Crowned during Marches to reduce
ror Otho to invade France, 59. Comes to terms with Hugh, 60. His death, 60 Louis V., le Fainéant, i. 66. his father's lifetime, 66. Rheims, 67. His death, 67 Louis VI., the Fat, his early life, i. 112. Trea- chery of his mother-in-law, Queen Bertrade, 113. Associated by his father with him in the kingdom, 113. Opposes William Rufus in his invasion of the Vexin, 112. His early relations with Henry I., of England, 113. His mode of raising the royal prerogative, 114. Defends the clergy against the barons, 114. Compels Burchard of Montmorency to submit to the Abbey of St. Denis, 114. De- fends the churches of Orleans and Rheims against the noblesse, 114. Reduces the barons and castles around Paris, 115. The two periods into which his reign and policy may be divided, 117. His struggle with Henry I. of England, 117, 118. And with Theobald, Count of Chartres, 118. Beaten at Brenneville, and withdraws to Paris, 119. Summons the nobles and population to assist him, 119, 120. Municipal privileges granted by him to towns, 120. Grants charters to towns in order to humble the nobles, 122. Abrogates the liberties of Laon, but subse- quently regrants them, 123. His accusations at the Council of Rheims against Henry I. of England, 125. Ordered by the Pope to keep the truce of God, 125. Collects an immense national army at Rheims to oppose the Em- peror and Henry I. of England, 125. En- forces French suzerainty beyond the Loire, 126. His methods of promoting the growth of his power, 127. His minister, Suger, 127. Divorces his wife, 127. And marries the daughter of Anne of Savoy, 127. Associates with him his son Philip, who is crowned, 127. But who is killed soon after, 128. His second son Louis crowned by Pope Innocent II., 128. Marries his son to Eleanor, heiress of Aquitaine, 128. His death, 128. Insti- tutions which arose in his reign, 129 Louis VII., King of France, crowned during his father's lifetime, i. 128. Marries Eleanor, heiress of Aquitaine, 128. Condition of his dominions as compared with Germany and England, 129, 130. His treatment of the citizens of Orleans, 132. And of Sens, 132. Crowned at Bourges, 133. His unsuccessful siege of Toulouse, 133. His breach with Innocent II., 133. Excommunicated, 133. At war with the Count of Champagne, 133. Accident at the siege of Vitry, 133. Makes peace with the count and beseeches pardon of the Pope, 134. Favours the cause of King Stephen in England, 136. Assumes the Cross and joins the Second Crusade, 137. Joined by his wife, 137. His ill-success, 138,
139. Returns to France, 139. Divorces his wife Eleanor, and marries Constance of Cas- tille, 140. Marries his sister to the Count of Toulouse, 140. His serious rivalry with Henry II. of England, who had married his divorced queen, 141. Makes an attempt on Normandy, but repelled by Henry II., 142. Gives his daughter, Margaret, in marriage to the son of Henry, 143. Defends Toulouse against Henry, 143. Fortifies Chaumont, which is taken by Henry, 143. Concludes peace at Trencavel, 143. Loses his wife, and marries Adele, daughter of the Count of Blois, 143, 144. Birth of his son, Philip Augustus, 144. Embraces the cause of Archbishop A'Becket, 145. His daughter, Margaret, not crowned with her husband, 146. War begun by Louis in consequence, 146. Takes Verneuil and sets fire to it, 146. Put to the rout by Henry, 147. Lays siege to Rouen, which is relieved, 147. Makes peace with Henry, 147. Struck by paralysis, 147. Causes his son Philip Augustus to be crowned, 147, 148. Makes a pilgrimage to the shrine of A'Becket, 148. His death, 148 Louis VIII., King of France, King John of England's possessions in Berry given up to, i. 163. His marriage with Blanche of Cas- tille negotiated, 163. Interferes between the Albigenses and their persecutors, 184. Takes La Rochelle from King John, 186. Besieges Toulouse, but fails to take it, 186. Supports the Emperor Frederick II. against Otho IV., 189. Opposes King John of England at La Rochelle, 189. Accepts the offer of the English barons of the crown of England, 192. Lands in England, 192. Defeated at the Fair of Lincoln, 193. And com- pelled to conclude a treaty with Henry III., 193. Obtains a loan from the citizens
