The Motive, not the Phraseology, as the Criterion of the Rising Inflection.

§ 53. The inflection depends on the motive of the mind in using it, not on the verbal or grammatical form used.

The following are mentally anticipative, indecisive, negative, questionable, etc.

§ 55. The Conditional mood usually expresses what is anticipative, indecisive, subordinate, etc.; e.g., If it has done thát, he shall suffer for it.

If that the face of mén,

The sufferance of our souls, the tímes abúse,

If these be motives weak, break off betimès.

§ 57. The imperative mood may express what is anticipative, subordinate, etc. (§ 211:11); e.g., Be true to yoursélf: you will succeed. Look to it;

Consider, William: take a month to think,

And let me have an answer to my wish;

Or by the Lord that made me, you shall pàck.

§ 59. A negative is usually anticipative and indecisive, i.e., in itself merely preparatory to some following positive affirmation; e.g. Not only around our infancy

Doth Heaven with all its splendors líe;

Is mere ánimal life entitled to be called good? Certainly nót. There is no good in mere animal lífe.

An assertion may be indecisive, expressing what is anticipative (§ 212:28), negative, questionable, etc.; e.g.

I should do Brutus wrong, and Cassius wrong,
Who, as you know, are hónorable mén.

§ 61. A question is usually anticipative (of an answer), expressing what is indecisive and really questionable (§ 212).

What! acting on this vague abstraction, are you prepared to enforce a law, without considering whether it be júst or únjust, constitutional or únconstitutional? Will you collect móney when it is acknowledged that it is not wanted?

Does any man, in his senses, believe that this béautiful structure, this harmonious ággregate of státes, produced by the joint consent of áll, can be presérved by fórce ?

The direct question (first time), seeking for information; e.g., Did you see that lády?

The Motive, not the Phraseology, as the Criterion of the Falling Inflection.

§ 54. The same phraseology may be differently inflected, according to the idea that the mind is moved to express by it.

The following are mentally conclusive, decisive, affirmative, positive, etc.

§ 56. The conditional mood may express what is positively affirmed or believed; e.g., If he has done that, he should suffer for it. But if these

(As I am sure they dô) bear fire enough

To kindle còwards and to steel with valor

The melting spirits of wòmen, then, countrymen,
What need we any spur but our own càuse?

§ 58. The imperative mood usually expresses what is conclusive, decisive, positive, etc. (§ 212); e.g., Be true to yourself, whether you succeed or not.

Ròuse, ye Romans; ròuse, ye slaves.
Awake, arise, or be forever fàllen.
Let every man stand by his gùn.

§ 60. A negative may express a conclusive, decisive, positive affirmation (§ 215); e.g.

Daily, with souls that cringe and plot,

We Sinais climb, and know it nòt.

Thou shalt not steal! Nò, gentlemen, the remembrance of their folly will not pass to posterity. There is no retreat but in submission and slàvery. There would, without obedience, be no kindred to create a home; no làw to create a stàte; there would be no cònscience to inspire right; no fàith to apprehend religion.

§ 62. A question may express a decisive, positive affirmation, which, in the speaker's opinion, is more important than the answer it anticipates (§ 211: 5; §§ 212–218); e.g.

Why, what make you hère?

Why are you virtuous? Why do people love you?
And wherefore are you gèntle, stròng and vàliant?

Who, then, is Pàul, and who is Apòllos, [I point them out as interesting in themselves; and affirm that they are] but mìnisters by whom ye believed?

The direct question (repeated), conveying information; e.g., Did you see that lady? i.e., I affirm I spoke of that làdy; did you sèe her?

The Motive, not the Phraseology.

Continued.

The indirect question, seeking for information; e.g., When are you going to Boston ? i.e., Áre you going? — when?

The negative question may express that it is questionable
whether others will agree with the speaker; e.g., Is she not beautiful?
Would they not féel their children tréad,
With clánking cháins, above their head?

But did not chance at length her error ménd?
Did no subverted empire mark his énd ?

The double question, containing no affirmation,

the whole answer questionable; e.g., Shall we go to the stóre or hotél? Yès, to the store; or Nò, let us stay hère.

"Who is the greâter?" says the German moralist; "the wise mán who lifts himself above the stórms of tíme, and from alóof looks dówn upon them, and yet takes no párt therein;

Contrasted Motives with same Phraseology; Rising Inflec

tion.

