Replies. "CELIER." (6th S. ii. 388). vol. iii. 142. See likewise any of the histories of In 1680 appeared "Malice Defeated: or a Brief Relation of the Accu 66 Mrs. Elizabeth Cellier was one of the chief agents in the celebrated Meal-tub Plot in 1680. This was a sham plot, got up between Thomas Dangerfield and Elizabeth Cellier, a Roman Catholic midwife, of very questionable morality, but of very considerable sation and Deliverance of Elizabeth Cellier, wherein her quickness and talent. Forged documents, which Proceedings both before and during her Confinement, are particularly Related, and the Mystery of the MealDangerfield hid in the lodgings of Colonel Mansel, Tub fully discovered. Together with an Abstract of her were, upon his deposition, found by Government Arraignment and Tryal, written by her self for the satisofficers; but the imposition was soon found out, faction of all Lovers of undieguized Truth. [Curious and Dangerfield was committed to Newgate. On his device] London, Printed for Elizabeth Cellier, and are to be sold at her House in Arundel-street, near St. trial he endeavoured to throw the entire blame on Clements Church, 1680." Folio, pp. 48. Mrs. Cellier, and asserted that the original papers were all to be found in her house hidden in a meal- The trial is represented to have been at the tub. This turned out to be true, and Mrs. Cellier" King's Bench Barr" upon April 30, 1680. This was committed to prison. On her trial she was answered by Thomas Dangerfield, who on his title styles it". a certain Scandalous Lying Pammanaged to prove that Dangerfield was wholly London, phlet, Entituled Malice Defeated." unworthy of credit, and her marvellous impudence Printed for the Author, and are to be sold at and ready and unscrupulous lies led to her own acquittal, and made her name for the time equiva-Randal Taylor's. 1680." Folio, pp. 20. Under the authority of Robert Clayton, Mayor," dated September 13th, 1680, was published:"The Tryal and Sentence of Elizabeth Cellier; for Writing, Printing, and Publishing, a Scandalous Libel, called Malice Defeated, &c. At the Sessions in the Old Bailey, held Saturday the 11th and Monday the 13th of Sept., 1680. Whereunto is Added Several Depositions, made before the Right Honourable, the Lord Mayor. London, Printed for Thomas Collins, at the MiddleTemple-Gate, 1680." Folio, pp. 39. Elizabeth Cellier, described in the indictment as "being of the Popish Religion," was fined 1,000l. and set in "the Pillory three several days in three several publick Places," viz. the Strand, Covent Garden, and Charing Cross. J. INGLE Dredge. lent to " This word must have been coined out of the The temporary use of the name of a notorious name of Laurence Cellier, a Jesuit, who was born person as a noun or verb is always worth record-in 1630, and was the author of various works on ing. Some years since, passing along Bankside, classical literature. Among others Musa AvenionI heard a tall, stout man, at the door of a low beer-enses: upon which Michaud's Biographie Univerhouse, say to his companions, "If he do that agin selle has the following remarks:-" Ce n'est qu'un we shall have to Hay-naw he." This was received simple hommage poétique très-court, a Ste-Marthe Il fut un temps, comme on sait, ou with a grunt of approbation. The word was well de Tarascon. understood in the locality, showing that the l'on croyait que Madeleine, Marthe et Lazare punishment inflicted on General Haynau, the étaient venus dans les Gaules." This belief sounds woman-flogger, at Messrs. Barclay's brewery, in rather like a Cellier to the Protestant mind. September, 1850, was not forgotten. EDWARD SOLLY. This is the name of one Madame Cellier, the "Popish Midwife," who was deeply concerned in the Meal-tub Plot, and who "sat in State on the Pillory, near the Maypole in the Strand "(see The Devil Pursued, B. M. Library, C. 20, f, "Poetical Broadsides," 106). In her house was the "meal-tub" of this precious business. See B. M. Library C. 20 f," Luttrell Collection," EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. A KEY TO "ENDYMION" (6th S. ii. 484).