NAP

33. Reverses directorial policy at Rome,
33. His foreign policy the reverse of the
Directory, 34. Opposes the Convention,
and supported by Carnot, 34. Refuses to
command the coup d'état of the triumvirate
but sends Augereau, 36. Warned, by Laval-
lette, of the Assembly, 36. Refuses to carry
out revolutionary views of Directory with
regard to Europe, 39. Supports his armies
by despoiling North Italian cities, 39. Dis-
putes with Cobentzel about peace of Leoben,
and threatens Austria, 40. Signs treaty of
Campo Formio, 40. Impresses the Con-
vention and Directory with his superiority,
41. Directory intend him to descend on
England, but their plans treated with con-
tempt, 42. Disapproves of measures against
Constitutionalists, 42. Refuses to head in-
vasion of England, 43, 44. Ordered to
invade Egypt, 44, 46. Countermanded to
attack Austria, but declines, 46. Commands
Egyptian expedition, and sails from Toulon,
47. Lands in Egypt, 47. Battle of Aboukir,
48. Battle of the Pyramids, 48. Besieges
Acre, but fails, 48. Combat of Nazareth,
and battle of Monthabor, 49. Retreats to
valley of the Nile, 50. Fruits of all his

victories in Italy lost by incompetency of
General Scherer, 57-59. Leaves Egypt and
lands at Bay of Frejus, 66. His reception
by the Directory, 66. Offers his alliance to
Gohier and Moulins, 66. Seeks to enter
Directory, 67. Revolution of the 18th
Brumaire, 68-73. Made consul, 75. Takes
the chair at the consulate, 77. Makes him-
self first consul, 78. Takes up his abode at
the Tuileries, 78. Does not disguise his
ambition, 79. Commencement of his rule,
81. His military plans, 82. Crosses Mont
St. Bernard, 83, 84. Ivrea, 84. Genoa, 84.
His Italian campaign, 83, et seq. Defeated
at first by Melas at Marengo, but afterwards
regains the battle by Desaix, 86. Accepts
Melas' offers of peace, 87. Returns to Paris,
breaks off peace negotiations, and renews
hostilities, 89. Battle of Hohenlinden, 90.
Presents Malta to the Czar Paul, 90. His
views regarding Austria, 90. Signs treaty
of Luneville, 91. Strikes a blow at Catholic
sacerdotalism, 91. His main thoughts turn
upon England, 91. His designs against, 91,
et seq. Conclusion of Egyptian expedition,
94, 95. Negotiations for peace with Eng-
land, 95. Preliminaries for peace signed in
London, 96. Attempts re-conquest of San
Domingo, 96. Peace of Amiens, 97. His
policy at home, 97. Plot to assassinate, 98.
Inclines to monarchy, 99. Creates the
Legion of Honour, 100. Reforms the code,
100. Restores and reforms the Church, 101.
The Institute and Senatorial Body of Learn-

126.