of London and returns to France, 193. accession to the crown on the death of his father, 193, 196. His descent, through his mother, from Charlemagne, 196. Energy and intelligence of his queen, Blanche of Castille, 196. Accepts Amaury de Mont- fort's offer of his claim to the county of Tou- louse, 197. Fails to induce Pope Honorius III. to excommunicate Raymond VII. of Tou- louse, 197. His designs against that county baffled in consequence, 198. Turns his arms against Henry III. of England, 198. Takes La Rochelle and drives the English entirely out of France, 198. Honorius' policy of re- conciliation with Louis, 199. Receives from the Pope the mission to lead a against the Albigenses, 199. his army at Bourges, 199. Besieges and takes Avignon, but does not attempt Tou louse, 199, 200. His death at Montpellier, 200. His provision for his sons, 200
Louis IX., the Saint, his accession to the throne, i. 200. His character, 204. His age at the death of his father, 205. Regency of his mother, Blanche of Castille, 205. His coro- nation, 206. The League of the Barons against his mother, 206. Feebleness of the court during his minority, 210. Brittany invaded by Henry III. of England, 214. Louis marches into Brittany, 215. And concludes the truce of St. Aubin, 215. The possessions of the Count of Champagne made over to the crown of France, 216. Louis's marriage with Margaret of Provence, 216. Extent of his dominions and power at this period, 217. His ambition, 217. Suppresses the hostility of Raymond of Toulouse, 220. Invests his brother Alphonso with knighthood and the county of Poitou, 220. Rebellion of the Count de la Marche, 221-224. Louis sum- mons a parliament to defend Poitou, and crush De la Marche, 222. Defeats his ene- mies at Taillebourg, 224. Reduces Poitou
and takes the castle of Mirabeau, 224. view of his acts as a legislator, 225. line drawn between the French and English noblesse, 225. His ordinance against the right of private war, 225, 249. Receives news of the success of the Infidel at Jerusa- lem, 226. Flight of the Pope, Innocent IV., to Lyons, 227. Louis refuses to follow the Pope's advice, 228. Louis's illness, 228. He assumes the Cross, 228. And induces his brothers and courtiers to join him, 228, 229. His interview with the Pope at Cluny, 229. His proposals to Henry III. to convert the truce into a lasting peace, 229. His acquisi- tion of Provence, 230, 231. His decision on the disputed succession to Flanders and Hainhault, 231, 246. Founds the town of Aigues Mortes, 232. His preparations for the Crusades, 232. Joined by several Eng- lish, 232. His embarkation on the Fifth Crusade, 233. Winters in Cyprus, 233. Lands in Egypt and takes Damietta, 233. Debauchery and licence of his chiefs, 233. Marches to Cairo, 234. His valour at the battle of Mansourah, 236. Fights a defen- sive battle and retreats, 236, 237. His ill- ness, 237. Taken prisoner and ransomed, 237, 238. Sets sail for Acre, and effects the liberation of the imprisoned crusaders, 238. State of his dominions during his absence, 238-241. Death of his mother, 240. turns home, 241. His edict repressing ma- gisterial abuses, 242. His desire for the salvation of his own soul and the sanctifica- tion of his country, 245. His settlement of the boundary between France and Spain, 247. His treaty with Henry III. of England, i. His restitution of lands to that King, 248. Abolishes trial by single combat, 249.
