generally conceded that acquired characteristics are not transmitted (13).

1. Organic Inheritance

[CHAPIN, H. D., Heredity and Child Culture, pp. 12-13. New York, E. P. Dutton & Co., 1922.]

Independent life begins by the union of two cells, the ovum and sperm cell, which is known as conception. The influences of heredity are then closed as far as this individual life is concerned and any further influence upon development must come from environment. . . . This germinal substance, minute as it is,... is entirely distinct, and little, if any, influenced by the other tissues. . . ..The only characteristics that can be passed along by organic inheritance are such as have been contained in the germinal substance of the egg and the sperm cell. ... While traits may be transmitted that the individual has himself inherited, those that have been acquired by his own actions cannot be passed on to posterity. The germ plasm continues along through different generations as an unending stream and each individual body acts as a receptacle and conserver of an imperishable part.

2. Hereditary Mingling a Mosaic

[From Being Well-Born by M. F. GUYER, p. 13. Copyright, 1920. Used by special permission of the publishers, the Bobbs-Merrill Co.]

The independence of unit-characters in inheritance leads us to the important conclusion that the mingling of two lines of ancestry into a new individual is in no means bringing them into the "melting pot," . . . but it is to be regarded as the mingling of two mosaics, each particle of which retains its own individuality.

3. Determiners, not Characters Themselves, Transmitted [From Being Well-Born, by M. F. GUYER, pp. 13-14. Copyright, 1920. Used by special permission of the publishers, the Bobbs-Merrill Co.]

The actual thing which is transmitted by means of the germ of inheritance is not the character itself, but something which will determine the character in the offspring. . . . These determiners, as they are called, may lie unexpressed for one or

more generations and may become manifest only in later descendants. The child does not inherit its characters from corresponding characters in the parent-body, but parent and child are alike because. they are both products of the same line of germ-plasm.

4. Eugenic Suggestions Based upon Mendelian Inheritance [Davenport, C. B., "Influence of Heredity on Human Society," Race Improvement in the United States, pp. 19, 21. Philadelphia, 1909.]

A good suggestion in the guidance of marital selection follows:

The clear lesson of Mendelian studies to human society is this: that when two parents with the same defect marry—and there is none of us without some defect-all of the progeny must have the same defect, and there is no remedy for the defect by education, but only, at the most in a few cases, by surgical operation. . . . The only rule, a very general one, that can be given at present is that a person should select as consort one who is strong in those desirable qualities in which he is himself weak, but may be weak where he is strong.

...

5. Theories of Galton and Mendel

[WALLIN, J. E. Wallace, Problems of Subnormality, pp. 419-420. Copyright, 1917, World Book Co., Yonkers-on-Hudson.]

According to Galton's law of ancestral inheritance, one-half of the individual's heritage comes from the two parents (that is, one-fourth from each parent), one-fourth from the four grandparents (i.e., one-fourth of one-fourth or one-sixteenth from each grandparent), one-eighth from the eight great-grandparents (one-eighth of one-eighth, or one sixty-fourth each), etc. . . . The law, however, did not attempt to explain the mechanism of heredity.

Mendel found that when a strain of tall peas (about six feet in height) was artificially crossed with a strain of dwarf peas (about one and one-half feet tall), all hybrid peas of the first filial generation (called F-1) were invariably tall. Tallness was found to be dominant and dwarfness recessive. hybrid peas of the first generation were mated, the offspring (F-2) were either tall or short but never intermediary. There were always approximately three times as many tall as short

When these

peas, the typical Mendelian ratio when one pair of characters is involved. Finally when the seeds from the second hybrid generation were separately harvested and sown, it was found that the dwarf recessives bred true, producing nothing but dwarfs, but the tall peas like the original tall hybrids produced tall and dwarf peas in the ratio of 3 to 1.

6. General Interpretation of the Inheritance of Mental Traits

[STARCH, Daniel, Educational Psychology, pp. 95-96. Copyright, 1919, by the Macmillan Co.] (Adapted.)

It has been estimated by some authorities that the ultimate achievement of any given individual is due to his original nature to the extent of 60 to 90 per cent. There are others who argue that environment is the more important influence. The fact is, neither factor can operate alone. It is true that heredity sets the limit to one's achievements, but on the other hand, no individual ever uses up all the energy that he has or achieves all that was possible for him to achieve. The individual who has a poor inheritance will profit little by a good environment, and the individual with a good heredity but poor environment will not advance far. Very few, if any, individuals make all the absolute gain possible for him even in a single capacity. It has been proved repeatedly that in the numerous abilities that are used daily that by a little special practice and effort each day their efficiency may be enormously improved. Although the possibilities of each individual are limited by his ininherited equipment, every individual can be and do more than he is. This applies for all normal individuals whatever be their intelligence quotient.