§ 63. The anticipative, indecisive, subordinate, insignificant, trite, questionable, negative, respectively lead us to express:

Hesitation, in view of the inexperienced: There's a páth through the woods here.

Uncertainty, in view of the doubtful: It must be so.

Faint praise, in view of the mediocre: He declaims very well. Indifference, in view of mere formality: How do you dó ? Disapprobation, in view of the evil: John has returned home. Discontent, in view of the limited: You see all there is léft. Sorrow, in view of the painful,

Commiseration, in view of the unfortunate:

"Tis but the falling of a withered leaf,

The breaking of a shell

The rending of a véil.

§ 65. Series of Words, each appropriately

If all the words together are conceived of as expressing only one general idea, the voice falls on the last word only; i.e., all together are uttered like one word of many syllables.

Knowledge, trúth, lóve, beauty, goodness, fàith, alone give vitálity to the mechánism of existence.

The Motive, not the Phraseology. — Continued.

The indirect question, asserting a belief; e.g., When are you going to Boston? i.e., You àre going;- whèn ?

The negative question usually expresses a positive belief that others will agree with the speaker; e.g., Is she not beautiful?

Why, then, sir, do we nót, as soon as possible, change this from a civil to a national war? And since we must fight it through, why not put ourselves in a state to enjoy all the bènefits of victory, if we gàin the victory?

The double question, containing an affirmation, - part of the answer positively known; e.g., Shall we go to the stóre or hotèl? As we are going somewhere, let us go to the hotel.

The falling part of a double question usually asserts the questioner's opinion, as in this, continued from the opposite page :

or hé who, from the height of quiet and repóse, thròws himself boldly into the battle-tumùlt of the world ?"

Contrasted Motives with same Phraseology; Falling Inflection.

§ 64. The conclusive, decisive, interesting, important, noteworthy, affirmative, positive, respectively lead us to express:

Readiness, in view of the experienced: There's a pàth through the woods here.

Assurance, in view of the certain: It must be so.

Commendation, in view of the excellent: He declaims very well.
Respect, in view of hearty esteem: How do you do?
Approbation, in view of the good: John has returned home.
Content, in view of the abundant: You see all there is left.
Joy, in view of the pleasurable,

Congratulation, in view of the fortunate:

Welcome her, all things ùseful and sweet;
Scatter the blòssoms under her feet.
Break, happy lànd, into èarlier flowers.

ending with Falling Inflection.

If each word is conceived of as expressing a specific idea, the voice falls on each.

Mr. Prèsident, and fellow-citizens at the opening of a speech. Knowledge, truth, lòve, beauty, goodness, fàith, alone give vitality to the méchanism of existence.

§ 66. Series of Clauses of the same construction.

Where a connecting conjunction (and, or) before the last clause shows that the mind anticipates that the series is about to be brought to a close :

If the series closes the sentence, the voice usually rises on the clause next to the last.

It should be the lábor of a génuine and nóble pátriotism to raise the life of a nation to the level of its privileges; to hármonize its géneral práctice with its ábstract principles; to redúce to actual fàcts the idéals of its institùtions; to élevate instrúction into knówledge; and to déepen knowledge into wisdom.

If it does not close the sentence, the voice usually rises on the last clause.

The causes of good and evil are so various and uncertain, so often entangled with each other, so divèrsified by various relations, and subject to so many àccidents which cannot be foreséen, that he who would fix his condition upon incontestable reasons of préference must live and die inquiring and deliberating. (See § 215.) Practise Foundation Exercise, page 48. See page 9.

each appropriately ending with Falling Inflection. Circumflex or Wave, ending with Rising Inflection.

§ 67. Used when a subordinate motive is to point out specifically an object or idea as in itself interesting, important, noteworthy, positive, affirmative, conclusive, decisive, etc.; but when the main motive is to point forward or away from it to something else that is to be or has been mentioned in connection with it. The wave thus suggests the double relation of words used in cases of

§ 69. Comparison; i.e., in illustrations, similes, metaphors, etc. (see § 218-19); e.g.

Was not Ábraham [we need to anticipate in our reflection what is to be said about Ábraham, yet we need also to point him out as Abraham. We combine the two thus:] Abraham, our father, justified by works when he had offered Isaac, his son, upon the altar?

Notice how, when one turns off from a straightforward course of thought to find an illustration, this wavering inflection represents his motive:

And in the same house remàin, eating and drinking such things NOTE. This last sentence is continued on page 40.