NAP

ing receive his support, 102. Proposes a
repetition of 18th Brumaire, 103. His foreign
policy as First Consul, 104, 105. His rela-
tions with Switzerland, 105. Projects for
reorganising Germany, 106. Remonstrates
with English government about Peltier, 107.
Mr. Addington's remonstrances, 107. His
conversations with Lord Whitworth, 108-
112. Peace propositions being rejected, de-
clares war against England, 113. War
preparations, 113. George Cadoudal at-
tempts life of First Consul, 113. Gratifies
his thirst for vengeance on the conspirators,
114. Arrests and murders the Duke d'En-
ghien, 114, 115. Pardons Moreau, 116. Con-
templates divorce from Josephine, 116, 117.
Views of the succession, 116. Proclaimed
Emperor of the French, 117. Appoints his
court officers, 118. Crowns himself and
Josephine, 118. Is crowned king of Italy at
Milan, 119. Unites Genoa and other cities
to France, 119. Attempts invasion of Eng-
land by his flotilla, 120. Attempts to decoy
Nelson, 120. Treats with Prussia and Ba-
varia, 121. Transfers Boulogne camp to
the Rhine, 122. Defeats Alexander at
Austerlitz, 124. Meets the Emperor Francis
at the Mill, 125. His harsh terms on Austria,
125. Nominates Joseph King of Naples,
Forms Confederation of the Rhine,
126. Gives Frankfort to Duke d'Alberg, 126.
Portions out the Continent, 124-128. War
with Prussia, 127, et seq. Defeats Prussians
at Jena, 129, 130. Enters Berlin, 130.
Visits tomb of Frederick the Great, and takes
his sword and star, 131. Declares England
in a state of blockade, 132. The Berlin
decree, 132, 133. His generous sentiments
towards Poland, 134. Renews hostilities
with Prussia, 134. And Russia, 134. Battle
of Eylau, 134. Proposes peace to Prussia,
136. Defeats Benningsen at Friedland,
though he failed at Heilsberg, 136, 137. His
interview with Alexander at Tilsit, 138.
Apportions and spoils various kingdoms of
Europe, 137-145. His prodigal court ex-
penditure, 146. His treatment of capitalist
contractors, 147. Invades the Papacy and
dethrones the Pope, 149. Projects invasion
of Spain, 150. His policy towards Russia,
150. Meets Alexander at Erfurt, 150, 156.
Invades Portugal, 152. Invades Spain by
Murat, who orders Ferdinand to France,
153. Forces Ferdinand to abdicate the
throne, 154. His policy in Spain, 154, et
seq. His wars in Spain, 155, et seq. Instals
Joseph King of Spain, 156. Renews nego-
tiations with Alexander, and proposes a
family alliance, 157, 170. Pursues Sir John
Moore, but recalled to Paris by warlike pre-
parations of Austria, 157. Battle of Corunna,

NAP

157. His designs against the Turks, 158,
159. Suspicions of Austria, and consequent
negotiations, 160. Birth of the Tugenbund,
161. Proposed rising of all Germany, 161.
Renewed war with Austria, 161. Defeats
Archduke Charles at Eckmuhl, 161. Arrives
at Vienna, 162. Difficulties of this cam-
paign, 162. Battles of Aspern and Essling,
163. Defeats Austrians at Wagram, 165,
166. Soult repulsed at Talavera, 166, 169,
179. Agrees to an armistice with Austria,
167. His generals defeated successively in
Spain, 168, et seq. Marries Archduchess
Maria Louisa, 169. His designs on the
North, 171. Designs on Holland, 171.
Proposals of peace to England, 171. Divides
Holland into French departments, 172. His
Northern policy, 173. The Senatus Con-
sultum, 173. His policy towards America,
174. Metternich proposes concessions for
Austria, 175. Treaty of St. Petersburg, 177.
Disagreements with Alexander, 177. With
King of Rome, 179. Spanish campaign,
177, et seq. Warned by Jerome, 182. Holds
a court at Dresden, 182. War with Russia,
183. His first successes, but resisted at
Smolensko, 183-186. Disasters attending
the campaign, 184. His temporising policy
with Poland, 184. His discussions with
generals at Witepsk, 185. Defeats Kutusoff
at Borodino, and arrives at Moscow, 185–188.
Burning of the city, 188. Sends overtures
to Alexander, but refused, 189. Retreats