7. The Inheritance of Intelligence

[GODDARD, H. H., The Kallikak Family. Copyright, 1912, by the Macmillan Co.] (Adapted.)

Perhaps of all the family pedigrees so far published none so strikingly proves the hereditary nature of feeble-mindedness as that which Dr. H. H. Goddard has published under the title, The Kallikak Family. A discussion of the heredity

of feeble-mindedness would be very incomplete without a description of this famous set of pedigrees. In tracing back the ancestry of a feeble-minded child called Deborah, the field workers arrived at the child's great-great-great-grandfather, called Martin Kallikak. Martin Kallikak, it was ascertained, was of fair intelligence, but when fifteen, owing to his father's death, was left without paternal guidance.

Just before attaining his majority, the young man joined one of the numerous military companies . . . at the beginning of the Revolution. At one of the taverns frequented by the militia, he met a feeble-minded girl by whom he became the father of a feeble-minded son. This feeble-minded son, given his father's name, Martin Kallikak, handed the name of Kallikak down to posterity with the mentality of his feeble-minded mother.

Martin, Sr., however, leaving the Revolutionary Army, married a respectable girl of good family, and through that union there originated another line of descendants of radically different character. Thus there are two lines of descendants, starting with Martin Kallikak, Sr., one of which arises from a mating with the feeble-minded girl, the other from lawful marriage with a normal woman. The Kallikak history, one of the most extensive and convincing yet published, is paralleled by many others. These histories show that there is no escape from the conclusion that feeblemindedness is hereditary. The higher degrees of intelligence follow the laws of heredity to just the same extent as do the lower degrees.

8. The Edwards Family

[DAVENPORT, C. B., Heredity in Relation to Eugenics, pp. 225-228. New York, Henry Holt & Co., 1911.]

From two English parents, sire at least remotely descended from royalty, was born in Massachusetts, Elizabeth Tuttle. She developed into a woman of great beauty, of tall and commanding appearance, striking carriage, "of strong will, extreme intellectual vigor, of mental grasp akin to rapacity, attracting not a few by magnetic traits, but repelling" when she evinced an extraordinary deficiency of the moral sense.

"On November 19, 1667, she married Richard Edwards, of

Hartford, Connecticut, a lawyer of high repute and great erudition. Like his wife he was very tall, and as they both walked the Hartford streets, their appearance invited the eyes and the admiration of all." In 1691, Mr. Edwards was divorced from his wife on the ground of her adultery and other immoralities. The evil trait was in the blood, for one of her sisters murdered her own son, and a brother murdered his own sister. After his divorce Mr. Edwards remarried and had five sons and a daughter by Mary Talcott, a mediocre woman, average in talent and character and ordinary in appearance. "None of Mary Talcott's progeny rose above mediocrity and their descendants gained no abiding reputation."

Of Elizabeth Tuttle and Richard Edwards the only son was Timothy Edwards, who graduated from Harvard College in 1691, gaining simultaneously the two degrees of bachelor of arts and master of arts-a very exceptional feat. He was pastor of the church in East Windsor, Connecticut, for fifty-nine years. Of eleven children, the only son was Jonathan Edwards, one of the world's great intellects, preeminent as a divine and theologian, president of Princeton College. Of the descendants of Jonathan Edwards much has been written; a brief catalogue must suffice: Jonathan Edwards, Jr., president of Union College; Timothy Dwight, president of Yale; Sereno Edwards Dwight, president of Hamilton College; Theodore Dwight Woolsey, for twenty-five years president of Yale College; Sarah, wife of Tapping Reeve, founder of Litchfield Law School, herself no mean lawyer; Daniel Tyler, a general of the Civil War and founder of the iron industries of north Alabama; Timothy Dwight, the second, president of Yale University from 1886 to 1898; Theodore William Dwight, founder and for thirtythree years warden of Columbia Law School; Henrietta Frances, wife of Eli Whitney, inventor of the cotton gin, who, burning the midnight oil by the side of her ingenious husband, helped bim to his enduring fame; Merrill Edwards Gates, president of Amherst College; Catherine Maria Sedgwick, of graceful pen; Charles Sedgwick Minot, authority on biology and embryology in the Harvard Medical School, and Winston Churchill, the author of Coniston. These constitute a glorious galaxy of America's great educators, students and moral leaders of the Republic.

Two other of the descendants of Elizabeth Tuttle through her son Timothy have been purposely omitted from the foregoing catalogue, since they belong in a class by themselves,