— Perhaps others as well as myself may have found a key to unlock the mysteries of Endymion. I would suggest the following solution of the problem. In every case, I believe, the number of letters in the fictitious name corresponds exactly with the number in the name of the character more or less represented by the author. Hebrew scholars confirm me in this idea, as I understand from them that this is a favourite device of Jewish writers, and therefore very probably adopted by Lord Beaconsfield. Many of the names admit of a double solution, especially those which are clearly mixed characters, made up by fusing two real persons into a fictitious one. It will be seen that the results I thus arrive at agree in the main with the key which has appeared in "N. & Q." at the above reference. Endymion ... Disraeli (or Benjamin). Roehampton Prince Florestan... Nigel Penruddock Palmerston (and perhaps a trait or John Bright. Possibly Historicus (Sir Wm. Har- Dickens. Strangford. Lord Hertford. The late Lord Derby. As I have not Endymion by me, possibly in some cases the guess is incorrect, but I have little doubt as to the principle which guided the author in the selection of names. Possibly the same test applied to his earlier novels will bring out similar results. H. T. F. The description of Hortensius (see vol. i. pp. 222-5), as well as the period at which the debate is supposed to have taken place, November, 1835, seems to indicate the late Lord Chief Justice, Sir Alexander Cockburn, and not Sir William Harcourt, as the original from whom the sketch is derived. Sir Alexander Cockburn would have been commencing his legal career somewhere about that time, or not much earlier. W. E. BUCKLEY. test a man's knowledge is to ask him to produce Whether the use of wage for wages is, or is not "Love, alas! quite him so his wage." In the Frere and the Boye, 1460, 1. 36 :- In W. de Worde's Communycacyon, 1493, sign. "I am worth none other wage But for to dwell in endlesse woo." "Mak yow lose 3our latter waige, Quhilk is the heuinnis heritage." These do not by any means exhaust all the instances that might be given, but they will be sufficient for their purpose. The use of wage would seem to have to a great extent died out in the seventeenth century, but we find instances of it in the present century. Mrs. Gaskell, in her North and South, chap. xvii., uses it, as also does Ellis Bell, in Wuthering Heights, chap. xxxiii., but in each case the word seems to be treated as a provincialism. XIT. Your correspondent ANON. is right, for it is thoroughly incorrect to say that " wage for wages is...a recent vulgarism." It occurs not unfrequently in old writers; e.g., circa Edward IV.:— Thay askyd wage of the brygge, thay paid them thayre Wright's Political Poems, ii. p. 277. hire." Now, sirs, win weill 3our wage." "Sirs, I sall schaw 30w, for my wage." Lyndesay's Works, pp. 390, 453 (E.E.T.S.). Mr. W. Morris has revived it in his translation of Virgil: "WAGE" FOR "WAGES" (6th S. ii. 387).-Both wage and wages are respectable forms enough, just In Scotland :as are house and houses, or any other pairs of singular and plural words. I find wage in Langtoft (ed. Hearne), p. 319. Wage occurs also in the Promptorium Parvulorum, and (according to Stratmann) in King Alisaunder, 904; Hoccleve, i. 119; whilst the plural wages is in Piers Plowman, B. xi. 283. I find Dr. Stratmann's references troublesome, from his tacit alterations of the spellings; on actual reference to King Alisaunder, 904, the form turns out to be gage, the same word, no doubt, but he should have given it as it stands. As to what is asserted in these matters, it will generally be found that the less a man knows about them, the more dogmatic he is; the way to "If fate had willed it so That I should fall, I earned my wage." Eneid, ii. 434. The word occurs not uncommonly in modern writers on political economy, as "It is usually the employer in quest of labour who offers in the first instance a certain wage"; which I copied from one of Mr. Thornton's writings. The word seems to have been revived, but while I do not find it in Longmuir's Jamieson, it is in the Fromptorium rendered" stipendium." O. W. TANCOCK. Norwich. The use of wage in this sense is certainly not a modern vulgarism. Halliwell gives two examples that are quite to the point. With regard to Scottish practice it may be important to mention an interesting distinction observed among the agricultural classes. They use wage in reference to the præmium for which a man gives his services; for example, one "young chield " might say to another, "Jock Tamson's gaun to Muckle Balcormie at the term, and he's gettin' a great big wauge." On the other hand, when the service is given and the money due, it becomes wages. The same youth, for instance, may have lived beyond even the ample means that had interested his acquaintances, and so have given the speaker already introduced occasion for exclaiming, "Did ye hear that Teelyour Tarras has reistit Jock Tamson's wauges?" It seems to be very much the distinction grammarians draw between unity and plurality of idea. THOMAS BAYNE. Helensburgh, N.B. There can be no doubt that wage is a genuine old form of the word wages, although, in England at least, as Nares says, it is "now used only in the plural." Examples might be multiplied almost ad infinitum. Nares gives, "With deeper wage and greater dignitie" (Span. Trag., part ii., O. Pl., iii. 123), and "From those which paid them wage the island soon did win" (Polyolbion, xi. p. 863). Mr. Halliwell-Phillipps's Dictionary has : "For thou woldyst bring me thys message, MS. Cantab. Ff. ii. 38, f. 102. MS. Cantab. Ff. ii. 38, f. 166. This is certainly an archaism, for I find it over and over again in old family account-books, about the beginning of this century. How far it may be also a vulgarism I leave to others. HERMENTRUde. Sir Walter Scott employs this word: "There, catiff, is thy morning wage" (Kenilworth, chap. iv.). W. J. BERNHARD-SMITH. Temple. "TRAM" (6th S. ii. 225, 356).