from Moscow, 190. Submits to his generals,
191. Horrors of the retreat, 190, et seq.
Terrible passage of the Beresina, 192, et seq.
Gives orders for burning the bridge over the
Beresina, 193. Leaves his army at Smorgoni,
195. Conspiracy of Malet, 196. Advice of
Metternich to, 196. Enrols the noble classes
as gardes d'honneur, 197. Insulted in streets
of Paris, 197. Renewed exertions for at-
tacking Allied armies, 197, et seq. Battles
of Lutzen and Leipzig, 201. Sanctions
Metternich's proposal for a congress, 202.
Overwhelmed at death of Duroc, 203. Dis-
asters in Spain, 204. His interview with
Metternich, 204. Yields to demands of
Austria, and proposes treaty of Prague, 204,
205. His reverses in Spain, 206.
European Powers in arms against, 208.
Austria again enters the field, 208. Battle
of Dresden, 209. His successes at Dresden
counteracted by defeats of his marshals, 210.
Marches against Bernadotte and Blucher,
211. Battles of Leipzig, 212. Retreats
from Leipzig, 214. Defeats De Wrede at
Hanau, 214. Tarries at Erfurt, where he
receives negotiations of peace, &c., from
Austria, 214, 215. Refuses Lord Aberdeen's
offers, 215. His animosity to England, 216.

All

NAP

His refusal of negotiations leads the Allied
Powers to invade France, 216. Prepares
for defence, 217. Allows Pius VII. to leave
Fontainebleau, 218. Sends Caulaincourt on
another embassy, but fails, 218. Advances
to meet his enemies, 218. Attacks Blucher
at Brienne, 219. Defeats Schwarzenburg at
La Rothière, 219. Defeats of Blucher and
Austrians lead to renewed negotiations, 220.
His successes induce him to alter basis of
peace submitted by Caulaincourt, 221–223.
Armistice of Lusigny, 222. Being limited
in its extent, leads Napoleon to renewed
attacks on Blucher, 224. Disaffection of
his generals, 225. His evasions lead to
breaking up at Chatillon, 225. Pursues the
Allies to Paris, 226. Paris captured by the
Allies, 227. Surprised at capture of Paris
he commands his defeated troops to meet at
Essonne, 228. At Fontainebleau with 70,000
men, 230. Deserted by his marshals, 230.
Abdicates, 231. Deputes Caulaincourt, Ney,
and Macdonald to proceed to Paris, and
negotiate, 231. Abdicates at Fontainebleau,
232. Receives sovereignty of Elba, 232.
Summary remarks on his career, 233, 234.
Informed of discontent in France, 211. His
removal to the Azores suggested, but pre-
vented by Alexander, 241. Sets sail from
Elba, and lands in Gulf of Juan, with 1.100
men, 242. Meets Royalist troops at La Frey
and presents himself to their view, 244.
Received with Vive l'Empereur!' and
joined by Labédoyère, 244. Enters Lyons,
244. Joined by Ney, 245. Appoints his
ministry, 245. His reception at Paris, 246.
Draws up a new constitution with B. Con-
stant, 247. Organises an army, 248. Joined
by Murat, 249. Deserted by Maria Louisa,
249. Visits Malmaison with Hortense, 249.
Appointing a provisional government, leaves
Paris for the army, 250. Remarkable co-
versation with Fouché, 250. Joins his army,
251. Campaign of Waterloo, 251, et seq.
Crosses the Sambre, 251. Engages Prussians
at Ligny, 252. Battle of Quatre Bas, 252
BATTLE OF WATERLOO, 253. Defeated by
Wellington, he returns to Paris, 255. Li-
cien's sinister advice, 256. Abdicates in
favour of his son, 256. Resigning all hopes
he departs for Rochefort, 258. Embarks on
board a French frigate at Charente, 260.
His death, 323. His remains demanded of
English government, 521, 536. Buried under
the dome of the Invalides, 522, 536
Napoleon II., his birth, v. 178
Napoleon III., Emperor of the French, son of
Louis Buonaparte and Hortense, his edz
cation and prospects, v. 505.
His residenz

in Switzerland, 505. Attempts the Stras-
burg conspiracy, 506, et seq. Taken prisoner,

