NOB

Charles the Fair, 381. And under Philip VI.,
389. Different treatment of them and towns-
folk under Philip of Valois, 395. Policy of
Philip VI. and John II. with regard to them,
444. Abrogation of their immunity from tax-
ation by John II., 455, 456. Antagonism of
the noble and civic classes at the end of the
fourteenth century, ii. 3. The middle class
preferred to the aristocracy by Charles VII.,
ii. 200. The nobles in his time devoid of
high aims or exalted duties, 201. Their
resistance to the tax levied for the mainte-
nance of a standing army, 205. This revolt
of the Praguerie put down, 207. But again
formed, 209. Their demands and the King's
answers, 210. The field taken against them
by the King, 211. Their submission, 213.
Their power and privileges under Charles
VII., 224. Concessions made to them by
Louis XI., 255. Vitality of the power of
the noblesse down to 1789, 247. Gradual

change in their habits and manners, 248.
Louis XI.'s treatment of them, 343, 346.
Statement of their grievances at the Estates
of Tours, 359. Limit of crown patronage
to them under Louis XII., 399. Causes
of the growth of a rampant aristocracy at
the beginning of the sixteenth century, 400.
Condition of the nobility in the time of
Francis I., 573. Their demands at the meet-
ing of the Estates of 1560, iii. 36. Mis-
trust of the nobles of the peasant as a sol-
dier, 62, 63. Charges of the marchands and
paysans against the nobles, 176. Rally to
Henry III., 240. Henry IV.'s belief in none
save his nobles, 324. Their idea of render-
ing themselves independent in their pro-
vinces, 325. Assembly of notables at Rouen,
327. Their quarrels with the Legists, 402,
403.

Their rebellion against Marie de Me-
dieis and her favourite Concini, 413. Their
submission to the King, 416. Give their
sanction to the establishment of the council
of state, 419, 420. Outburst of the grandees
in favour of Marie de Medicis, 424. Reduced
by the King in Angers, 426. Assembly of
notables in 1626, 469. Assembly of the no-
blesse in 1648, 612. Licentiousness of the no-
bility in the reign of Louis XIV., iv. 3. Dis-
appearance of education among the French
upper classes, 293. Their approval of the
views of Rousseau, 296. Their incapacity as
military officers, 304. Difficulties of dealing
with them in 1789, 405. Their treatment of
the commons in the National Assembly, 413.
Their proposals for self-spoliation, 432. See
Convention; Directory; Napoleon I.; Louis
XVIII.; Charles X.

Nogaret, William of, the chancellor, his solemn
accusations against the Pope, i. 329. Goes
on a mission to Italy. 330. Seizes the Pope

NOR

at Anagni, 331. Excommunicated by the
Pope, 330, 332. His accusations against the
Templars, 341, 342. His prosecution against
the memory of Pope Boniface VIII, 346.
Absolved by Clement V., 349. His family
stripped by Philip the Long, 375
Nominalists, their controversy with the Realists,

i. 135

Nonjuring priests, laws against, iv. 470, 472
Nordlingen, battles of, iii. 511, 569
Normandy, duchy of, given by Charles the
Simple to the chieftain Rollo, i. 53
Normandy reconquered by Henry I. of Eng-
land, i. 117. Liberties given to the towns
by the dukes, 124, note. Invaded by Philip
Augustus during the absence of Richard L
in the East, 160. Conquered by Philip
Augustus, 165. The restoration of it de-
manded of St. Louis by Richard of Cora-
wall, 232. Forced loans in Normandy sus-
pended and discontinued by Philip the Long,
376. The duchy under Henry, eldest son
of Henry I. of England, 146. Ravaged by
Godfrey de Harcourt, 467. The cession of,
demanded by Edward III. in direct sove-
reignty, 486. The demand rejected by the
French, 487. Surrender of all the towns of
Normandy to Henry V. of England, ii. 129.
Causes of the desire of the Normans to get rid
of their English masters, 184. Governed by
the Duke of Somerset, 225. The English
driven out of all Normandy north of the
Seine, 226. And also from the southern
part, 227, 228. The government given by
Louis XI. to the Count of Charolais, 254
Allowed by Louis XI. to retain its right
vote its own taxes, 255. His augmentation
of the taxation of the duchy, 256, note.
Contribute grudgingly to the recovery of
the towns north of the Somme, 263. Sepa
rated from the French crown, and given to
Charles, Duke of Berry, 274. The province
regained by Louis XI., 277. The province
decided by the Estates to be inseparabe
from the crown of France, 288. The Breton
driven by the Royalist out of Lower Nor-
mandy, 289. The government of, given to
the Duke of Alençon, 450. Unanimous
declaration of Normandy in favour of the
Huguenots, iii. 57. Catholic resuscitation,
and its causes, 61. Power of the Duke de
Longueville in, 599. Corn riots in, iv. 330
Normans, their incursions on the west coast of
France, i. 45. And up the rivers of France
and Germany, 46. Their pillage of Orleans
and Paris, 46. First successful resistance
to them on the Loire, 46. Advance of the
Norman chiefs from the Scheldt and from
Belgium, 49. The rich countries on the
Scheldt bestowed by Charles the Fat on
them, 49. Their chieftains murdered at a

