mother to actions of alarm or defense. Menace or harm to the adult beloved or friend excites us in a corresponding way, often against all the dictates of prudence. It is true that sympathy does not necessarily follow from the mere fact of gregariousness. Cattle do not help a wounded comrade; on the contrary, they are more likely to dispatch him. But a dog will lick another sick dog, and even bring him food; and the sympathy of monkeys is proved by many observations to be strong. In man, then, we may lay it down that the sight of suffering or danger to others is a direct exciter of interest and an immediate stimulus, if not complication hinders, to acts of relief.

43. Sympathetic Insight

[COOLEY, C. H., Human Nature and the Social Order, pp. 140-141. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1922.]

Sympathy is a requisite to social power. Only in so far as a man understands other people and thus enters into the life around him has he any effective existence; the less he has of this the more he is a mere animal, not truly in contact with human life. And if he is not in contact with it, he can of course have no power over it. This is the principle of familiar application, and yet one that is often overlooked, practical men having, perhaps, a better grasp of it than theorists. It is well understood by men of the world that effectiveness depends . . . much upon address, savoir-faire, tact, and the like, involving sympathetic insight into the minds of other people.

44. The Herd Instinct

[WOODWORTH, R. S., Psychology, pp. 146-147. New York, Henry Holt & Co., 1921.]

The gregarious instinct does not by any manner of means account for all of man's social behavior. It brings men together and so gives a chance for social doings, but these doings are learned, not provided ready-made by the instinct. About all we can lay to the herd instinct is uneasiness when alone, seeking company, remaining in company, and following the rest as they move from place to place. The feeling of loneliness or lonesomeness goes with being alone, and a feeling of satisfaction goes with being in company.

Probably there is one more fact that belongs under the herd

instinct. A child is lonely even in company, unless he is allowed to participate in what the others are doing. Sometimes you see an adult who is gregarious but not sociable, who insists on living in the city and wishes to see the people, but has little desire to talk to any one or to take part in any social activities; but he is the exception. As a rule, people wish not only to be together but to do something together. So much as this may be ascribed to the instinct, but no more. "Let's get together and do something" that is as far as the gregarious instinct goes. What we shall do depends on other motives, and on learning as well as instinct.

45. Herd Conduct

[TROTTER, William, Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War, pp. 29-30. London, T. Fisher Unwin, 1917.]

The cardinal quality of the herd is homogeneity. It is clear that the great advantage of the social habit is to enable large numbers to act as one, whereby in the case of the hunting gregarious animal strength in pursuit and attack is at once increased to beyond that of the creatures preyed upon, and in protective socialism the sensitiveness of the new unit to alarms is greatly in excess of that of the individual member of the flock.

To secure these advantages of homogeneity, it is evident that the members of the herd must possess sensitiveness to the behavior of their fellows. The individual isolated will be of no meaning, the individual as part of the herd will be capable of transmitting the most potent impulses. Each member of the flock tending to follow its neighbor and in turn to be followed, each is in some sense capable of leadership; but no lead will be followed that departs widely from normal behavior. A lead will be followed only from its resemblance to the normal. If the leader go so far ahead as definitely to cease to be in the herd, he will necessarily be ignored.

The original in conduct, that is to say resistiveness to the voice of the herd, will be suppressed by natural selection; the wolf which does not follow the impulses of the herd will be starved; the sheep which does not respond to the flock will be eaten.

Again, not only will the individual be responsive to impulse coming from the herd, but he will treat the herd as his normal environment. The impulse to be in and always to remain with

the herd will have the strongest instinctive weight. Anything which tends to separate him from his fellows, as soon as it becomes perceptible as such, will be strongly resisted.

46. Bogardus on Gregariousness

[BOGARDUS, Emory S., Introduction to Sociology, p. 263. Los Angeles, University of Southern California Press, 1917.]

The gregarious instinct is commonly confirmed by habit. The individual is born in a group and grows up in a group. To live with others accentuates the strength of the instinct and expands its manifestation. Solitary confinement is regarded by many as a mode of torture too cruel and unnatural to be longer practiced. For the normal man to be forced to be alone for any length of time is a matter of greatest torture. It is practically true that for every one except for a few more or less highly cultivated persons, the primary condition for recreation is that of being one of a crowd. For every person who goes to the mountains for a vacation, there are scores who go to the beaches. The normal, daily recreation of the population of the towns and smaller cities is that of walking up and down the streets where the throng is densest. The normal recreation for rural people on a holiday is that of rushing to the places where the crowds will be found.

