Concludes the peace of Breslau, 221.
Effect of his defection from his allies, 221. Enters into an alliance with Charles VII. against Austria, 229. His failure in, and retreat from, Bohemia, 231. His successes over the Austrians in 1745, 234. Concludes the peace of Dresden, 234. Refuses to hand over Neufchatel to Madame de Pompadour, 262. Discovers the Austro-French treaty, 262, 263. Concludes an alliance with England, 265. Number of his enemies, 266. Takes the field, 266. Occupies Dresden, 266. Marches into Bohemia, and defeats the Austrians at Lobositz, 267. Compels the Saxon army to surrender, 267. His dominions on the Rhine and in Westphalia occupied by the French, 269. Defeats the Austrians before Prague, 269. But is defeated by them under Daun, 269, 270. Retreats into Saxony, 270. Ca- pitulation of the Duke of Cumberland at Kloster-Seven, 270. Repulse of his eastern army at Jägerndorf, 270. Defeats the French and Germans at Rosbach, 271. And the Austrians at Leuthen, 272. His troops de- feated at Lutterberg, 278. Transfers the seat of war to Moravia, 279. Fails to take Olmütz, 279. Defeats the Russians at Zorn- dorf, 279. But defeated by them at Kuners- dorf, 280. Loses Dresden, 280. Low ebb of his fortunes, 280. Defeats Daun at Tor- gau, 280. His desire for peace, 281. Learns that England proposes to make peace with Austria, 286. His English subsidy with- drawn, 286. Captures Schweidnitz, 287. End of the Seven Years' War, 288, 289. His contempt of religious bigotry, and denial of religious sentiment, 289. His adoption of Voltaire, 289. Refuses Pitt's request to form an alliance of the North, 313. Becomes the plotter and accomplisher of the partition of Poland, 315. His arrangements with the Emperor at Neustadt, 317. Goes to war with Austria for the integrity of Bavaria, 373. His death, 392. His tomb visited by Napoleon V., 131
Frederick William II., King of Prussia, invades Holland, iv. 393
Frederick William III., King of Prussia, vacil- lating conduct of, v. 127. Spoliation of, 138. Frederick, King of Naples, when duke, lands an army at Rapallo, ii. 382. Defeated there by the Duke of Orleans, 382. Sur- renders his kingdom for the duchy of Anjou,
Frederick Augustus I., King of Poland, his death, iv. 201
Frederick Augustus II., King of Poland, iv. 201. His claim supported by the Emperor, 202. Seated on the throne by the Russians, 203. Secured by the peace of Vienna, 206. His neglect of his Saxon dominions, 221
Frederick II., King of Sicily, his election, i 301, 302. His kingdom invaded by Charles of Valois, who is compelled to return to France, 317
Frederick, Prince, leads the Dutch against Brussels, v. 427
Frederick of Austria joins Conradin, i. 256. Defeated and executed by Charles of Anjou, 256, 257
Frederick, a duke in Lorraine, i. 62. Becomes its duke, 63
Frederick Augustus I., duke of Saxony, signs the peace of Utrecht, iv. 116 Frederick, Count of Verdun, his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, i. 101
Fremont, General, establishes government of Ferdinand I. of Naples, v. 309
French language, formation and perfection of the, i. 90
Fréron, his atrocities at Marseilles, iv. 623, 625. And at Toulon, 625
Frey, La, Buonaparte's conduct at, v. 244 Freyburg, besieged and taken by Villars, iv. 118. Restored, 119
Freys, the, trial and execution of, iv. 642–644 Freytag, General, attacked by Houchard, it. 615, 616
Friars, Mendicant. See Monks Friedland, battle of, v. 137 Frisons, yearly expeditions of Pepin of Hers tal against the, i. 13. Conquests of Charles Martel over the, 17
Frobisher, Admiral, his death, iii. 321 Fronde, commencement of the, iii. 587. Treaty of Ruel, and termination of the first war the Fronde, 597. The multitudinous par- phlets of the Fronde, 612, note. End of the Fronde, 630. Meaning of the name, 631. Banishment of the leaders, 632
Fronsac, castle of, fortified and garrisoned by Pepin the Bref, i. 20. Repaired by Charle magne, 23. The settlement of the questio of Fronsac left to Philip the Fair, 305 Fructidor, 18th of, revolution of, v. 36 Fuenterabia, failure of Louis XII. to take, i 418. Reduced by the Spaniards, 478. Take by the French, iv. 155
Fuentes, Count de, Spanish general, endeavors to take Ham, iii. 316. Captures Le Castel 316. And lays siege to Dourlens, 316. D- feats the French near the town, 316. Besieg and takes Cambray, 317 Fuentes, battles of, v. 178, 206 Fulques, Archbishop of Rheims, rears Charl the Simple, i. 51. Whom he proclaims ki 52. Slain, 54
Fumel, the seigneur, put to death, iii. 47 Furnes taken by Count Robert of Artois, 314. Death of the grandson of Guy & Dampierre at, 326. Acquired by Franc iii. 667. Ceded to Holland, iv. 116
Furstenberg, Prince of, arrested by the Im- perialists, iii. 687 Furstenberg, Bishop of Strasburg, helps Louis XIV. to seize Strasburg, iv. 24. Design of Louis to raise him to the archbishopric of Cologne, 29. Abandonment of his claim, 62 Fivizzano, taken by Charles VIII., and its gar- rison put to the sword, ii. 383
NABELLE, the, taken off by Philip the Long,
i. 376. Insurrection in the West on the subject of the salt duties, ii. 599. Burdens on the, in 1626, iii. 470. The tax in 1774, iv. 338. Enquiries of Necker into its opera- tion, 362. Repeal of the, 470. Clamour against it, 611. Abolished, 616 Gaeta, surrender of the French at the fortress of, to the Spaniards, ii. 418 Gaillard, Château, besieged, i. 164. And taken by Philip Augustus, 164 Gaillon taken by the Duke of Bedford, ii. 149 Galigai, Eleanor, favourite of Marie de