OME

Louis XI., ii. 331. The camp of, visited by
Charles X., v. 363

Omer, St., besieged by the Flemings, i. 433.
Who retire before Philip VI., 433. Ceded to
Spain, iii. 667. Besieged by the French un-
der the Duke of Orleans, 696

Opdam, Dutch general, routed by the French,
iv. 88

Opera, an, given by Paris to the Duke of Guise,
ii. 630

Oppede, Baron d', his oppressions and exactions
on the Vaudois of Provence, ii. 582. Pro-
ceedings of the Lady of Cental against him,
594

Oran, conquest of, by Spain, iv. 201

Orange, Prince of, fails to reach the Huguenot
army, iii. 106

The

Orange, Prince of, precedes the French troops
into the duchy of Burgundy, ii. 328.
Prince's claims on Franche Compté, 328. Set
aside by the French, 328. The principal of
the Breton malcontents, 365. Opposes the
demands of Anne of Beaujeu, 365. Defea-
ted and taken prisoner at the battle of St.
Aubin, 368

Orange, Prince of, elected captain of the inva-
ders of Rome, ii. 499. Advances towards
Naples, 502

Orange, Prince of, ordered by the Emperor to
desist from his march against the Low Coun-
tries, iii. 130. Assassinated, iii. 198
Orange, troubles between the Catholics and
Protestants in, iii. 115

Orchies, ceded by Charles V. to the Flemings,
i. 521

Ordeal by battle, establishment of trial by, i.

10

Ordonnance of May, 1413, issued, ii. 96. Ob-
jects of the, 97

Ordonnances, promulgation of the, by the go-
vernment, v. 391. Recall of the, proposed
by the King, 405

Ordonneau, General, taken prisoner by the
Lyonese workmen, v. 455

Orgemont, D', his conspiracy, ii. 119

Oriflamme, the, of France, hoisted by Louis
VI., i. 112

Orlando, son of Charles VIII. of France, his
death, ii. 392

Orleans party, and the revival of its feud with

Go-

the Duke of Burgundy, ii. 80. Advance
with their troops towards Paris, 81. Con-
clude their ravages in Picardy, 85. Taken
at St. Cloud, and put to death, 85, 86. Their
reconciliation with the court, 99
Orleans, sacked by the Normans, i. 46.
verned by Robert, brother of King Eudes,
52. Unsuccessfully besieged by the Emperor
Otho, 59. Burning of heretic clergy in, 86.
The Church of Orleans defended by Louis
the Fat against the Count of Meun, 114.

ORL

Louis VII.'s treatment of the citizens, 132.
Municipal rights secured to the city by Philip
Augustus, 168. Excesses of the Pastoureat
in, 240. Punished and mulcted by Charles
VI., ii. 32. The siege of, by the Duke of
Bedford, 155. Efforts of the partisans f
Charles VII. 156. Their despair after the
battle of Herrings, 158. Appearance of
Jeanne d'Arc, 161. Who conveys a conver
into the beleaguered city, 164. Imperfect
investment of the city, 165. The siege raise
166. The Estates of the north summon-i
by Charles VII. to Orleans, 203. Decision in
favour of peace, 203. Taken by the Huge-
nots, iii. 56. Who ravage the churches there,
58. Besieged by the Duke of Guise, 72.
Massacre of the Huguenots at, 148. He
by the Leaguers against the King. 2.
The city surrendered to Henry IV., 307.
Treaty concluded with the Huguenots at, 483
The city held by the daughter of Gastos,
Duke of Orleans, 618

