33. Reverses directorial policy at Rome, 33. His foreign policy the reverse of the Directory, 34. Opposes the Convention, and supported by Carnot, 34. Refuses to command the coup d'état of the triumvirate but sends Augereau, 36. Warned, by Laval- lette, of the Assembly, 36. Refuses to carry out revolutionary views of Directory with regard to Europe, 39. Supports his armies by despoiling North Italian cities, 39. Dis- putes with Cobentzel about peace of Leoben, and threatens Austria, 40. Signs treaty of Campo Formio, 40. Impresses the Con- vention and Directory with his superiority, 41. Directory intend him to descend on England, but their plans treated with con- tempt, 42. Disapproves of measures against Constitutionalists, 42. Refuses to head in- vasion of England, 43, 44. Ordered to invade Egypt, 44, 46. Countermanded to attack Austria, but declines, 46. Commands Egyptian expedition, and sails from Toulon, 47. Lands in Egypt, 47. Battle of Aboukir, 48. Battle of the Pyramids, 48. Besieges Acre, but fails, 48. Combat of Nazareth, and battle of Monthabor, 49. Retreats to valley of the Nile, 50. Fruits of all his
victories in Italy lost by incompetency of General Scherer, 57-59. Leaves Egypt and lands at Bay of Frejus, 66. His reception by the Directory, 66. Offers his alliance to Gohier and Moulins, 66. Seeks to enter Directory, 67. Revolution of the 18th Brumaire, 68-73. Made consul, 75. Takes the chair at the consulate, 77. Makes him- self first consul, 78. Takes up his abode at the Tuileries, 78. Does not disguise his ambition, 79. Commencement of his rule, 81. His military plans, 82. Crosses Mont St. Bernard, 83, 84. Ivrea, 84. Genoa, 84. His Italian campaign, 83, et seq. Defeated at first by Melas at Marengo, but afterwards regains the battle by Desaix, 86. Accepts Melas' offers of peace, 87. Returns to Paris, breaks off peace negotiations, and renews hostilities, 89. Battle of Hohenlinden, 90. Presents Malta to the Czar Paul, 90. His views regarding Austria, 90. Signs treaty of Luneville, 91. Strikes a blow at Catholic sacerdotalism, 91. His main thoughts turn upon England, 91. His designs against, 91, et seq. Conclusion of Egyptian expedition, 94, 95. Negotiations for peace with Eng- land, 95. Preliminaries for peace signed in London, 96. Attempts re-conquest of San Domingo, 96. Peace of Amiens, 97. His policy at home, 97. Plot to assassinate, 98. Inclines to monarchy, 99. Creates the Legion of Honour, 100. Reforms the code, 100. Restores and reforms the Church, 101. The Institute and Senatorial Body of Learn-
ing receive his support, 102. Proposes a repetition of 18th Brumaire, 103. His foreign policy as First Consul, 104, 105. His rela- tions with Switzerland, 105. Projects for reorganising Germany, 106. Remonstrates with English government about Peltier, 107. Mr. Addington's remonstrances, 107. His conversations with Lord Whitworth, 108- 112. Peace propositions being rejected, de- clares war against England, 113. War preparations, 113. George Cadoudal at- tempts life of First Consul, 113. Gratifies his thirst for vengeance on the conspirators, 114. Arrests and murders the Duke d'En- ghien, 114, 115. Pardons Moreau, 116. Con- templates divorce from Josephine, 116, 117. Views of the succession, 116. Proclaimed Emperor of the French, 117. Appoints his court officers, 118. Crowns himself and Josephine, 118. Is crowned king of Italy at Milan, 119. Unites Genoa and other cities to France, 119. Attempts invasion of Eng- land by his flotilla, 120. Attempts to decoy Nelson, 120. Treats with Prussia and Ba- varia, 121. Transfers Boulogne camp to the Rhine, 122. Defeats Alexander at Austerlitz, 124. Meets the Emperor Francis at the Mill, 125. His harsh terms on Austria, 125. Nominates Joseph King of Naples, Forms Confederation of the Rhine, 126. Gives