—I cannot help coming to the conclusion that tram is only another form of train, and I can bring forward some little evidence in support of my conclusion. It is evident, from what I find in different dictionaries, and from the passages quoted in the different notes in "N. & Q." referred to by MR. J. DIXON (see 2nd S. v. 128, xii. 229, 276, 358; 4th S. xii. 299, 420), that the word tram was originally applied to the waggon only, and not to the way itself. Halliwell defines the word, "a sort of sledge running on four wheels, used in coal mines." (1.) Now in O.F. train (see Cotgrave, s.v.) has amongst other meanings that of "a sled, a drag, or dray without wheeles," a meaning which is still preserved in M.F. in the dim. form traîneau. (2.) And at the present time train in Fr. means ce qui porte le corps d'un carrosse, d'un chariot" (Littré), i.e. the framework (I do not know and cannot find the correct English term*) which, in the case of fourwheeled vehicles without springs,† keeps the wheels together and supports the body, and this has a very considerable resemblance to the tram described by Halliwell, which is little more than such a frameand hind quarters of a horse, as supporting the work. Train is also applied in French to the fore body. It is quite clear, therefore, that by a very inconsiderable extension of meaning the Fr. word train might have been applied to such a vehicle as the original tram was.§ If this is granted, then all that remains for me to do, in order to prove or to give great probability to my case, is to show that the Fr. train, besides furnishing our word train, could also produce in English the word tram. And this I am able to do, for is not the Eng. grogram allowed on all hands to be derived from the Fr. gros grain? and if so, then ain has in one case, at any rate, become am in Eng. Cf. also buckram, from the Fr. bougran; and in Halliwell one of the meanings actually given to tram is "a train, or succession of things." It should be remarked, also, that the sound of train, pronounced *In Fleming and Tibbins's large Fr. and Eng. Dict. I find it (s.v. "Train") called carriage, which is rather too ambiguous-and how could one say "the carriage of a carriage-whilst in Hilpert's Germ, and Eng. Dict., s.v. "Wagengestell," it is called "the train or frame." be divided into two parts, inasmuch as the springs in In the case of vehicles with springs the train would that case support the body. The avant-train would comprehend the two fore wheels with their axle-tree and pole, and the arrière-train the two hind wheels with their axle-tree. The fore quarters are called the train de devant or avant train; the hind quarters train de derrière or arrièretrain. § Indeed (1) + (2) = lram, as defined by Halliwell. as the French pronounce it, is more like tram than our pronunciation of train=trane. I can besides give examples of the converse change, viz. of m into n. Thus the Fr. trame (from the Latin trama), in the sense of woof or weft, is in Cotgrave to be found in the form traine* as well; whilst in the Prompt. Parv. we find the trayne of a cloth. This same Fr. word trame also means a plot or treacherous scheme (Littré, complot, ruse), and in Halliwell I find not only the same word trame, but also train, defined as deceit, treachery. I think it will be allowed, therefore, that my evidence, if not conclusive in other eyes than my own, is at least strong. F. CHANCE. Sydenham Hill. I cannot help thinking that MR. WALLIS has got hold of the real derivation of this word. If I had followed Capt. Cuttle's advice some time ago, I believe I should have been able to produce strong evidence in support of MR. WALLIS's view. I am almost certain that in one of the volumes of wills published by the Surtees Society I have seen a note of a legacy left for the repair of some "tram or way" in a northern county. I have an impression, too, that it occurred in the Durham Wills, edited by Mr. Greenwell as vol. xxxviii. of the society's publications. I cannot at present refer to the book myself, but perhaps some kind northern friend can give us the passage. When the long-promised Glossary of Northern Words is provided for us, we shall have a treasury of inestimable value. As each new issue of a volume makes the ultimate labour of compiling such a work greater than before, would it not be well if the society would give us an instalment of the collections already made, if there are any, before the undertaking becomes a desperate one? C. AN INDIAN BRIGADE SERVING UNDER THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON (6th S. ii. 205, 229, 496, 516).