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LONDON, SATURDAY, JANUARY 1, 1881.

CONTENTS.-N° 53.

NOTES:-Reginald de Courtenay, 1-An Almanac for 1706, 3-An Unpublished Letter of Eugene Aram's-Shakspeariana-"er" and "ar," 4- Feller's "Philosophical Catechism." 5-Grub Street-Imperfect Books, 6-"The Three F's-Epitaph-Whiskey-skin-Centenarians - The Office of Town Crier-Tavern Signs, 7.

stand the infallible test of dates, nor square with all that it is certainly known about Reginald, his sons and grandsons. The supposition-it seems to be nothing more of Cleaveland, which Gibbon adopted, is far more probable, though discarded by Lord Ashburton, viz., "that after giving his daughter to the king's son, Reginald de Courtenay abandoned his possessions in France, and obtained QUERIES:- Gibraltar Queries, 7- Rev. J. Serces-Dis- from the English monarch a second wife and a new coloured Pearls-Damsons-Queen Elizabeth at Gloucester- inheritance" (Decline and Fall, chap. lxi.). This Bowker or Booker Family-Public-house Sign-HeraldicSir J. Townshend, Kt., M.P.-Rev. J. Bartlam-Amberley second wife was not, however, Hawise, as Cleave-German History-Griffin's "Fidessa," 1796-Name of land thought, trusting the Ford Abbey register, Author Wanted-The Allen Family and the MS. "Con- which led him into many difficulties. The account certatio," 8-Hymn by C. Wesley (?) -Irish Heraldry"Guaging" Alk". Scotch-Dutch Regiments-"Iron-in Dugdale's Baronage is equally confused. The mould-Charles Lamb-A "Pot-wall"- Philip Dacres-fact is there were two Reginalds, father and son, but this does not seem to have been observed REPLIES:-"Celier"-A Key to "Endymion," 10-"Wage," before. It appears on Oct. 22, 1173, died Matilda 11-"Tram, 12-An Indian Brigade Serving under Wel-d'Avranches, Viscountess of Devon, Lady of Oak"Maund"-Estel, 14-"Laine"-N. Scatchard-"Cocks" hampton, widow of Robert fitz Edith, leaving two -The Temporal Power of Bishops, 15-C. Marshall, Painter -The Heron mentioned by Shakspeare-Two Useful Herbs young daughters, of whom Reginald de Courtenay -Mr. Gladstone's Latin rendering of "Rock of Ages"-The obtained from the king the wardship and marriage, Devil and the best Tunes-To be thrown over," &c.-To together with the custody of the barony their "call a spade a spade," 16-"The dead travel fast"-York- inheritance. Hawise, said to have been the elder shire Names in the Fourteenth Century-Islands Sacked before 1594-Records of Death at Corfu Shotley Swords-daughter, he married to his younger son Reginald ; A Wedding Day deferred, 17-" The Fortunate Blue-coat Boy"-"So long "-Authors Wanted, 18.

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The "Minced Pie House," &c.-Authors Wanted, 9.

lington-"The Worthy Sayings of Old Mr. Dod,"

NOTES ON BOOKS:-Foley's "Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus"-Lee's "Studies of the Eighteenth Century in Italy," &c.

Notices to Correspondents, &c.

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Notes.

REGINALD DE COURTENAY.

In his sumptuous work, published in 1825, styled Genealogical Memoirs of the Royal House of France, Richard Barré, last Lord Ashburton of the Dunning line, is considered by many to have settled the vexed question of the identity of Reginald de Courtenay, the ancestor of the Earls of Devon (see "N. & Q.," 5th S. v. 338). The noble author devoted a chapter (the thirtieth) to discussing whether the English Courtenays really descend in the male line from the royal house of France or not," and, giving his reasons, comes to the conclusion that they did, and that Reginald was in all probability a younger son of Peter of France and Elizabeth, the heiress of Courtenai, "though not named." He has "therefore thought fit to insert them in the genealogical table as a branch of the royal house, because he believes them to be so." It is suggested (p. 121) that Reginald may have come to England in 1178, when about eighteen, with his father Peter, who was sent over by Louis VII. on public business as ambassador. At court he may have met with a young lady of rank, a ward of the king, and may have married her.