His établissements, 250. His judgment in the case of De Coucy, 250, 251. His arti tration between Henry III. and his barons 252. His decision set aside, 252. Offered by the Pope the kingdom of Sicily and Naples, but refuses, 255. Determines to uD- dertake another crusade, 257. His judicia and administrative reforms, 258. Severity of his penal code, 263. His military regula tions, 263. His publication of the Pragmatic Sanction, 266. His negotiations with the Pope respecting judicial privileges, 267. His arrangements for the magistracy and police of Paris, 268. And for the coinage, 269. Review of his aims as a monarch, 269, 270. Sets out on a crusade, 271. Lands at Tunis, 272. There he loses his son John Tristam 272. Louis's death at Tunis, 272. Canonised by Boniface VIII., 317. His character con- trasted with that of Philip the Fair, 354. Louis X., Hutin, King of France, when King of Navarre sent to crush the Lyonnese, i. 350. Dissolute life of his wife, Margaret of Burgundy, 353. Who was strangled in the castle of Andelys, 353, 364. His a cession to the crown of France, 362. His fondness for rude pastimes, 362. Influence of his uncle, Charles of Valois, over him, 362 Louis's marriage with Clemence, daughter of Charles Martel, of Naples, 364. A war with Flanders threatened, 364. Louis's conces sions of power and rights to the noblesse, 365. For the first time in the history of France money is borrowed on the credit of the state, 367. Raises and marches an army into Flanders, 367. But compelled by rain to retreat, 367. Anarchy in the kingdom in consequence, 367. Louis's death at Vir cennes, 368. His daughter Jeanne, 368 His posthumous son, John, 369
Louis XI., King of France, examples of his cour age and capacity when Dauphin, ii. 205, 26. Raises the standard of revolt against his father, Charles VII., 206. Submits and is pardoned, 207. Dauphiné restored to him, 207. Taken with the King on his war against the nobles, 211. Defeats the Eng lish at Dieppe, 214, 219. Appointed by las father commander between the Seine and is Somme, 214. Overcomes Armagnac's re- bellion in the south, 219. Leads the military mercenaries to aid Austria against Switzer land, 219. Defeats the Swiss at the battle of St. Jacques, 220. Concludes peace with them at Ensisheim, 220. Hated and feared by the King's court, 233. Fate of his wife. Margaret of Scotland, 234. Calumnies in- vented against him, 234. Withdraws t Dauphiné in disgrace, 235. daughter of the Duke of Savoy, 235. Jes! lousy and anger with which he looked upc
the upstarts of the court, 241. His life in Dauphiné, 242. His quarrel with his father, 242, 243. His flight to the court of Bur- gundy, 243, 244. Death of his father, 245. Character of Louis, 250. His coronation, 252. His reception in Paris, 253. His persecution of his father's ministers, 253. And reward of his friends, 253, 254. His fondness for the chase, 254. His dislike of finery and airs, 254. His friendship with the Count of Charolais, the future Charles the Rash, 254. Grants to towns and nobles all their requests, 255. His first fiscal measure, 256. Abrogates the Pragmatic Sanction, 257. His habits and predilections, 258. Marries his sister Margaret to the son of the Count of Foix, 259. His acqui- sition of the Roussillon, 259. His English policy, 259. Regains the towns lost by the treaty of Arras, 262-264. Seizes and im- prisons Philip de la Bresse, 265. Charged with having suborned Rubempré to kill the Count of Charolais, 265. His rupture with Burgundy, 266. Formation of a league of princes and high noblesse against him, 266. Reasons why he was deserted by his friends, 267. Mode of proceeding of the malcontents, 268. Louis's preparations for war, 268, 269. Receives assistance from the Duke of Milan and Lorenzo di Medici, 269. Marches against the rebels, 269. Offers them battle at Riom, which they decline, 269. Occupies Montlhery, 270. Gives the enemy battle, 270. Retires to Corbeil, 271. Enters Paris, to which he makes concessions, 272. the Count of Charolais, and negotiates the treaty of Conflans, 274. By which he is forced to give up Normandy to the Duke of Berry, 274. And makes other concessions to the rebel princes, 275. His position after all the arrangements were completed, 276. Replaces his councillors, 277. And recovers Normandy, 277. Incites the Flemish sub- jects of the Low Countries to insurrection, 284, 285. His preparations to stand a siege, if necessary, from the Burgundians, 285. His suppers with the citizens and their wives, 285, note. His mistress, Perette de Chalons, 285 note. Preparations of Charles of Burgundy for war, 287, 288. Louis sum- mons the estates of his provinces at Tours, 288. Puts the Sieur de Melun to death for treason, 289. Amuses the Duke of Burgundy with embassies and negotiations, 289. Com- pels the Duke of Brittany to submit, 289. Visits the Duke of Burgundy with a safe- conduct, 290. Louis thrown into prison, 291. Terms by which he regains his freedom, 292. Marches with the Duke to Liege, which is destroyed, 293. Returns to France, 295. His arrangement with his brother, as to his
