. iii. 247).—There is no mention of this bishop's journey to Rome in Cotton's Fast. Eccl. Hib., iv. 52; but it is stated that he was ejected by the Archbishop of Tuam four or five years after his appointment. C. F. S. WARREN, M.A. Farnborough, Banbury. ALFRED ELMORE, R.A. (6th S. iii. 125).-This paragraph was erroneously headed "A. W. Elmore, R.A.," which quite altered the sense of the question. In the lists of Royal Academicians he has for a long time been described as Alfred; and, as those lists are supposed to contain the full names, it was natural to suppose that the earlier exhibits of A. W. were the works of another artist. I have since ascertained that they are one and the same ALGERNON GRAVES. person. 6, Pall Mall, THE MS. OF GRAY'S "ELEGY" (6th S. ii. 222, 356, 438, 474; iii. 35, 76).—The following is extracted from the official Guide to the Autograph Letters, &c., in the British Museum. The case containing the MS. is in the north-west angle of the Autograph Room, and adjoining the case of autographs of sovereigns : "No. 5, Thomas Gray, a fair copy of the Elegy, written in a Country Churchyard,' enclosed in a letter to Dr. Thomas Wharton, dated Cambridge, 18th December [1750]. Holograph, Purchased in 1876." WM. H. PEET. [It will be remembered that MR. THACKERAY says, ante, p. 104, that the original MS. is in the possession of Pembroke College, Cambridge.] EARLY ROMAN CATHOLIC MAGAZINES (6th S. iii. 43, 110, 189).-MR. WALFORD wishes to know whether any volumes of The Catholic Miscellany and Monthly Repository of Information were published after December, 1826. I have in my possession one number of this periodical, bearing date July, 1827, forming the first number of vol. viii. MR. WALFORD seems not to have noticed The Truthteller, a spirited publication, which was commenced in October, 1825, and ended in March, 1829, after running through fourteen volumes, all of which I possess. Wrexham Hall, Norwich. J. C. KEMP. 66 even then "TO RULE THE ROAST" (6th S. iii. 127, 169).— I am sorry that I quite fail to follow R. R.'s reasoning as to the origin of this expression. He adduces many interesting quotations, apparently for the purpose of proving that [c. 1520] roost and roast were quite distinct words." I should like to know when they were not distinct words. R. R. appears to lay great stress on the quotation from Caxton's Polychronicon, but, for the life of me, I cannot see how it bears on the matter in the least. It is strange that R. R. does not see that his extract from Skelton's Why come ye nat to Courte? is, if anything, strong evidence against his theory that roste-roost, since it is plain from the rhyme that the o in roste is an open sound. R. R. gives two other quotations from Skelton, with a view to showing that when roast is intended the poet spelt the word without a final e, rost. But why has he not given us the only instance in which Skelton has indisputably spoken of a roost? In his Eleanor Rumming he writes : "The hens run in the mashfat, For the go to roust Straight over the ale ioust." where the pronunciation is evidently roost. In Lybeaus Disconus, 566, we have exactly the same rhyme as in Skelton's Why come ye nat to Courte? "I here greét bost, And fer smelle rost." All this is against R. R.'s explanation of the phrase, and although MR. WEDGWOOD's hypothesis has much in its favour, I am still inclined to believe that roast, and not roost, is the word intended. The following quotation will show that such was the idea at an early period :— "In the kitchen he will domineer and rule the roast in spight of his master."-Earle, Microcosmography, chap. Ixiii. p. 135. XIT. I think the date of the instance I am about to give will be of some service in this discussion. The book from which I am about to quote is, if I mistake not, a very rare one (the notice of it in Bohn's Lowndes was furnished by myself). "A nevv booke of | spirituall physik for dyuerse disea ses of the nobilitie and gentlemen of Englande, made by William Turner, doctor of Physik | Anno 1555. 