Unfortunately, his lordship's theory will not

William and Robert, his other sons, were apparently already married; so, to secure the whole barony to his heirs, he espoused Matilda, the other daughter, himself. She survived his widow many years; but not long after his death she had to escape abroad to evade marriage with William des Preaux, who had fined with the king to have her and her lands. Matilda seems to have retired to Sap, her manor in Normandy.* We find her engaged in a lawsuit in Hilary Term, 1220, with the Prior of Burcester about her dowry lands in Waddesdon. She died in 1224, when Robert, the grandson of her husband, was found her heir (as son of her deceased sister Hawise).

William de Courtenay was the son and heir of the elder Reginald, and was old enough in 13 Hen. II. to pay the aid to marry the king's daughter levied on the honour and knights' fees of his father, probably at that time with the king on the Continent. I take it to have been the same

William who witnessed a charter of Peter of France, Lord of Courtenay, dated there 8 Kal. Dec., 1160. In 1191 not only was the elder Reginald dead, but also his son and heir William ; and Robert de Courtenay, the third son apparently, fined 300 marks to have the manor of Sutton (Courtenay), Berks, which Henry II. gave his father, until the heir of William, his elder brother, came of age. Reginald, son of William, witnessed a

charter of Gilbert Basset and Egeline his wife, dated about 1193, but seems to have died without issue; and Hugh de Curtenay, who occurs in the

*Stapleton's Rot. Norm., ii. p. cxiv.

Hist. Gen. de la Maison Royale de Courtenay, by M. du Bouchet, folio, Paris, 1661. "Preuves,' p. 8.

Pipe Roll, Devon, 3 John, paying arrears of the great sum of 7631. odd, and assessed for scutage at fifty marks and a half, was evidently then in possession of the honour of the elder Reginald. About this date a William de Traci is styled "brother of Hugh de Courtenay" in a Ford Abbey charter (Mon. Angl., i. p. 791); elsewhere he is called son of Gervasia de Courtenay, who in all probability was widow of William de Curtenay, and previously of William de Traci, one of those who assassinated Thomas à Becket.

A Reginald was evidently the second son of the elder Reginald, and his heirs at least inherited. He was the husband of Hawise, and the "strenuus Reginaldus" who begot Robert of the memorial inscription anciently in Ford Abbey. He died Sept. 27, 1194.

The rest of the Devon pedigree may be found correctly enough in the tables prepared by Dr.

William 2 de Curte nay, s. and h., paid for his father's honour the aid levied 13 Hen. II. Dead 1191.

unknown.

Oliver and Mr. Pitman Jones (Archæological Journal, vol. x.). Hawise, the widow of the younger Reginald, died July 31, 1219 (not 1209, as the Ford Abbey register stated) for on Aug. 14, 1219, the king tested a writ to the Sheriff of Devon to take possession of the lands of Hawise de Courtenay, who is dead, as the lord the king has heard" (Excerpta e Rot. Fin., i. 36).

The rearrangement of the Courtenay pedigree required by these emendations is best shown by the table herewith given. It allows of Robert de Courtenay, who married the daughter and heiress of Reginald fitz Urse (one of the assassins of Thomas à Becket), taking his proper place for the first time as a member of the family. The compilers of the genealogy in the Archæol. Journal were greatly puzzled about him as well as his son, the founder of Worspring [or Woodspring, as in pedigree] Priory, and they doubted dates which are correct.

Reginald de Curtenay, said to have come to England with Queen Eleanor. Attached to the Court of Henry II. Grantee of the manor of Sutton, Berks. Obtained the wardship of Walter de Bolbec in 1168, and of the coheirs of the barony of Oakhampton, Devon, 1173? Dead 1191.