NAP

Ar-

507. Banished to America with 6,000l.,
507. His attempt on Boulogne, 536.
rested and sent prisoner to Ham, 537. Sends
in his adhesion to the Second Republic, 605.
Rejected and banished by the Provisional
Government, 605. Eyes of the Assembly
directed towards, 623. Returned as mem-
ber of the Assembly, 623. Lamartine and
Cavaignac attempt to force a decree of exile
against, 623. His modest letter makes the
Assembly reject this proposal, 624. Takes
his seat as deputy, 634. Accepts candidate-
ship for president, 635. Elected president,
635. Forms his first cabinet, 637. Aims to
get rid of the Assembly, 637. His measures
of finance, 637. Closes certain anarchic
clubs, 638. Extinguishes moderate repub-
licanism, 638. Proceeds cautiously in his
measures, both domestic and foreign, 638, et
seq. Leans to the Monarchists, 641. His
government threatened, 641. Rise of the
Republican Socialists, 642. Quells the in-
surrection, 643, 644. Attacks one enemy at
a time, 644. His measures to put down
Cavaignac and the Republican party, 644.
Opposes, yet tries to conciliate the Monarch-
ists, 645. Resolves on changing his ministry,
646. His second cabinet, 646. His message
to the Assembly, 646, 647. Alarmed at the
revival of Socialism, consults the parlia-
mentary chiefs how to put it down, 648.
His plans unsettled, 648. Resolves on a tour
through the provinces, 649. Visits Lyons,
649. Breaks with the parliamentary chiefs,
650. Demands revision of the constitution,
650. His tendency to the Empire discovered
by Changarnier, 650. Dismisses Chan-
garnier, 650, et seq. His policy towards the
Assembly, 650. Changes his cabinets, 651,
652, 653, 656. Sells his horses to assume
the attitude of poverty, 652. Measures of
the Assembly and Changarnier to counteract
his policy, 653. Appeals to the Assembly
about renewal of the presidentship, 653.
The Assembly and its chiefs find it impos-
sible to set aside his claims to be again
elected president, 654. The project of the
coup d'état, 655. Decides to adopt ultra-
constitutional measures to be re-elected pre-
sident, 655. Determined on changing law
of 31st May, and changes his ministry, 656.
Compromise suggested by the Assembly,
657. Proposition to transfer his command
of the army, 657. Declared hors de loi, 659.
Resolves to dissolve the Assembly, 659. His
speech to French manufacturers, 659. The
coup d'état, 660. Arrests members of the
Assembly, 660, 661. Decree dissolving the
Assembly, 661. Abrogates law of 31st May,
661. Paris declared in a state of siege and
council of state dissolved, 661. Address to the

NAU

nation, 661. His propositions for a new go-
vernment, 662. Re-enacts system of the First
Consul, 662. Opposed by various members
of the Assembly, whom he arrests and con-
veys to prison, 663. Clubs of Democrats
raise an insurrection which he defeats, 664.
Forms a new ministry, 664. Vote of the
7,500,000, who approve of the revolution,
665. End of the Parliamentary Regime,
and rise of the Second Empire, 665

Napier, Admiral Sir Charles, threatens Alex-
andria and compels Mehemet Ali to sign
conditions of peace, v. 538

Narbonne, Count of, refuses to acknowledge
the suzerainty of the pope or bishop, i. 318
Narbonne, severity of Philip the Fair to the
towns of, i. 338. Depopulated by the plague,
439. Pillaged by the Black Prince, 455
Narbonne, Viscount of, slain at the battle of
Narbonne, ii. 150. His body gibbeted, 151
Narbonne, young Count of, minister of war, iv.
473. Tries to conciliate the parties in the
Assembly, 473. Wins their confidence, 473.
Dismissed by the King, aad appeals to the
Assembly, 479

Narvaez, General, intrigues to marry Count
Trapani to Queen Isabella, v. 567
Nassau, Count of. See Louis, Count of Nassau
Nassau, Count of, commands the Imperialists,
and takes Guise, ii. 540. Besieges Peronne,
540

Nation, difficulty of founding a, i. 1. Differ-

ence between a nation and an empire, 2. The
idea of a nation completely embodied by
France, 2