47. Gregariousness

[HALL, G. Stanley, Adolescence, Vol. II, pp. 363, 375-376. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1908.]

No creature is so gregarious as man, and we can hardly conceive him except as a member of the family. . . . One of the best measures of domestication in animals or of civilization in man is the intensity of love of home. This is a very complex feeling and made up of many ties, hard to dissect, or even to enumerate. Kline attempts to analyze the factors of love of home, in the order of their intensity, as follows: love of parents, scenery, house, familiar ways, freedom of opinion and conduct, relatives and friends, animals, pleasant memories, sympathy, etc. We often find specified also the room, articles of furniture, the garden. . . . All these make up the content of that magie word, home, of which the hearth with its altar-fire is the heart. It inclines to settled habits of life, is the converse of the roving instinct, and is largely woman's creation.

48. The Gang and Its Activities

[PUFFER, J. A., The Boy and His Gang, pp. 24, 38. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1912.]

To play games, to seek adventure, to go swimming, boating, and playing Indians in the woods, to make mischief, to steal, to fight other gangs. Few are the groups which do not, at one time or another, do all these things. Especially noteworthy is the desire of the gang for a local habitation-its own special street corner, its club room, its shanty in the woods. . . the typical boys' gang is no mere haphazard association. Accidents of various sorts-age, propinquity, likeness of interests-bring together a somewhat random group. Immediately the boys react on one another. One or more leaders come to the fore. The gang organizes itself, finds or makes its meeting place, establishes its standards, begins to do things. It develops, in some sort, a collective mind, and acts as a unit to carry out complex schemes and activities which would hardly so much as enter the head of one boy alone. The gang is, in short, a little social organism, coherent, definite, efficient, with a life of its own which is beyond the sum of the lives of its several members. It is the earliest manifestation in man of that strange groupforming instinct, without which beehive and ant hill and human society would be alike impossible.

49. The Belonging Instinct

From about the age of nine to eleven the boy begins to play as a member of a team. His interest is primarily in the team winning. It is true, however, that individual rivalry continues.

About this time or a little later he begins to feel the need of being with other boys, at least certain other boys every day. This desire to be with them becomes quite dominant. If he engages in physical activities, it is as a member of a gang or group. He takes on the manners and habits of the group. There has been awakened within the boy a spirit of membership. His major interest is now to belong, not as an individual, but as a member of a group. He will live, act, or die if need be, for the group.

The romance of human life is in the integration of the social and the individualistic tendencies. Both tendencies are needed, but there is need of a happy conciliation and

integration of the two tendencies if social and individual efficiency is to be realized.

50. The Instinctive Desire for Approval and Display [THORNDIKE, E. L., Educational Psychology, Briefer Course, pp. 31-33. New York, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1914.]

To the situation, 'intimate approval, as by smiles, pats, admission to companionship and the like, from one to whom he has the inner response of submissiveness,' and to the situation, 'humble approval, as by admiring glances, from anybody,' man responds originally by great satisfaction. The withdrawal of approving intercourse by masters and looks of scorn and derision from any one originally provoke a discomfort that may strengthen to utter wretchedness.

The elaborate paraphernalia and rites of fashion in clothes exist chiefly by virtue of their value as means of securing diffuse notice and approval. The primitive sex display is now a minor cause: women obviously dress for other women's eyes. Much the same is true of subservience to fashions in furniture, food, manners, morals, and religion. The institution of tipping, which began perhaps in kindliness, and was fostered by economic self-interest, is now well-nigh impregnable because no man is brave enough to withstand the scorn of a line of lackeys whom he heartily despises, or of a few onlookers whom he will never see again...

Smiles, respectful stares, and encouraging shouts occur, I think, as instinctive responses to relief from hunger, rescue from fear, gorgeous display, instinctive acts of strength and daring victory, and other impressive instinctive behavior that is harmless to the onlooker. Similarly, frowns, hoots, and sneers seem bound as original responses to the observation of empty-handedness, deformity, physical meanness, pusillanimity, and defect. As in the case of all original tendencies, such behavior is early complicated and in the end much distorted, by training; but the resulting total cannot be explained by nurture alone.

51. Desire for Approval by Teacher and Playmates

At first the child cares most for approval of parents, later of teachers, then of companions. In childhood years, parents and primary teachers who have the respect of their