Frankfort to Duke d'Alberg, 126. Portions out the Continent, 124-128. War with Prussia, 127, et seq. Defeats Prussians at Jena, 129, 130. Enters Berlin, 130. Visits tomb of Frederick the Great, and takes his sword and star, 131. Declares England in a state of blockade, 132. The Berlin decree, 132, 133. His generous sentiments towards Poland, 134. Renews hostilities with Prussia, 134. And Russia, 134. Battle of Eylau, 134. Proposes peace to Prussia, 136. Defeats Benningsen at Friedland, though he failed at Heilsberg, 136, 137. His interview with Alexander at Tilsit, 138. Apportions and spoils various kingdoms of Europe, 137-145. His prodigal court ex- penditure, 146. His treatment of capitalist contractors, 147. Invades the Papacy and dethrones the Pope, 149. Projects invasion of Spain, 150. His policy towards Russia, 150. Meets Alexander at Erfurt, 150, 156. Invades Portugal, 152. Invades Spain by Murat, who orders Ferdinand to France, 153. Forces Ferdinand to abdicate the throne, 154. His policy in Spain, 154, et seq. His wars in Spain, 155, et seq. Instals Joseph King of Spain, 156. Renews nego- tiations with Alexander, and proposes a family alliance, 157, 170. Pursues Sir John Moore, but recalled to Paris by warlike pre- parations of Austria, 157. Battle of Corunna,
157. His designs against the Turks, 158, 159. Suspicions of Austria, and consequent negotiations, 160. Birth of the Tugenbund, 161. Proposed rising of all Germany, 161. Renewed war with Austria, 161. Defeats Archduke Charles at Eckmuhl, 161. Arrives at Vienna, 162. Difficulties of this cam- paign, 162. Battles of Aspern and Essling, 163. Defeats Austrians at Wagram, 165, 166. Soult repulsed at Talavera, 166, 169, 179. Agrees to an armistice with Austria, 167. His generals defeated successively in Spain, 168, et seq. Marries Archduchess Maria Louisa, 169. His designs on the North, 171. Designs on Holland, 171. Proposals of peace to England, 171. Divides Holland into French departments, 172. His Northern policy, 173. The Senatus Con- sultum, 173. His policy towards America, 174. Metternich proposes concessions for Austria, 175. Treaty of St. Petersburg, 177. Disagreements with Alexander, 177. With King of Rome, 179. Spanish campaign, 177, et seq. Warned by Jerome, 182. Holds a court at Dresden, 182. War with Russia, 183. His first successes, but resisted at Smolensko, 183-186. Disasters attending the campaign, 184. His temporising policy with Poland, 184. His discussions with generals at Witepsk, 185. Defeats Kutusoff at Borodino, and arrives at Moscow, 185–188. Burning of the city, 188. Sends overtures to Alexander, but refused, 189. Retreats
from Moscow, 190. Submits to his generals, 191. Horrors of the retreat, 190, et seq. Terrible passage of the Beresina, 192, et seq. Gives orders for burning the bridge over the Beresina, 193. Leaves his army at Smorgoni, 195. Conspiracy of Malet, 196. Advice of Metternich to, 196. Enrols the noble classes as gardes d'honneur, 197. Insulted in streets of Paris, 197. Renewed exertions for at- tacking Allied armies, 197, et seq. Battles of Lutzen and Leipzig, 201. Sanctions Metternich's proposal for a congress, 202. Overwhelmed at death of Duroc, 203. Dis- asters in Spain, 204. His interview with Metternich, 204. Yields to demands of Austria, and proposes treaty of Prague, 204, 205. His reverses in Spain, 206. European Powers in arms against, 208. Austria again enters the field, 208. Battle of Dresden, 209. His successes at Dresden counteracted by defeats of his marshals, 210. Marches against Bernadotte and Blucher, 211. Battles of Leipzig, 212. Retreats from Leipzig, 214. Defeats De Wrede at Hanau, 214. Tarries at Erfurt, where he receives negotiations of peace, &c., from Austria, 214, 215. Refuses Lord Aberdeen's offers, 215. His animosity to England, 216.