Refusal of several

Orleans, Edict of, iii. 37.
provincial parliaments to register it, 46. The
citizens fall upon the Convention's commis-
sary, iv. 571

Orleans, New, how colonized, iv. 169
Orleans, Duke of, youngest son of Henry II.
See Angoulême, Duke of
Orleans, Gaston, Duke of. See Gaston
Orleans, Duke of (son of the Regent), becomes.
by the death of his father, presumptive ber
to the throne, iv. 185, 189. His Jansenis
257. Favours the restoration of the judges.
343. His conduct in command of a divis
of a French fleet, 357. His hatred of th
Queen Marie Antoinette, 375, 392

Orleans, Philippe, Duke of, brother of Locks
XIV. See Philip

Orleans, Philip (Egalité), Duke of. See Philip
Orleans, Louis Philippe, Duke of. See Louis
Philippe, King of the French
Orleans, Duke of, son of Louis Philippe, quell-
the insurrection at Lyons, v. 456. Visits the
Hôtel Dieu, 462. Austrian alliance propos
for, 502. Russian and Prussian matrimonia'
speculations, 503. Marries a princess d
Mecklenburg Strelitz, 503. Married at For-
tainebleau, 511. His character, 562.
death, 562, 563

Orleans, Duchess of (see Marie Amelie), e-
jects to the elevation of the Duke, 407

408

Orleans, Duchess of (daughter-in-law of th
preceding), left by Louis Philippe with
children, v. 594. Determines to claim
crown for her son, and repairs to Chamber
Deputies, 595.
Fails in her attempt, a.
retires to St. Cloud, 598. Claremont offere
to her and the royal family, 599
Orleans, Bastard of. See Dunois

ORM

Ormée, the Bordeaux republic so called, iii. 633
Ormesson, appointed controller-general, iv.
367. His administration, 367, 368
Ormond, Duke of, succeeds Marlborough in
Flanders, iv. 109. Ordered to abandon Hol-
land and Prince Eugène, 113. Ordered to
declare neutrality, 114. Takes Ghent and
Bruges, 115. Sails with the Pretender to
Scotland, 145

Ornano, Marshal, attends the Council for ar-
ranging the murder of Henry of Guise, iii.
229. Sent to arrest the Duke of Mayenne,
234. Becomes the favourite of Gaston, bro-
ther of Louis XIII., 464. Arrested, 465.
Expires in prison, 466

Oropeza, exiled, iv. 77

|

PAL

Ott, General, encounters Lannes and is de-
feated, v. 84, 85

Otto, M., and Mr. Addington, v. 107
Oudenarde, besieged by Philip von Arteveld,
ii. 25. The siege raised, 27. Siege of, by
the Prince of Orange, iii. 690. Bombarded
by Louis XIV., iv. 26. Battle of, 100
Oudinot, Marshal, defeated by Bernadotte, v.
210, 211. Advances upon Rome, 640. De-
feated by Garibaldi, he retreats to Civita
Vecchia, 640. Concludes an unsatisfactory
armistice, 640. Receiving reinforcements
again marches and occupies the heights of
Rome, 640

Oulen, Archbishop, celebrates a Te Deum, v.
390. His prognostication, 391

His financial administration, 249.

missed, 250

Dis-

Orsini, faction of the, in Rome, ii. 417
Orsini, Princess, her influence in Madrid, iv. 145
Orthes, Vicomte d', refuses to murder the Hu-
guenots at Bayonne, iii. 149
Orvilliers, Admiral d', commands the French
Channel fleet, iv. 356
Ostend, fortified by the Protestants, iii. 366.

v. 147. Used by Fouché to negotiate peace
with Fox, 171. Offers to feed the French
army, 327, 328. Neglected by Villèle, and
sent to prison, 346

Oxenstiern, Swedish chancellor, effects of his
energy and talents, iii. 510. His offers to
France, 511