National Guards formed, iv. 424. Commanded
by Lafayette, 427. Fire upon and disperse
a mob in the Champs de Mars, 463. Their
encounter with the Fédérés, 507. Refuse to
obey the orders of Mandar, 510. Join the
insurgents, 512, 513. Ebullition of feeling
manifested by, towards Charles X., v. 361.
Their reception of the Duchess de Berry,
361. Dissolved by the King, 362. They
pile their arms and retire, pleased that they
have no longer to defend the Bourbons, 362.
Their restoration, 389, 403. The Deputies
appoint Lafayette commander of, 403. Or-
ganisation of the, 430. Compelled by Buona-
partists to present arms at funeral of General
Lamarque, 469. Each member of, to have
the election franchise, 542. Favourable to
revolution of February, 1848, 587. Frater-
nise with the people, 587. Ledru Rollin's
measures respecting, 613, 614. These mea-
sures rescinded, 614

National,' newspaper, destroyed by the police,
v. 394. Designates the Upper Chamber as
the Hospital of Incurables, 548. Prosecu-
tion of, 549.
Naumbourg, battle of, v. 129

NAV

Navailles, Sieur de, slain defending the Duke

of Burgundy, ii. 134
Navarette, battle of, i. 513, 514
Navarino, battle of, v. 368, 372
Navarre, Jeanne, the heiress of the Thibauds,
married to Philip the Fair, i. 290. The king-
dom of, conferred on Philip d'Evreux, 330.
Kept by the King of Aragon, ii. 259. Con-
quered by Ferdinand V., and added to the
Spanish crown, 437. Invasion of the French
for the recovery of the kingdom for D'Albret,
470. The French driven out by the Casti-
lians, 471

Navarreins, fortress of, taken from the Hugue-
nots, iii. 429

Navarro, Peter, the engineer at Bologna, ii.
434. At Ravenna, 435. Taken prisoner
there, 436. Takes service with Francis I.
452. At Marignano, 455. Sent with the
Venetian and French fleets to blockade Genoa,
496. Taken by the Imperialists and ordered
to be executed, 504
Navy, formation of a, by the Duc de Choiseul,

iv. 313. See Convention; Directory; Na-
poleon I. and II.; Louis Philippe
Necker, the Swiss banker, his financial views,
iv. 350. Appointed controller-general, 354.
His reforms, 354. His financial system, 361.
Publication of his Compte rendu,' 362.
His recommendation of provincial assemblies,
362.

His quarrel with Maurepas, 365, 366.
Resigns, 366. His quarrel with Calonne,
385. Exiled, 388. Refuses Brienne to re-
turn to office, but subsequently re-appointed,
402, 403. His first acts, 403. Recalls the
Parliament, 403. His plan of a royal sitting
overruled, 415, 416. His resignation and
resumption of office, 419. His knowledge of
a plan for a counter-revolution, 422. Dis-
missed, 422. Returns to office, 432. Pun-
ished and extinguished by Mirabeau, 432.
Loses his prestige, 443. Rejection of his
proposals, 416

Neerwinden, battle of, iv. 46, 563

Negrepelisse, inhabitants of, massacred, iii.

436

Nelson, Admiral, watches the French expedi-
tion to Egypt, v. 47. Defeats the French at
Aboukir, 48. At Naples, 45. Attempted
decoy of, to West Indies, 120. Informs his
government of French intentions, 121. Fights
the battle of Trafalgar, 125
Nemours, treaty of, iii. 204

Nemours, Jacques d'Armagnac, Duke of, joins
a league against Louis XI., ii. 267. Feigns
to rally to the King, 269. His plot against
Louis XI., ii. 296. Defeated, and takes the
oaths of fidelity to the King, 296. Arrested
by Louis XI., for treason, 336.
torture, 336. Executed, 337
Nemours, Louis d'Armagnac, Duke of (son of

Put to the

NEU

preceding), appointed Viceroy of Naples, ii.
413. Defeated at Seminara, 414. Killed,
415

Nemours, Duke of, takes Castelnau and throws
him into prison, iii. 20. Breaks his promise
to Castelnau, 20, 22, note