His refusal of negotiations leads the Allied Powers to invade France, 216. Prepares for defence, 217. Allows Pius VII. to leave Fontainebleau, 218. Sends Caulaincourt on another embassy, but fails, 218. Advances to meet his enemies, 218. Attacks Blucher at Brienne, 219. Defeats Schwarzenburg at La Rothière, 219. Defeats of Blucher and Austrians lead to renewed negotiations, 220. His successes induce him to alter basis of peace submitted by Caulaincourt, 221–223. Armistice of Lusigny, 222. Being limited in its extent, leads Napoleon to renewed attacks on Blucher, 224. Disaffection of his generals, 225. His evasions lead to breaking up at Chatillon, 225. Pursues the Allies to Paris, 226. Paris captured by the Allies, 227. Surprised at capture of Paris he commands his defeated troops to meet at Essonne, 228. At Fontainebleau with 70,000 men, 230. Deserted by his marshals, 230. Abdicates, 231. Deputes Caulaincourt, Ney, and Macdonald to proceed to Paris, and negotiate, 231. Abdicates at Fontainebleau, 232. Receives sovereignty of Elba, 232. Summary remarks on his career, 233, 234. Informed of discontent in France, 211. His removal to the Azores suggested, but pre- vented by Alexander, 241. Sets sail from Elba, and lands in Gulf of Juan, with 1.100 men, 242. Meets Royalist troops at La Frey and presents himself to their view, 244. Received with Vive l'Empereur!' and joined by Labédoyère, 244. Enters Lyons, 244. Joined by Ney, 245. Appoints his ministry, 245. His reception at Paris, 246. Draws up a new constitution with B. Con- stant, 247. Organises an army, 248. Joined by Murat, 249. Deserted by Maria Louisa, 249. Visits Malmaison with Hortense, 249. Appointing a provisional government, leaves Paris for the army, 250. Remarkable co- versation with Fouché, 250. Joins his army, 251. Campaign of Waterloo, 251, et seq. Crosses the Sambre, 251. Engages Prussians at Ligny, 252. Battle of Quatre Bas, 252 BATTLE OF WATERLOO, 253. Defeated by Wellington, he returns to Paris, 255. Li- cien's sinister advice, 256. Abdicates in favour of his son, 256. Resigning all hopes he departs for Rochefort, 258. Embarks on board a French frigate at Charente, 260. His death, 323. His remains demanded of English government, 521, 536. Buried under the dome of the Invalides, 522, 536 Napoleon II., his birth, v. 178 Napoleon III., Emperor of the French, son of Louis Buonaparte and Hortense, his edz cation and prospects, v. 505. His residenz
in Switzerland, 505. Attempts the Stras- burg conspiracy, 506, et seq. Taken prisoner,
507. Banished to America with 6,000l., 507. His attempt on Boulogne, 536. rested and sent prisoner to Ham, 537. Sends in his adhesion to the Second Republic, 605. Rejected and banished by the Provisional Government, 605. Eyes of the Assembly directed towards, 623. Returned as mem- ber of the Assembly, 623. Lamartine and Cavaignac attempt to force a decree of exile against, 623. His modest letter makes the Assembly reject this proposal, 624. Takes his seat as deputy, 634. Accepts candidate- ship for president, 635. Elected president, 635. Forms his first cabinet, 637. Aims to get rid of the Assembly, 637. His measures of finance, 637. Closes certain anarchic clubs, 638. Extinguishes moderate repub- licanism, 638. Proceeds cautiously in his measures, both domestic and foreign, 638, et seq. Leans to the Monarchists, 641. His government threatened, 641. Rise of the Republican Socialists, 642. Quells the in- surrection, 643, 644. Attacks one enemy at a time, 644. His measures to put down Cavaignac and the Republican party, 644. Opposes, yet tries to conciliate the Monarch- ists, 645. Resolves on changing his ministry, 646. His second cabinet, 646. His message to the Assembly, 646, 647. Alarmed at the revival of Socialism, consults the parlia- mentary chiefs how to put it down, 648. His plans unsettled, 648. Resolves on a tour through the provinces, 649. Visits Lyons, 649. Breaks with the parliamentary chiefs, 650. Demands revision of the constitution, 650. His tendency to the Empire discovered by Changarnier, 650. Dismisses Chan- garnier, 650, et seq. His policy towards the Assembly, 650. Changes his cabinets, 651, 652, 653, 656. Sells his horses to assume the attitude of poverty, 652. Measures of the Assembly and Changarnier to counteract his policy, 653. Appeals to the Assembly about