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Matilda, d. and coh. of Matilda, Lady of Oakhampton, by Robert fitz Roy or fitz Edith, Survived, and went abroad to evade marriage with William des Preaux. Lady of Sap, in Normandy. Ob. s.p. 1224.

Matilda, 1.Robert de Curtenay, 2. Alice, d. and h. of an official in Nor- Lady of Regd. fitz mandy 1179.* Ob- CockerUrse. Lord tained, 1179, mr. of mouth, Mont-Sutton until the heirs of William, his elder brother, come of age. heriff of Cumber. land and Const. of Carlisle, 5 & 6 John. Died 1210. Bur. at Woodspring.

of

one of the archbp.'s

assassins.

Her issue ext. 1214.

d. and col. of Wm. fitz? Duncan, widow of Gilbert Pipard.

? Henry de Curtenai, 1182. Egeline, ux. 1.

Walt, de Bolbec; 2. Gilbert Basset. Eustachia, ux. 1. Wm. fitz Anceline; 2. Lucas fitz John.

? Constance.

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Reginald. These names were borne by two daughters of Peter of France, Lord of Courtenay,* living at this time, who named them, doubtless, after his own aunts, Constance, Countess of Champagne, afterwards the wife of Bohemund,, Prince of Antioch, and Eustachia, Countess of Etampes, the only lady in the royal family of France who bore this rather unusual name. The Countess Eustachia, however, was daughter of Philip I. by Bertrade, his second wife, and sister of Florus or Fleury, who may possibly have been the Florus mentioned in the register of Ford Abbey, brother instead of "son," of Louis. The family of Courtenay frequently intermarried with the descendants of Elizabeth, Dame de Nangis, the only recorded child of Florus, which is noteworthy.

There was a John de Curtenay who, for the health of his soul and that of Emma his wife, gave the manor of Esthyrst (adjoining Hirst-Courtney, near Selby, co. York, so called to this day), sixty acres, to the Templars, and they levied a fine of the same in Hilary Term, 19 Hen. III. (1235).† Was this John, certainly the Baron of Oakhampton, 1242, husband at a later date of Isabel de Vere? Somewhat later a Robert Courtney, of Brayton, gave to Selby Abbey a toft, an oxgang of land, and a rent there, which William Courtney, his son, confirmed. Westminster.

A. S. ELLIS.

AN ALMANAC FOR 1706. PARTRIDGE has achieved considerable fame as an almanac maker. Some extracts from one of his calendars may not be without interest. "Merlinus Liberatus for 1706, by John Partridge; London, printed by Mary Roberts for the Company of Stationers," is a shabbily printed almanac, provided with all the apparatus of prophecy and diary. Amongst the advertisers is John Mayor, at the "Five Bells" in Old Bedlam, who amongst other things announces "all sorts of bells, little and great, for House-clocks and Pocket-clocks." Artificial eyes are thus advertised :

"Mr. William Boys being dead, those curiosities in Glass are still continued by his son Mr. Smith, at the Golden Griffin' in St. John's Lane; where you may be furnished with Artificial Eyes so exactly like the Natural, that they have long been worn and not known by the nearest Relations and Friends."

Another advertises artificial teeth "so well as to eat with them, and not to be discovered from the Natural, by the nicest observer." Moreover, they are not to be "taken out a-nights as is falsely suggested, but to be worn years together."

Partridge complains that letters for him "paid for in the country are charged on me again and paid

Père Anselme's Hist. Gen. de la Maison Royale de France, i. p. 474.

† Mon. Angl., new edit., vi. p. 841. Burton's Mon. Ebor., p. 390.

at London, so that I am obliged to be at 6d. and 9d. charge to write to and fro to justify they were paid in the country, but to no purpose.'

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The most curious passage in the book, however, is that in which he denounces the superstition of witchcraft. This denunciation, although lengthy, is worth quoting in full:

"This Quarter seems to be attended with a strange sort of disease: The moon in a Zodiacal Parallel with h going to his opposition, and in the 12th in square to, consider'd within the Ascendant, shews a strange and unusual sort of Distemper that will afflict Mankind with a deprivation of Sense, Disorders in the Brain, Melancholy, Vapors and such like Hypocondriack Accidents, that will make some ignoraut People cry out it is Witchcraft.