Nemours, Duke of, temp. Francis II. and Charles
IX), his plot to carry off a younger brother
of Charles IX., iii. 49. Refuses to execute
the treaty of Longjumeau, 99. Defeats a
Huguenot force under Mouvans, 101. E-
deavours to intercept the Duke of Deux
Ponts, 104. Entrusted with the defence of
Paris for the League, 268. His measures,
268, 269

Nemours, Gonzaga, Duke of, seeks to become
master of Lyons, iii. 307. Defeated and
imprisoned by the archbishop, 307, 30%
Resists the King's troops at Lyons, 314
Nemours, Duke of, joins the rebellion unk:
Condé, iii. 618. Wounded in the conflict be
tween Condé and Nemours, 624

His

Nemours, Duke of (son of King Louis Philippe),
proposed and elected as King of the Belgians,
v. 434. Prevented by his father from being
king, 434. Proposed grant of Rambouillet
to, 509, 523, 524. His marriage, 523.
dotation refused, 523, 524. Distinguishes
himself in Algeria, 560. His character, 563.
Appointed regent of the young Duke of
Paris, 563. Sanctions Prince Joinville's
letter, 574

Neresheim, battle of, v. 24

Nesle, Raoul de, Constable, takes the chief towns
of Gascony from the English for Philip th-
Fair, i. 308. At the battle of Courtray, where
he and his brother are killed, 326, 327
Nesle, besieged and taken by Duke Charles of
Burgundy, ii. 301

Netherlands, insurrection of the Protestants
in the, iii. 90. March of Alva into the, 99.

Ceded to Austria, iv. 117. See also Holland
Neuborg, Count of, his claim to the duchy of
Cleves, iii. 374

Neuchâteau, François de, chosen director, v. 38
Neuperg, General, defeated by Frederick the
Great at Mohlwitz, iv. 216

Neustadt, meeting of the Emperor Joseph II.
and Frederick the Great at, iv. 317
Neustria, formation of the kingdom of, i. 8.
Difference between its habits and laws and
those of Austrasia, 8. Joined by Clothair-
II. to the empire, 11. Again becomes inde-
pendent, 12. Antagonism of Neustria ari
Austrasia, 12. Defeat of the Austrasiaus br
the Neustrians at the battle of Loixi, 12
Pepin's conquest of Neustria at the battle
Testria, 13. Charles Martel's defeat of the
Neustrians at the battle of Vincy, 15. Decliz
of the military spirit in the time of Charles
the Bald, 45

NEU

Neutrality, the armed, of the North, iv. 358; |

V. 93
Neutz besieged by Charles, Duke of Burgundy,
ii. 311. Who raises the siege, 313
Neuville, Hyde de, marine minister, v. 366.
Presses for liberation of Greece, 372. Pro-
poses conference with the peers relative to
placing Duke of Orleans at the head of the
government, 409

Nevers, restored to the court of Flanders, i.
334. Engages to pay a large sum to Ed-
ward III. of England, 488. Rising of the
Huguenots in, iii. 151

Nevers, Count of, son of Robert III. of Flan-
ders, his death in imprisonment, i. 378. His
son becomes Count of Flanders, 378
Nevers, Count of, slain at Agincourt, ii. 114
Nevers, John, Count of, remains true to Louis
XI., ii. 269. Captured in Peronne by the
Burgundians, 275. Has a command in the
regular army, 275. Sent by Louis XI. of
France to foment disorders in Brabant, 284.
Nevers, Count of, escapes from St. Quentin, ii.
626. Rallies and shows a front to the Im-
perialists, 627. His cruelties to the Protes-
tants of Bar, Troyes, and Chatillon, iii. 64.
Joins the council preceding the St. Bartho-
lomew massacre, 138

Nevers, Gonzaga, Duke of, protests against the
cession of fortresses to the Duke of Savoy,
iii. 165. Placed by Henry III. at the head
of the army, 225. Desertion of the gentry
of his army, 241. Hesitates to recognise
Henry IV., 257. Entrusted with the com-
mand of part of the north, 316. Implores
Queen Elizabeth for 4,000 men, 317. His
death, 319