renewal of the presidentship, 653. The Assembly and its chiefs find it impos- sible to set aside his claims to be again elected president, 654. The project of the coup d'état, 655. Decides to adopt ultra- constitutional measures to be re-elected pre- sident, 655. Determined on changing law of 31st May, and changes his ministry, 656. Compromise suggested by the Assembly, 657. Proposition to transfer his command of the army, 657. Declared hors de loi, 659. Resolves to dissolve the Assembly, 659. His speech to French manufacturers, 659. The coup d'état, 660. Arrests members of the Assembly, 660, 661. Decree dissolving the Assembly, 661. Abrogates law of 31st May, 661. Paris declared in a state of siege and council of state dissolved, 661. Address to the
nation, 661. His propositions for a new go- vernment, 662. Re-enacts system of the First Consul, 662. Opposed by various members of the Assembly, whom he arrests and con- veys to prison, 663. Clubs of Democrats raise an insurrection which he defeats, 664. Forms a new ministry, 664. Vote of the 7,500,000, who approve of the revolution, 665. End of the Parliamentary Regime, and rise of the Second Empire, 665
Napier, Admiral Sir Charles, threatens Alex- andria and compels Mehemet Ali to sign conditions of peace, v. 538
Narbonne, Count of, refuses to acknowledge the suzerainty of the pope or bishop, i. 318 Narbonne, severity of Philip the Fair to the towns of, i. 338. Depopulated by the plague, 439. Pillaged by the Black Prince, 455 Narbonne, Viscount of, slain at the battle of Narbonne, ii. 150. His body gibbeted, 151 Narbonne, young Count of, minister of war, iv. 473. Tries to conciliate the parties in the Assembly, 473. Wins their confidence, 473. Dismissed by the King, aad appeals to the Assembly, 479
Narvaez, General, intrigues to marry Count Trapani to Queen Isabella, v. 567 Nassau, Count of. See Louis, Count of Nassau Nassau, Count of, commands the Imperialists, and takes Guise, ii. 540. Besieges Peronne, 540
Nation, difficulty of founding a, i. 1. Differ-
ence between a nation and an empire, 2. The idea of a nation completely embodied by France, 2
National Guards formed, iv. 424. Commanded by Lafayette, 427. Fire upon and disperse a mob in the Champs de Mars, 463. Their encounter with the Fédérés, 507. Refuse to obey the orders of Mandar, 510. Join the insurgents, 512, 513. Ebullition of feeling manifested by, towards Charles X., v. 361. Their reception of the Duchess de Berry, 361. Dissolved by the King, 362. They pile their arms and retire, pleased that they have no longer to defend the Bourbons, 362. Their restoration, 389, 403. The Deputies appoint Lafayette commander of, 403. Or- ganisation of the, 430. Compelled by Buona- partists to present arms at funeral of General Lamarque, 469. Each member of, to have the election franchise, 542. Favourable to revolution of February, 1848, 587. Frater- nise with the people, 587. Ledru Rollin's measures respecting, 613, 614. These mea- sures rescinded, 614
National,' newspaper, destroyed by the police, v. 394. Designates the Upper Chamber as the Hospital of Incurables, 548. Prosecu- tion of, 549. Naumbourg, battle of, v. 129
Navailles, Sieur de, slain defending the Duke
of Burgundy, ii. 134 Navarette, battle of, i. 513, 514 Navarino, battle of, v. 368, 372 Navarre, Jeanne, the heiress of the Thibauds, married to Philip the Fair, i. 290. The king- dom of, conferred on Philip d'Evreux, 330. Kept by the King of Aragon, ii. 259. Con- quered by Ferdinand V., and added to the Spanish crown, 437. Invasion of the French for the recovery of the kingdom for D'Albret, 470. The French driven out by the Casti- lians, 471
Navarreins, fortress of, taken from the Hugue- nots, iii. 429
Navarro, Peter, the engineer at Bologna, ii. 434. At Ravenna, 435. Taken prisoner there, 436. Takes service with Francis I. 452. At Marignano, 455. Sent with the Venetian and French fleets to blockade Genoa, 496. Taken by the Imperialists and ordered to be executed, 504 Navy, formation of a, by the Duc de Choiseul,
iv. 313. See Convention; Directory; Na- poleon I. and II.; Louis Philippe Necker, the Swiss banker, his financial views, iv. 350. Appointed controller-general, 354. His reforms, 354. His financial system, 361. Publication of his Compte rendu,' 362. His recommendation of provincial assemblies, 362.