fief, 295. His punishment of Cardinal Balne for treason, 295. His intrigues in English affairs, 296. Recovers the towns of the Somme, 298. Concludes a truce for a year, 299. Death of his brother, the Duke of Guyenne, 300. Rupture of the treaty in consequence, 300. Again concludes a truce with Burgundy, 302. His position and the Duke's compared, 303. Sends envoys to Treves to cause dissension between the Em- peror and the Duke, 306. Causes the murder of the Count and Countess of Armagnac, 307. At war with Ferdinand of Aragon respecting Roussillon, 307. Peace concluded between them, 307. Louis sends French agents to the Rhine to prompt resistance to the Duke of Burgundy, 310, 312. Promotes an alli- ance between Austria and the Swiss, 310. Pays the Swiss soldiers, who drive the Duke of Burgundy out of Alsace, 312. Invasion of France by Edward IV. and a formidable army, 313. Interview between the two Kings at Picquigny, and conclusion of a truce for seven years, 314. Obtains posses- sion of the Constable St. Pol, and executes him for treason, 316, 317. Goes to Lyons to be near the theatre of war, 320. His generosity to the victorious Swiss, 321. Ob- tains the release of his sister, the Duchess of Savoy, 323. Death of his enemy, Charles of Burgundy, 324, 325. Louis seizes the towns of Picardy and Burgundy, 327. Claims the hand of Mary of Burgundy for the Dauphin, 328. Adhesion of various towns sent in to him, 329. Proceeds to- wards Flanders, 329. Endeavours to enter Arras, 330. The city of which is handed over to him, but not the town, 331. His policy with respect to Mary of Burgundy, 331. Purchases and pensions the nobles of Burgundy and England, 332. Sends Olivier le Daim, his barber, on a mission to Ghent, 332. The King's treachery to the Duchess of Burgundy, 332, 333. And its conse- quences to himself, 334. Tournay tricked by his barber into receiving a royal garrison, 335. Louis puts to death the envoys from Arras, 335. His delight in spilling blood, 335, 336. His treatment of the Duke of Nemours, 336. Makes a friend and pet of Tristan, the executioner, 337. Sends reapers into Artois instead of soldiers, 337, 338. Takes Condé, but refuses to meet Maximilian in the field, 339. Concludes a truce, 339. Invades Franche Comté, sacks Dôle, and compels the submission of Besançon, 339. His general, Crevecœur, loses the battle of Guinegate, 339. Louis abolishes his franc archers, 340. Concludes a peace with Maxi- milian, 341. Acquires Provence, 342. His views of centralisation and absolutism, 343,
344. His last illness, 344. His paternal advice to his son, 345. His death, 345. His character, 345. Public men of his time, 350 Louis XII., King of France, when Duke of Orleans, ii. 351. Married to Jeanne, daughter! of Louis XI., 351. Made governor of the Isle of France, Picardy, and Champagne, 352. Shares in the confiscations of the late King's favourites, 352. Suggests the con- vocation of the States-General, 354. Urges the Estates to seize a portion of the execu- tive power, 358. Appointed to preside in the royal council during the absence of the King, 361, 362. His discontent, and efforts for the recovery of his influence, 362. Goes to Brittany, but returns to the coronation of Charles VIII., 362. René of Lorraine, raised up by Anne of Beaujeu as a rival to him, 363. Aid afforded him by the Duke of Brittany, 363. Who deserts him, Compelled to submit at Beaugency, 363. His complaints to the royal council against the Lady Anne and her husband, 364. Escapes from arrest in Paris, 364. Joins the conspiracy to restore the authority of the Es- tates, 366. Escapes to Rheims, 366. And to Nantes, 367. His offers of submission to the King rejected by the Regent, 367. Meets the Royalists at St. Aubin, 367. De- feated and taken prisoner, 368. Liberated by Charles VIII., 372. And reconciled to the Lady Anne, by the King, 372. Joins Charles VIII. in his expedition to Italy, 382. Defeats the troops of Naples near Genoa, 382. Falls ill, 382. Advances claims on the duchy of Milan, 387. His hostilities with Ludovico Sforza, 389. Besieged in Novara, 389. Liberated by the treaty of Vercelli, 391. Destined to inherit the crown of France, 392. His magnanimity on his accession, 395. Peers present at his coro- nation, 395, note. His divorce from Jeanne, 396. And marriage to Anne of Brittany, 396, 397. His diminution of the taxes, 397. His objection to assembling the Estates, 397.