Nevers, Duke of, joins the Prince of Condé and
Duke of Bouillon in seizing Mezières, iii.
398. Conclusion of the treaty of St. Mene-
hould, 399. Nevers promised the govern-
ment of Champagne, 399. Retires to his
strongholds, and prepares for resistance, 407.
Repairs to Soissons, 413. Loses a fleet at
Blavet, 455. His claim to the duchy of
Mantua, and the complications arising out
of it, 480. Abandoned to the mercy of the
Emperor by the treaty of Ratisbon, 496
Nevers, De, taken prisoner at Pavia, ii. 485
Newfoundland ceded to England, iv. 117. Value
of the fishing off, to the French, 283. The
right to fish conceded to France, 287
Newspapers, the, of the middle of the eigh-
teenth century, iv. 289

Ney, Marshal, crosses the Dnieper, v. 192. De-
feated at Dennewitz, 211. Sent to oppose
Napoleon, but joins his standard, 245. Ar-
rested, 262. His trial and death, 274, 275.
His death restores the Buonapartists to na-
tional sympathy, 275
Nezib, battle of, v. 530

NOB

Nice, burned by the combined French and Turk-
ish troops, ii. 557, 558. Captured by the
French under Catinat, iv. 41. Restored to
Savoy, 59

Nicea, conquest of, by the Crusaders, i. 107
Nicholas, Emperor of Russia, warns the King,
V. 90. Grants a loan to Louis Philippe,
His ill-will to Louis Philippe, 488.

577.

His interference with the Eastern Question
prevented, 491. Opposes the marriage of the
young Duke of Orleans, 503. By treaty of
Unkiar Skelessi gets half of the Turkish
empire, 529, 530

Nicholas III., Pope, his hostility to Charles of
Anjou, i. 284

Nicholas IV., Pope, releases Charles II. of
Naples from his oaths, i. 301
Nicopolis, battle of, ii. 46

Nielles, Jean de, his oration on the adminis-
tration of the Duke of Orleans, ii. 51
Nieuport, evacuated by the French, iv. 288
Nimeguen, treaty of, iii. 701
Niort, town of, surrenders to the French, i.
530. Taken by Du Guesclin from the Eng-
lish, 533. Regained by the Duke of Alen-
çon, ii. 213. Given up to the Duke d'Alen-
çon, 170

Nismes, circus of, battered by Charles Martel,
i. 17. Cruelties of the Duke of Berri at, ii.
12. Taken by the Huguenots, iii. 108. The
Huguenot assembly at, 408. Persecution
of the Protestants of, iv. 256. Massacre of
them, 264

Nivernois, Duke of, goes to London to nego-
tiate peace, iv. 287
Noailles, Marshal Duc de, crushes Protestant-
ism in Montpellier, iv. 15. And in the
Vivarais, 16. His remonstrance against the
terms of the revocation of the Edict of
Nantes, 18. Captures Rosas and Gerona, 48.
His inability to cope with the financial
embarrassments of the kingdom, 146, 160.
Orders a recoinage, 158. Spoils the national
creditors, 159. Reduces the army and civil
employés, 160. His influence at court, 225.
Persuades Louis XV. to be his own minister,
225. Defeated at Dettingen, 227. Exiled
from court, 185. Appointed marshal by
Louis XVI., 348

Noailles, Viscount de, his proposal for the abo-
lition of feudal privileges, iv. 431
Noailles, Cardinal de, appointed to preside over
a new ecclesiastical council, iv. 141
Nobility, Nobles, a line drawn between the
French and English noblesse by St. Louis,
i. 225. The French nobles impassively allow
their privileges to pass out of their hands,
226. Louis X.'s concessions to the noblesse,
365. Difference between the demands of the
northern and southern barons, 366. Their
recovery of their power and authority under