—MR. WEISBECKER is in error in supposing that Lord Beaconsfield's policy in bringing Indian troops to Malta was in any way original, as a brigade of our native Indian troops was transported up the Red Sea to Suez, under, I think, the command of Sir David Baird, at the commencement of the present century. These troops were intended to co-operate with the force under Sir Ralph Abercromby in the attempt to drive the French out of Egypt; they arrived all right, but too late for action, as the business had already been accomplished. JAMES CULL. Since my former communication, not claiming to be an authority, I have referred to that exhaustive History of Waterloo, by Captain Siborne, and I find in speaking of the 2nd Corps, com This may possibly be a misprint for traime, for 3.0. "Trame" he says "as traime," but traime is not in his dictionary. manded by Lieutenant-General Lord Hill, he says that, in addition to the English divisions, it consisted "of the 1st Dutch-Belgian division, under Lieutenant-General Stedman, and of a brigade raised for service in the Dutch colonies, called the Indian brigade, under Lieutenant-General Baron Anthing." This is conclusive on the subject. W. DILKE. Chichester. "THE WORTHY SAYINGS OF OLD MR. DOD" (6th S. ii. 327).-A Wood has in Fust. Oxon., ad an. 1585, p. 756, Lond., 1691, as to his incorporation : "Jul. 11. John Dod, M. of A. of Cambridge. He was a Cheshire man born, educated in Jesus Coll. in that university, afterwards a learned and godly Divine, successively Minister of Hanwell in Oxfordshire, FennyDrayton in Leycestershire, Canons Ashby and Fausley in Northamptonshire, tho for a time () silenced in each of with Rob. Cleaver another Puritan, written An Exposi them. He is commonly called the Decalogist, as having, tion on the Ten Commandments. He hath also published several sermons, as the Oxford Catalogue informs you, and dying at Fausley in 1645, aged 86, was there buried." "(c) Tho. Fuller in Worthies of English in Cheshire," [p.181: "Most true it is, that good father Dod, though he lived to see the flood of our late civil wars, made to himself a cabin in his own contented conscience, and though his clothes were wetted with the waves, (when plundred) he was dry in the deluge, such his self-solace in his holy meditations. He dyed, being eighty-six years of age, anno 1645."] Fuller states that he was born at Shottliedge, in Cheshire, and refers to Dr. Clark, "by whom his life is written." ED. MARSHALL. Sandford St. Martin. An interesting account of this excellent minister, drawn from many sources, may be found in Brook's Lives of the Puritans, iii. It would indeed be a pity for his memory "to be clean died out." The Religious Tract Society some years ago issued, in good type, a large wall placard, entitled "Old Mr. Dod's (or Good Mr. Dod's) Sayings "; but I cannot just now say whether it is still "kept in stock." They were pithy and excellent; doubtless a reprint of the pamphlet to which T. S. refers. S. M. S. The The woodcut For biographical notices of "Old Mr. Dod" I would refer T. S. to the list below. edition of The Worthy Sayings mentioned by T. S. was sold at "Twelve Shilling a Hundred to those who buy them to give away." portrait, so far as I remember, is not that of Dod. The date of the printing is about 1780, and not equal to that of Gent. A good portrait of Dod was published by Richardson. State Papers (Domestic Series), 1611-1618, vol, lxvii. State Papers (Domestic Series), 1611-1618, vol. lxxvii. Clarke's Martyrologie, 1651, p. 404. Capel's Tentations, their Nature, Danger, Cure: the fourth part, London, 1655, pp. 249, 250, 292. Capel's Remains, London, 1658, reverse of A 4. Ten Sermons, tending chiefly to the fitting of men for the worthy receiving of the Lords Supper......The sixe first by J. Dod...... Also there is now added the Authors Life. Collected 1661, with his effigies. London, 1661. Barkdale's Memorials of Worthy Persons, 1661, p. 143 Fuller's Church History of Britain, 1655, p. 119. Fuller's History of Worthies of England, 1662, p. 181. (Ches-Shire). Neal's History of the Puritans, 1732, vol. iii. p. 