Humbles the Parliament and the Uni- versity, 398. His judicial reforms, 399, 400. Restores and observes the Pragmatic Sanc- tion, 400. Effect of his equity, considera- tion, and economy on French institutions, 400. Growth of despotism and a rampant aristocracy, 400. Domestic progress of the French people during his reign, 401. His appointment of a prime minister, 401. His claim to the duchy of Milan, 403. His proposals to Venice, and to the House of Savoy, 403. Crosses the Alps with an army, 405. Occupies Milan, 405. His treatment of the duchy, 405, 406, His alliances in Italy, 406. Loses Milan, 406. His severity to foreign princes, and
clemency at home, 408. Timidity of his minister, D'Amboise, 409. Louis's treaty with Ferdinand of Aragon for the partitic of Naples, 410. Sends an army to Naples. 411. Which is taken, 411. Treaty of par tition concluded, 412. His daughter Clands affianced to Charles of Luxemburg, 412 The French driven out of Naples by the Spaniards, 413-415. Refusal of the E- peror to grant the investiture of Naples to Louis, 416. Enters into an alliance with Cæsar Borgia, 416. His army again de- feated by the Spaniards in Naples, 417, 418. And the French dominion in South Italy pet an end to, 418. Louis's failure to tak Fontarabia and reduce Roussillon, 418. His ill health, 418, 421. Concludes a thre years' truce with Ferdinand of Aragon, 415 Concessions made by his Queen to Maximilian. 420, 421. Invested with the Milanese, 421. Breaks off with Maximilian, and affiances Claude to Francis d'Angoulême, 421. To which he obtains the sanction of the Estates at Tours, 422. Marches with an army against Genoa, 423. Which surrenders to him, 424. Alarm of the Pope and Emperor in consequence, 424. Louis's interview with Ferdinand of Aragon, 425. Induced by D'An- boise to quit Italy, 425. Joins the Leagu of Cambray, 427. His answer to the Ve netian envoy, 428. Raises an army, and taxes Florence and Milan for its pay, 428. Leads an army against the Venetians, 428. And defeats them at Agnadello, 428, 429 Reaction in favour of the Venetians, 430 Enemies raised up against Louis by the Pope and Ferdinand of Aragon, 431. Sends another army into Lombardy, 431. Sum- mons a council at Tours, 431. Takes R- logna, 432. But forbears to follow up hi success, 433. Formation of a league agsins him, 433. Sends Gaston de Foix into the Roman territories, 435. Gaston defeats the Romans and Spaniards at Ravenna, 431 Louis's losses and reverses beyond the Pyrenees and Alps, 437. Sends another army into Italy, 438. Where they are de feated by the Swiss at Novara, 438. Los of the Milanese and Genoa, 439. Invaded by his neighbours on all sides, 439. Loses Thérouanne and Tournay. 440. Surrender of the French strongholds in Italy, 440 Death of Anne of Brittany, 442. Marri the Princess Mary of England, 442. He death, 443. And character, 446 Louis XIII., King of France, his birth a parentage, iii. 352. Assassination of hy father, 379, 380. Holds a bed of justice 385. Affianced to Anne of Austria, 396 His journey south, 399. Declares himsel of age, 400. And delegates all power to his
State of the finances at this time, 404. His marriage, 408. Intercepted on his return by the Huguenots, 408. Kept in seclusion by his mother and Concini, 410. His favourite, De Luynes, 410. Sends secret assurances to the rebellious nobles in Soissons, 413. Causes the assassination of the Maréchal d'Ancre, 414. Receives the homage of his subjects for the first time freely, 415. His parting with his mother, who is compelled to quit the court, 416. tion of his council of state, 418. Escape of his mother from confinement, 422. between her and the court, 423.