366. Captured by Louis XV., iv. 233. Eva-
cuated by the French, 288. The Ostend
Company abandoned, 199

Oswego, attacked by Moncalm, iv. 264
Otaheite, island of, taken possession of by Ad-
miral Thouars, v. 556

Otho I., Emperor of Germany, his supremacy
over Eastern and Belgian France favoured
by Hugh, Duke of France, i. 56. His con-
quest of Lorraine, 57. His invasion of
France, 59. His failure there, 59, 60. Calls
a council to excommunicate Duke Hugh, 60.
His death, 63

His

Otho, son of Hugh the Great, Duke of France,
becomes Duke of Burgundy, i. 61.
death, 61

Otho, son of Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony,
created by Richard I. of England Duke of
Aquitaine and Poitou, 162. Named for the
empire, and supported by the Pope, 162
Otho, Duke of Brunswick, declines the challenge

of Henry of Lancaster to single combat, i. 449
Otho II., Emperor of Germany, at Aix, i. 64.
Attempt of Lothaire, Count of Laon, to sur-
prise him there, 64, 65. His march to Paris,
65.
Holds a meeting with Lothaire, 65.
And with Hugh Capet, 66. His death, 66
Otho III., Emperor of Germany, endeavours of
Henry of Bavaria to set him aside, i. 66
Otho IV., Emperor of Germany, dethroned by
Pope Innocent III., i. 187. His rival, Fre-
derick II., 188. Defeated by Philip Augustus
at the battle of Bovines, 189, 190
Otranto, captured by the Turks, ii. 379
VOL. V.

proscribing the Girondists, iv. 577. Ad-
vises the Convention, 581. Excuses himself
to the Convention, 584

Pacific Islands, taken by the French, v. 556
Paderborn, baptism of the Saxons at, i. 27
Padua submits to the French, ii. 429. But.
defended subsequently, 430

Paine, Tom, propounds the trial of Louis XVI.
as a public robber, iv. 547. Expostulates
with Convention in behalf of the King, 554
Marat's question as to a republic, 592
Palais Royal, death of Cardinal Richelieu at
the, iii. 541. Alterations of the Duke of
Orleans in the, iv. 396. Politicians congre-
gated in the, 420. Harangue of Camille
Desmoulins at, 422. Thundering of the
Palais Royal against the veto, 434.

Palatinate, proposals to relieve it, iii. 451,
452. Occupied by a Spanish force, 453.
The Lower restored to the Elector, 576.
Ravaged by the French, 688. A portion
claimed by Louis XIV., iv. 26. Devastated
by Louis XIV., 35. The Upper Palatinate
given to the Elector of Bavaria, 119. The
Elector's reception of the Duke of Anjou, 163
Palermo, massacre of the French in, i. 287
Palestine, feuds between the Christians and

between the Mohammedans, i. 227. Mania
of children to set off to Palestine, 289.
Desire of Pope Gregory X. to free, 284
Palisse, La, wounded at Genoa, ii. 424. In
command of the French army in Italy, 436.
Retires to Piedmont, 437. Crosses the Alps
into Italy, 453. His death at Pavia, 484

PAL

Pallavicini, execution of, ii. 473
Palli, Count Lucchesi, marries Duchess of
Berry, v. 478
Palmerston, Lord, and the Quadruple Alliance,
v. 490. Proposes that the French should
pursue Don Carlos, 500. Complains of the
French protective duties, 520. Quarrels with
the French Government on the Eastern
Question, 521. Grants the request for the
transfer of Napoleon's remains to France,
522, 536. Objects to the position of Mehe-
met Ali in Syria, 530. Sends a fleet to the
Bosphorus, 530. Arranges with Marshal
Soult the boundaries of Turkey and Egypt,
530, 531. Discussion as to the Turkish
fleet, 531. Proposes terms of alliance with
France, 531, et seq. Discusses with Guizot
the Eastern question, 533. His clever
negotiations, 534. Signs the treaty of the
Dardanelles, 546. Objects to French pos-
session of Algeria, 559. His opinion as to
the Spanish marriage and French influence,
566. Proposes Don Enrique as husband for
Queen Isabella, 569. Deprecates retrograde
policy of France in Switzerland, 570. His
Italian policy, 570