His quarrel with Maurepas, 365, 366. Resigns, 366. His quarrel with Calonne, 385. Exiled, 388. Refuses Brienne to re- turn to office, but subsequently re-appointed, 402, 403. His first acts, 403. Recalls the Parliament, 403. His plan of a royal sitting overruled, 415, 416. His resignation and resumption of office, 419. His knowledge of a plan for a counter-revolution, 422. Dis- missed, 422. Returns to office, 432. Pun- ished and extinguished by Mirabeau, 432. Loses his prestige, 443. Rejection of his proposals, 416
Neerwinden, battle of, iv. 46, 563
Negrepelisse, inhabitants of, massacred, iii.
Nelson, Admiral, watches the French expedi- tion to Egypt, v. 47. Defeats the French at Aboukir, 48. At Naples, 45. Attempted decoy of, to West Indies, 120. Informs his government of French intentions, 121. Fights the battle of Trafalgar, 125 Nemours, treaty of, iii. 204
Nemours, Jacques d'Armagnac, Duke of, joins a league against Louis XI., ii. 267. Feigns to rally to the King, 269. His plot against Louis XI., ii. 296. Defeated, and takes the oaths of fidelity to the King, 296. Arrested by Louis XI., for treason, 336. torture, 336. Executed, 337 Nemours, Louis d'Armagnac, Duke of (son of
preceding), appointed Viceroy of Naples, ii. 413. Defeated at Seminara, 414. Killed, 415
Nemours, Duke of, takes Castelnau and throws him into prison, iii. 20. Breaks his promise to Castelnau, 20, 22, note
Nemours, Duke of, temp. Francis II. and Charles IX), his plot to carry off a younger brother of Charles IX., iii. 49. Refuses to execute the treaty of Longjumeau, 99. Defeats a Huguenot force under Mouvans, 101. E- deavours to intercept the Duke of Deux Ponts, 104. Entrusted with the defence of Paris for the League, 268. His measures, 268, 269
Nemours, Gonzaga, Duke of, seeks to become master of Lyons, iii. 307. Defeated and imprisoned by the archbishop, 307, 30% Resists the King's troops at Lyons, 314 Nemours, Duke of, joins the rebellion unk: Condé, iii. 618. Wounded in the conflict be tween Condé and Nemours, 624
Nemours, Duke of (son of King Louis Philippe), proposed and elected as King of the Belgians, v. 434. Prevented by his father from being king, 434. Proposed grant of Rambouillet to, 509, 523, 524. His marriage, 523. dotation refused, 523, 524. Distinguishes himself in Algeria, 560. His character, 563. Appointed regent of the young Duke of Paris, 563. Sanctions Prince Joinville's letter, 574
Neresheim, battle of, v. 24
Nesle, Raoul de, Constable, takes the chief towns of Gascony from the English for Philip th- Fair, i. 308. At the battle of Courtray, where he and his brother are killed, 326, 327 Nesle, besieged and taken by Duke Charles of Burgundy, ii. 301
Netherlands, insurrection of the Protestants in the, iii. 90. March of Alva into the, 99.
Ceded to Austria, iv. 117. See also Holland Neuborg, Count of, his claim to the duchy of Cleves, iii. 374
Neuchâteau, François de, chosen director, v. 38 Neuperg, General, defeated by Frederick the Great at Mohlwitz, iv. 216
Neustadt, meeting of the Emperor Joseph II. and Frederick the Great at, iv. 317 Neustria, formation of the kingdom of, i. 8. Difference between its habits and laws and those of Austrasia, 8. Joined by Clothair- II. to the empire, 11. Again becomes inde- pendent, 12. Antagonism of Neustria ari Austrasia, 12. Defeat of the Austrasiaus br the Neustrians at the battle of Loixi, 12 Pepin's conquest of Neustria at the battle Testria, 13. Charles Martel's defeat of the Neustrians at the battle of Vincy, 15. Decliz of the military spirit in the time of Charles the Bald, 45
Neutrality, the armed, of the North, iv. 358; |
V. 93 Neutz besieged by Charles, Duke of Burgundy, ii. 311. Who raises the siege, 313 Neuville, Hyde de, marine minister, v. 366. Presses for liberation of Greece, 372. Pro- poses conference with the peers relative to placing Duke of Orleans at the head of the government, 409
Nevers, restored to the court of Flanders, i. 334. Engages to pay a large sum to Ed- ward III. of England, 488. Rising of the Huguenots in, iii. 151