to reduce the Queen-mother and nobles in Angers, 424. Which is taken, 425. Terms granted to the Queen, 426. Secures the Dukes of Epernon and La Force, 426. Pressed to march to the reduction of Bearn, 426. Embassy and proposals from the Em- peror Ferdinand II., 427. Marches into, and reduces, Bearn, 429. Defiance of the Rochellois, 430. Leads his army in person, 430. Takes St. Jean d'Angely, 431. Cap- tures Clerac, 432. Besieges Montauban, which he is compelled to raise, 431. Alien- ated from De Luynes, 431. Who is carried off by fever, 432. Recommended to con- tinue hostilities against the Huguenots, 433. Hurries from Paris, and beats them, under Soubise, 434. Reduces the Dordogne, 436. And massacres the inhabitants of Negre- pelisse, 436. Besieges Montpellier, 436. Makes peace with the Huguenots at Mont- pellier, 439. Joins Savoy and Venice for the liberation of the Grisons and the Valte- line, 440. Appoints La Vieuville finance minister, 440. His religious and political policy, 441. Offer of marriage from the heir to the English throne, 442. Admits Richelieu into the council, 442. Induced by Richelieu to arrest and imprison his minister, Vieuville, 448. His jealousy and zeal for Catholicism, 450. Conclusion of the mar- riage treaty with England, 451. Failure of an expedition to Italy, 454. Capture of his fleet at Blavet by Soubise, 455. Who is subsequently defeated, with the assistance of the Dutch fleet, 458. Complete estrange- ment of the English and Dutch courts from that of France, 459, 460. Richelieu's private promises guaranteed by England, 462. The King makes peace with Spain, and gives up the Valteline in spite of Richelieu, 463. His quarrel with his brother Gaston, 464. State of his finances in 1626, 468. Quarrel
about the English Queen's French followers, 472. Concludes a treaty with the King of Spain for the invasion of England, 473. His preparations for the attack on La Rochelle, 473, 474. Commencement of the
siege, 475. The King before the city, 475. Richelieu's dyke, 476. Return of the King to Paris, 477. Marches into Dauphiné, forces the pass of Susa, and reduces the Duke of Savoy, 481. Concludes peace with England, and turns his arms against the Huguenots, 481. His massacre of the Huguenots of Privas, 482. Concludes peace with the southern Huguenots, 483. Retire- ment of his brother Gaston to Lorraine, 486, 487. Influence of bigoted counsels over him, 488. Nominates Richelieu prime minister and lieutenant-general, 490. Sends an army, under the cardinal, into Italy, 490. Conclusion of the treaty of Ratisbon, 496. Louis's illness and recovery, 497. Promises
his wife and mother to dismiss Richelieu, 498. Dismisses him, but restores him the same day, 499, 500. Invades Lorraine with him, 505. Lorraine finally crushed, 511. A French army sent to aid the Germans, 511. Louis reconciled to his brother Gaston, 511. Results of the campaign of 1635, 512. Hands over Alsace to the Duke of Saxe Weimar, 513. Disastrous campaign of 1636, 513. Advance of the Spaniards to the Oise, 513. But are driven within their own frontier, 514. Alsace secured to France, 516. Louis goes to Roussillon, 519. Which he obtains, as well as Catalonia, 519. His Platonic amours, 529. Birth of his son, the future Louis XIV., 531. His favourite, Cinq Mars, 532. Louis's disgust of the policy and person of Richelieu, 536. With whom he marches into Catalonia, 536, 537. Gradually alienated from Cinq Mars, 537. Whom he gives up to Richelieu, 539. His interview with the cardinal at Tarascon, 539. Death of Richelieu, 541. Louis's last illness, 542. Proclaims the Queen regent, 542. His death, 544. And character, 544. Louis XIV., King of France, his birth, iii. 531.
His answer to his father after his christen- ing, 543. Death of his father, 544. His journey with his mother to Paris, 554. Holds a bed of justice, 569. Omer Talon's address to him. 582. Flies from Paris to St. Germain's, 592. Returns to Paris, 598. Declares himself of age, 615. Puts himself at the head of his army, and marches to Bourges, 615. Witnesses the conflict be- tween Condé and Turenne in the Faubourg St. Antoine, 624. Removes from St. Denis to Pontoise, 628. Re-enters Paris an ab- solute king, 629, 630. Banishes the leaders of the Fronde, 632. His marriage with the Infanta proposed, 639. Endeavours of Mazarin to procure him the imperial crown, 639. The hand of the Infanta offered by the King of Spain, 641. Enamoured of Mazarin's nieces, 642. Concludes the treaty
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