Pamiers, De Saisset, Bishop of, his dispute
with the Count de Foix, i. 318. Appointed
legate to the French court, 318. Insults
Philip the Fair, 318. Arrested and prose-
cuted by the Crown, 319. His part taken
by the Pope, 320. Released, 321. His
mission disapproved by the prelates, 324
Pampeluna relieved by Sir Thomas Trivet, i.
546. Taken by Lesparre, ii. 470
Pandours, their ravages in Bavaria, iv. 219
Paoli, Pascal, heads the liberated Corsicans,
iv. 317. Defeated by the French, 318.
Parc aux Cerfs, Louis XV.'s seraglio in the, iv.
262, 297

Paré, Amboise, amputates Coligny's finger, iii.
135. His life spared by Charles IX., 151
Parien, M., minister of public instruction, v. 646
Paris, the city threatened by the Normans, who
are bought off by Charles the Bald, i. 46.
Subsequently pillaged by them, 46. Great
siege by the Normans, who are repulsed by
Count Eudes, 50. Governed by Robert,
brother of King Eudes, 52. The city at the
end of the tenth century, 65. Attempt of
the Emperor Otho II. on, 65. Guilds of
corporations in the middle ages, 84. Im-
portance of Paris as a centre in the eleventh
century, 71. Arrangements for governing
the city during the absence of Philip Au-
gustus in the East, 157, 158. Its municipal
rights secured by Philip Augustus, 168.
Improvements of this King, 194. Excesses
of the Pastoureaux, 240. Arrangements of
St. Louis for the magistracy and police, 268.
Ferocious quarrel between the English and

PAR

Picard students in the University, 298. Se
dition on account of the adulteration of the
coin, 338. The ringleaders hanged, 338.
Wealth of the citizens in the reign of Philip
the Fair, 361. Reputation and authority of
its University, 361. Number of men-at-
arms kept up by the city in the time of
Charles the Fair, 381. Duty levied by the
city on all sales and purchases in the
markets, 418. The suburbs devastated by
the Black Prince, 424. Ravages of the
plague of 1348, 439. Provisions for the
safety of the city after the battle of Poitiers,
465. Establishment of a civic force by the
Estates, 465. Democratic tendencies of the
citizens, 475. The city commanded by the
Regent with 700 lances, 479. Revolution
in his favour, 481. Privileges granted by
Charles V., 517. Knollis and the English
before the city, 526. Reception of Charles
VI. by the Parisians, ii. 8. Their turbu
lence, 8. Sack of the Jews' quarter, 9. Im-
provements of the Prevost Aubriot, 15.
Insurrection of the Maillotins, 23. Who
refuse to pay heavy taxes, 23, 24. Com-
promise with the court, 24. Rebellion
during the absence of the King in Flanders.
29. Proposal of the rebels to raise all the
fortresses near Paris, 29. Subjection of the
citizens, 30. Who are punished, and
mulcted of immense sums, 30, 31. Solem
entry of the Duke of Burgundy after the
murder of his cousin, 58. Withdrawal of
the court on the news of the battle of Has-
bain, 63. Privileges granted by the Duke of
Burgundy, 79. Repugnance of the citizen
to him, 80. The environs ravaged by the
Orleanists, 83. Resolutions excited in Paris
83.

84.

Cruelties of the ascendant butchers
Quarrels of the lower orders with the
1
Duke of Orleans, 89. The people besiege
the provost Des Essarts in the Bastille,
And demand entrance into the palace, 94.
Into which they force themselves, insult the
Dauphin and carry off the ladies of the
court to prison, 94-96. Struggle betwe
the Cabochiens and the Armagnacs for the
mastery of the city, 100. Triumph of the
latter, 101, 102. Answer of the Duke of
Berry to the citizens, 108. Tyranny of the
Constable Armagnac, 119, 121. Who is
the attempts of the Duke of Burgundy
enter the city, 122. The city
to the Burgundians, 124. Who
Constable Armagnac and his party, 194
Ferocity of the people, 125. Attack on t
prisons, 125. Murder of the Genoese met
cenaries, 125. Entry of the Duke of B
gundy and the Queen into the city, 12
The riots of the populace put down by the
Duke, 126. The pestilence of 1418, 12

handed ove

massacre