319. Burnham's Pious Memorials, 1753, p. 168. A Sermon, upon the Word Malt. Preached in the Stump of a hollow Tree, by the Rev. John Dod, M.A. Author of the Remarkable and Approved Sayings. To which is prefixed, a brief Account of the Life of the Author. London, M. DCCL.XXVII. Middleton's Biographia Evangelica, 1779, vol. iii. p. 171. P. 70. English word maund, a basket. Wilson traces it to the Arabic mann, and, after an account of its value in different parts of India, says: "The Hebrew mann or manah, from which through Arabic the Indian word is derived, corresponded more nearly to the sir." Richardson gives as the meaning of the word, a weight of 40 seirs, also the mannah of the Israelites." The word appears in several of the languages of India, being man in Hindi, and manugu or manangu in the South. Wilson does not connect it with the Sanscrit root mā. There is no Indian word like maund, meaning a basket or bundle. R. B. S. An article recently appeared in the Times on Chalmers's General Biographical Dictionary, 1813, "The Empire of the Hittites," and it is mentioned vol. xii. p. 143. Wood's Fasti Oxonienses, 1815, vol. i. c. 232. Baker's Northamptonshire, 1822, vol. i. p. 388. Watt's Bibliotheca Britannica, 1824, vol. i. 309 t. Granger's Biographical History of England, 1824, vol. ii. p. 74. Burke's History of the Commoners, 1836, vol. iii. p. 549. Burke's History of the Landed Gentry, 1838, vol. ii. p. 549. Coleman's Memorials of Independent Churches in Northamptonshire, 1853, p. 7. Darling's Cyclopædia Bibliographica, 1854, c. 929. Rose's Biographical Dictionary, 1857, vol. vii. p. 93. vol. i. p. 507. Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography, vol. ii. r. 114. Bailey's Life of Thomas Fuller, 1874, p. 43. Northampton. "MAUND" (6th S. ii. 388). The coincidence between the Afghan and English maund is probably purely accidental. The E. maund is the Old Northumbrian mond, Matt. xiv. 20; Mark viii. 8; cognate with O. Dutch mande, "a maunde" (Hexham), Mod. Dutch. mand. I believe Spelman connects it with Maundy Thursday, with which it has nothing to do, as I have proved twice. I do not see how it comes from ma, to measure, though it is just possible. Of course, such a word, if found in Persian, might be allied to English, because m and n are stable letters, not subject to Grimm's law; but there is no such word in Persian except the suffix -mand, possessed of, which can hardly be the same thing. The only other Persian word like it is mandarij, that which contains, which would somewhat answer in sense, only it happens to be of Arabic origin. What we want to know is whether maund is an Afghan word or not. WALTER W. SKEAT. This Indian commercial term is fully treated of in Prof. H. H. Wilson's glossary and in the Cyclopædia by Reeves. It does not appear to have any connexion with the nearly obsolete therein that at Carchemish, the capital, where merchants from all parts of the world met together, the maneh or maund of that city became the standard of weight and money. I think this may add to my query and further the origin of weights. and measures. EDWIN SLOper. Taunton. In the Midland market towns sixty or seventy years ago, the basket in which butter was brought to market by the comely matrons and blooming maidens, wives and daughters of the farmers, was called a maund. The word may be still in use, but as much of the butter is now going to shops, the number of the fair venders has sadly diminished. ELLCEE. Craven. ÆSTEL (6th S. ii. 386).—The word is not œstell, but astel, with one l. It is not plural, but singular, used with the article án, one. There is a note on it in Sweet's edition of Gregory's Pastoral Care, p. 473. In an A.-S. vocabulary we have, "Indicatorium, astel" (Wright's Vocab., i. 81, col. 1); and again in Elfric's Grammar (ed. Zupitza), p. 31. Mr. Sweet says it occurs totranslate Lat. stylus in Ælfric's Glossary, but it is not there. It is by no means so easy as seems to be supposed. I cannot see that the W. estyll, pl. sb., helps us at all, nor is estyll certainly a Celtic word; it seems to be nothing but the Low Lat. astule (Ducange), put for Lat. assula, thin boards. WALTER W. SKEAT. There is a short but_interesting "De Voce Anglo-Saxonica Estel Dissertatio," by Thomas. Hearne, prefixed to vol. vii. of Leland's Itinerary. It appears that the word is only found in King Alfred's preface to St. Gregory's Pastorale, and not in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, as supposed by your correspondent. MR. LYNN's citation of the Welsh estyll is a decisive accession to one of Hearne's alternative explanations, that it is the pair of covers or boards of a book, and seems to have been unknown to him. It would also be |