"And indeed this will be apt to agree with the Cant of a Crew of ignorant, pick-pocket rascally People, who take upon them the Title of Doctor both in City and Country. "And when any body goes to them with a water, or the Patient in person, to desire their Opinion and advice, the first word is, You are bewitched, you are under an ill tongue, you are under a curse, you are under a knot of witches: Nay, if it be a Child but of a year old, she will happen to have any thing of Fits attend them, then confidently say it is bewitch'd; but if young or old, beyond all doubt it is witchcraft. The Patients being frighted with this pickpocket cant, desire their help to unwitch them again. Then out comes a Quill of Quicksilver, a handful of St. John's Wort, or the word Tetragrammation writ on a piece of paper to lay under their heads at night, or under their Beds. There was a Child of about ten years old had the misfortune to have her eye beat out, and the other eye by the inflammation like to be lost: Away they went to a witchmonger, and he said she was bewitched, and if they would send her to his house he would cure her. So they did; and when he had pick'd their pockets of 10 or 12 pounds, he sent the girl home uncur'd and in 14 days she tell you abundance of these, had I room. died. This I know, for she was my neighbour; I could But if there is such a thing as Witchcraft, no doubt but the people are all bewitch'd that go to them. But to enquire further into the Case, the more cunning Knaves of them pretend to find when they are bewitch'd by Astrology. This is Ascendant, or the Sun or Moon in the 12th, or afflicted very pretty! for if the same Sign be on the 12th and by the Lord of the 12th; or the Lord of the 6th in the 12th in any evil Aspect to the Moon or Lord of the 1st or if h or is in the 12th, then there is most certainly Witchcraft in the case: but if the same Planet be Lord of the 1st and 12th, it is beyond all doubt; but if there is a Woman in the Parish, or near it, that is old, Poor, and ugly, she is certainly the Witch. But now let us turn the Tables, and see what these witchmongers will say to it.

"Let us suppose a Nativity (and I believe I can show you several) where some, any, or all of these Rules take place, what must the Native do, be it He or She? Why truly they are by these Rules like to be bewitch'd as long as they live; and not one of these Witchmongers able to cure them; for we have far more reason to believe the Positions in a Nativity to have a due and true effect on the Person born, than they can pretend to in a question on a Water, &c. But suppose we allow them both to be true, why Witchcraft? And again, if there is Witchcraft, why should no body know how, or be able to cure it but these ignorant Blockheads that can hardly write their own Names, and I am sure not a line of true English?

"I do not intend here to write my thoughts of Witch

craft in general, nor how far it may or may not be credited as such, but leave the Reader further to satisfy his curiosity in reading Wierius in Latin, or our ingenious Countryman Mr. Webster in England, where they may find full Satisfaction concerning these Cheats and Impostors. And to prove they are such, most of them, if not all, take a pride in being counted Conjurers and Raisers of Spirits, &c. But besides, of all the dreadful Stories of Witchcraft that I ever heard, the tricks are play'd for the most part at a great distance; and you shall very seldom meet with any one that knows any thing of the Matter (beside the bare religion) unless you happen to meet with one of the Impostors, or some one deluded by them; and this verifies the old proverb, That Popery and Witchcraft thrive best by tradition. For as all those who are counted Witches are for the most part notorious Impostors, or else poor deluded creatures; so on the other hand, all the Witchmongers that pretend to find out the Witches, and cure the Witchcraft, are as certainly Cheats and Pickpockets. But of these things let this suffice at present; and I hope in a small time, if God continue my Life and Health, to give the World a better Account of these Impostors and their Witchery in this than any heretofore have done; and this in a Treatise by it self, illustrated with many stories of their cheating Tricks, and how it Serves to get Mony, tho' by the worst and basest ways."

shall begone and don't direct for me but for Mr Wm ffisher in Milford Lane in ye Strand London "I am St "Yobt Serv

"E. ARAM."