Nevers, Count of, son of Robert III. of Flan- ders, his death in imprisonment, i. 378. His son becomes Count of Flanders, 378 Nevers, Count of, slain at Agincourt, ii. 114 Nevers, John, Count of, remains true to Louis XI., ii. 269. Captured in Peronne by the Burgundians, 275. Has a command in the regular army, 275. Sent by Louis XI. of France to foment disorders in Brabant, 284. Nevers, Count of, escapes from St. Quentin, ii. 626. Rallies and shows a front to the Im- perialists, 627. His cruelties to the Protes- tants of Bar, Troyes, and Chatillon, iii. 64. Joins the council preceding the St. Bartho- lomew massacre, 138
Nevers, Gonzaga, Duke of, protests against the cession of fortresses to the Duke of Savoy, iii. 165. Placed by Henry III. at the head of the army, 225. Desertion of the gentry of his army, 241. Hesitates to recognise Henry IV., 257. Entrusted with the com- mand of part of the north, 316. Implores Queen Elizabeth for 4,000 men, 317. His death, 319
Nevers, Duke of, joins the Prince of Condé and Duke of Bouillon in seizing Mezières, iii. 398. Conclusion of the treaty of St. Mene- hould, 399. Nevers promised the govern- ment of Champagne, 399. Retires to his strongholds, and prepares for resistance, 407. Repairs to Soissons, 413. Loses a fleet at Blavet, 455. His claim to the duchy of Mantua, and the complications arising out of it, 480. Abandoned to the mercy of the Emperor by the treaty of Ratisbon, 496 Nevers, De, taken prisoner at Pavia, ii. 485 Newfoundland ceded to England, iv. 117. Value of the fishing off, to the French, 283. The right to fish conceded to France, 287 Newspapers, the, of the middle of the eigh- teenth century, iv. 289
Ney, Marshal, crosses the Dnieper, v. 192. De- feated at Dennewitz, 211. Sent to oppose Napoleon, but joins his standard, 245. Ar- rested, 262. His trial and death, 274, 275. His death restores the Buonapartists to na- tional sympathy, 275 Nezib, battle of, v. 530
Nice, burned by the combined French and Turk- ish troops, ii. 557, 558. Captured by the French under Catinat, iv. 41. Restored to Savoy, 59
Nicea, conquest of, by the Crusaders, i. 107 Nicholas, Emperor of Russia, warns the King, V. 90. Grants a loan to Louis Philippe, His ill-will to Louis Philippe, 488.
His interference with the Eastern Question prevented, 491. Opposes the marriage of the young Duke of Orleans, 503. By treaty of Unkiar Skelessi gets half of the Turkish empire, 529, 530
Nicholas III., Pope, his hostility to Charles of Anjou, i. 284
Nicholas IV., Pope, releases Charles II. of Naples from his oaths, i. 301 Nicopolis, battle of, ii. 46
Nielles, Jean de, his oration on the adminis- tration of the Duke of Orleans, ii. 51 Nieuport, evacuated by the French, iv. 288 Nimeguen, treaty of, iii. 701 Niort, town of, surrenders to the French, i. 530. Taken by Du Guesclin from the Eng- lish, 533. Regained by the Duke of Alen- çon, ii. 213. Given up to the Duke d'Alen- çon, 170
Nismes, circus of, battered by Charles Martel, i. 17. Cruelties of the Duke of Berri at, ii. 12. Taken by the Huguenots, iii. 108. The Huguenot assembly at, 408. Persecution of the Protestants of, iv. 256. Massacre of them, 264
Nivernois, Duke of, goes to London to nego- tiate peace, iv. 287 Noailles, Marshal Duc de, crushes Protestant- ism in Montpellier, iv. 15. And in the Vivarais, 16. His remonstrance against the terms of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 18. Captures Rosas and Gerona, 48. His inability to cope with the financial embarrassments of the kingdom, 146, 160. Orders a recoinage, 158. Spoils the national creditors, 159. Reduces the army and civil employés, 160. His influence at court, 225. Persuades Louis XV. to be his own minister, 225. Defeated at Dettingen, 227. Exiled from court, 185. Appointed marshal by Louis XVI., 348
Noailles, Viscount de, his proposal for the abo- lition of feudal privileges, iv. 431 Noailles, Cardinal de, appointed to preside over a new ecclesiastical council, iv. 141 Nobility, Nobles, a line drawn between the French and English noblesse by St. Louis, i. 225. The French nobles impassively allow their privileges to pass out of their hands, 226. Louis X.'s concessions to the noblesse, 365. Difference between the demands of the northern and southern barons, 366. Their recovery of their power and authority under
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