10 calen. | Martii." Svo. It is, of course, a tempestuously anti-Papal treatise, and has the scoffing colophon, " 'Imprented at Rome by the vati | cane churche, by Marcus Antonius Constantius. | Otherwyse called, thraso* miles gloriosus." and is stuffed with broad jokes at the expense of the nobility and clergy. I quote from fol. 36 a :— "But as touching spiritual poison, that is to say concerning marring of mens mindes we false doctrino the coningest & beste betrusted Cooke yt they haue nowe at this tyme, who rueleth the roste alone, hath ether serued Gardiner out poyson unto Kynge Henry the viii & to all Europa or els Quene Mary is a bastard, yf false doctrine be poyson of the soule & she be a bastarde that is borne out of lawful matrimony." It has yet, I think, to be shown that the obvious meaning of the expression is not the original one. J. ELIOT HODGKIN. Richmond. Among the older families settled in the eastern parts of the United States the saying is commonly used in what may, perhaps, be proved to be the older form, viz., "to rule the roost," as, to use the word by which the cock is always referred to in those states, the "rooster" keeps the hens of his yard in subjection. Вовм. that the proverb should mean, honesty and (enlightened) self-love point in one direction. But, adds Abp. Whately, quoted by him, self-love is, be the true meaning. Having lately been led to after all, a dangerous guide. I doubt whether this observe that in writings of the sixteenth century policy" is but another name for cunning craftiness, that a selfish schemer is regularly called a 'politician," I am disposed to think that this may be the thing intended in the proverb, and that we should understand it thus:-Honesty is the cleverest of all cunning; the most successful wiliness is with him in whom is no guile. In this way, as it seems to me, we gain a pungency for the proverb which the other interpretation scarcely yields. I know not whether it be by direct descent from this old usage or as a result of modern national experience that at this day in America the place-hunters, the wire-pullers, the selfish hangers-on of the national Government, are called C. B. M. MUMMY WHEAT (6th S. ii. 306, 415, 452; iii. 135, 158, 212). Although the evidence is dead against this popular belief, I append an old cutting from the Arbroath Guide upholding the fact, supported by respectable names, and indicating the locality in which a luxuriant field of mummy" politicians." wheat might be seen : "SPRAYED" (6th S. iii. 107, 134, 175).-In the North Riding, too, the hands are said to be sprayed with frost. My hands is all sprayed," a maidservant will often say. The word is of larger meaning, I think, than chapped. A. J. M. "There is to be seen at Cotton of Gardyne, near this place, and upon the estate of Middleton, a beautiful and luxuriant field of wheat, the property of Mr. Nicol, farmer there. The few seeds from which this return is derived, was presented some years ago by Lady Buchan to the Rev. Mr. Nicol, son of the holder of the farm, and by him given to his father. Originally the seed was found in the wrappings in which a mummy was discovered, so that we may safely conclude that the seeds must have been preserved for several thousand years. We have only to give our imagination a gentle range in order to assure ourselves that the seeds which have produced so richly upon Mr. Nicol's field, are some grains of that description which Joseph of old stored up in Egypt during the seven years of plenty, and which after- GEORGE GITTINGS OR GIDDINGS (6th S. ii. 8, 137). wards relieved those suffering from famine. The mummy-George Giddings and his wife Jane were at wheat is generally found to be a fortnight earlier than any other kind."" "MAUND" (6th S. ii. 388; iii. 14).—The baskets used in the fish offices here are called "maunds." They are made of osiers, open ribbed, and are distinguished from the other fish-baskets, called "swills." F. DANBY PALMER. Great Yarmouth. Ipswich in New England in the year 1635. They Boston, Mass. [Probably the same as Gittens of Barbadoes.] "ZOEDONE" (6th S. iii. 89, 238.)--The derivation given by MR. Joy has always seemed to me the best, viz., from wý and dový. Apart from the improbability of the aor. dwv being chosen by the coiner of this compound in preference to any other part of Sidwμi, as suggested by MR. SALT, would not the middle e of "zoedone" remain long in that case too? And whence would the final e have come? Had the inventor intended to express this meaning, I think he would have called the drink " zoephor," or by some such JULIAN MARSHALL. name. ARMS ON A BOOK-PLATE (6th S. iii. 126).— These are the arms of Peshall, of Eccleshall, co. |