I have also before me a note of the late Lord

Lytton, commenting upon this very letter; he speaks of the peculiarities of Aram's style, "which is laboured and artificial, but not without singular beauties, at times, both of harmony and construction, despite occasional slips of grammar."

Perhaps some of your readers who are interested in the mystery of Aram can help me to decide to whom his letter was written. I think the choice lies between two gentleman; either Mr. Collins, Vicar of Knaresborough, or Mr. William Norton, at whose request Aram first went to that town. Perhaps, too, some one can inform me in whose family, in Berks for three years and elsewhere for four years, Aram lived as tutor.

It is somewhat singular that in the narrative of his life, which he wrote after his condemnation, he omitted all mention of his visit to France, con

These are the views of an astrologer on witch-fining the account of his study of the French craft. The companion picture would be a denun- language to the two years during which he was in ciation of astrology by a wizard or a witch. WILLIAM E. A. AXON. Fern Bank, Higher Broughton, Manchester.

AN UNPUBLISHED LETTER OF EUGENE ARAM'S.

I have in my possession, among others, the accompanying letter, written by Eugene Aram. I am not aware that it has ever appeared in print before, and I have no doubt that Mr. Scatcherd, had he known of its existence, would have been glad to have published it among those to which he had access.

"London, July 19th, 1754. "DS-If that rarticular acquaintance, if that intimacy & antient ffriendship which have so long subsisted between us is not yet forgot; if yet they have any influence, I know not whether I ought to be more glad to write or you to hear; many Years & many accidents have now past over me but still with some advantage I hope both with regard to my circumstances & my abilities in Letters, my Scituations since I left you have been various, I was Tutor 3 years to the sons of a ffamily of distinction in Berks & in other Imployments of that kind 4. years. with the money arising thence I went over into ffrance a Tour partly of curiosity & partly of profit in which having visited Roan Paris &c & even Blois & Orleans I acquired the Language which is now at once an extraordinary recom'endation & benefit to me. This you see has been y manner among thousand amusements in which I have disposed of my time my observac'ons whilst abroad have neither been few nor I hope impertinent, their performances with the Pen did not escape me but they appeared to me Labour'd painted & despicable I brought over a few not to imitate I assure you Sr. but for ye same reason our Sailors do Monkeys, In Town indeed are a few Masterly hands & but a few chicannene Champions. pray reply in two or three Posts at farthest otherwise I

a situation with the Rev. Mr. Painblanc in PiccaFRED. W. Joy, M.A.

dilly.

Crakehall, Bedale.

SHAKSPEARIANA.

""HAM

"As IF IT WERE CAIN'S JAW-BONE," LET," V. 1. (6th S. ii. 143, 162).—In my former communication I stated my opinion that still earlier instances of this expression were to be found. I now forward one :

"And we rede in the bible that the first labourer that

euer was. was caym the first sone of adam that was so

euyl that he slewe his broder abel For as moche as the smoke of his tithes went strayt vuto heuen/ and the smoke and fume of the tithes of caym went doun ward vpon the erthe. and how wel that thys cause was trewe. yet was there another cause of enuye that he had vnto his broder For when Adam theyr fader maryed them for to multeplye the erthe of his ligne/ he wolde not marye ner Joyne to gyder the two that were borne attones. but gaf vnto caym her that was born with abel. and to abel her that was borne with caym. & thus he ganne thenuye that caym had ayenst abel/ For hys wyf was fayrer than cayms wyf/ and for this cause he slewe abel wyth the chekebone of a beste."-Caxton's Game of the Chesse (about 1474), Figgins's Reprint, e ij.

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R. R.

"9 AS "AR.".

As the pronunciation of er as ar is often discussed, I have collected more than fifty examples of it, as will be seen below.

It ought to be well understood that the change of er into ar is a real law of pronunciation in our language. In Middle-English er was pronounced as in F. serve, with a strong trilling of the r. It is

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