Medicis, iii. 387. Her rapacity, 389. Murder of her husband, 414. Pillaged, and sent to prison, 415. Her trial and execution, 417 Galissonnière, La, sails for Minorca, and de- feats Byng, iv. 264
Gall, St., his mission to the Franks, i. 17 Gallants of the court of Henry III., iii. 191 Gallican Church, speech of Pierre Flotte on the evil designs of the Church of Rome against the, i. 323. The Church consolidates its independence, and emancipates itself from Rome, ii. 76. Rapacity of the crown in exercising the right of patronage, 76. Pub- lication of an edict forbidding the conferring of benefices upon foreigners, 217. Pragmatic Sanction abrogated, 257. Coun- cil of the Church summoned at Tours, 431. Confiscation of its elective privileges, 459. Church bull of Innocent X., infringing the liberties of the, iii. 579. Declaration of its independence drawn up by Bossuet, iv. 13. This profession of independence retracted by Louis XIV., 58. See Assembly, &c.; Conven- tion; Directory; Napoleon I., &c. Galway, Lord, defeated at Almanza, iv. 98 Game laws of the Normans, i. 82. And of the Kings of France, 82
Ganneron, M., declares the Ordonnances legal, v. 392. Minister of commerce, 525 Garat, home minister, quiets fears of the Con- vention, iv. 581. Expostulates with Danton, 586
Garde Nationale Mobile, enrolled, v. 421, 607. Under Clary, puts down the Socialist insur- rection, 622. Arrests the Committee of Government, 622.
Garde Meuble, plundered by the communes, iv. 520, 530
Garde des Sceaux, new law of sacrilege pro- posed by, v. 342, 343
Garganus, Mount, pilgrimages to, i. 85 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, heads a democratic insur- rection at Rome, v. 639. Defeats General Oudinot, 640. Concludes an armistice, 640. Defends Rome, and at length withdraws with Mazzini, 641
Garnier-Pagès, M., and his History of the Revolution, his statement as to Bugeaud's suspension of hostilities, v. 591. Becomes a member of the Provisional Government, 596. Installed as mayor, 605. Becomes minister of finance, 611. His tax on landed pro- prietors, 611, 612. Appointed one of the New Republican ministry, 618
Garter, Order of the, instituted, i. 420, 445 Gascony, appeals from, to the French court, i. 305. Losses of the French in Upper, 420. Ravages of the Black Prince in, 454. Dis- affection of the Gascon nobles to him, 517, 519. Whose followers and friends are bought up by the King of France, 519. Sur- render of nearly all the towns to the French, 541. Attacked by the French, ii. 228. And all the towns taken from the English, 229, 230. Impatience of the people under the French yoke, 229. Reduction of the mal- contents by Charles VIII., 366 Gasparin, M., remonstrates against possession of Otaheite, v. 557
Gassion, Colonel (afterwards Marshal), his answer to Richelieu, iii. 550. At the battle of Rocroy, 557. Killed in Flanders, 573 Gastines, Cross of, demolished, iii. 120 Gaston, Duke of Orleans, younger son of Henry IV., his quarrel with his brother, Louis XIII., iii. 464. Heads an opposition to Richelieu, 465. His favourite, Marshal Ornano, arrested, 464, 465. Reveals a plot of his friends to mur- der Richelieu, 466. Marries the Princess of Montpensier, 466. Thwarted in his designs of marriage, 486. Retires to Lorraine, 487. Defies Richelieu in his own palace, and withdraws from court, 501. Flies into Flanders, 501. Craves aid from the Span- iards to enable him to invade France, 506. Joins Montmorency, 506. Defeated by Schomberg at Castelnaudary, 509. Enticed to return and be reconciled to the King, 511. Made governor of Auvergne, 512. Joins a plot to assassinate Richelieu, 514, 527. His part in a conspiracy against Richelieu, 535, 536. Confesses his guilt 539. Appointed lieutenant-general of the kingdom, 543. Reduces Gravelines, 570. Invades Flanders, 572. Endeavours to make peace between the Court and Parliament, 584. Attends the sittings of Parliament, 591. Joins the Prince of Condé in the investment of Paris, 595. Returns with the court to the city,
Obtains the lieutenant-governorship of the North, 602. Pressed by Parliament to propose terms of peace, 602. Influenced by De Retz, he turns against Mazarin, 603, 604. Orders the commanders of regiments to obey him, and not Mazarin, 605. Refuses to come to court without Condé, 605. His anger with Condé, 608. Whom he after- wards joins with several regiments, 618. The city of Orleans held by his daughter, 618. Makes overtures for peace with the King, 621. His indecision, or cowardice, in the struggle between Condé and the Royalists in the streets of Paris, 624. Bravery of his daughter, 624. Re-appointed lieutenant- general by parliament, 628. Makes his sub- mission to the King, and retires to Blois, 629 Gaudin, finance minister, v. 75. His mea- sures, 75, 76
Gauls, how treated by the Burgundians on the Saône, and by the Goths on the Garonne, i. 3 Gaultier sans Avoir, leads an army of Crusaders to Asia, i. 105
Gautiers, insurrection of the, iii. 240 Gavre, battle of, ii. 240
Gaza, battle of, i. 227
Gelasius II., Pope, driven from Rome by the Emperor Henry V., i. 124. His death at Cluny, 124
Gem, Prince, brother of the Sultan Bajazet, ii. 384
Geneva, endeavours of Charles III. of Savoy to crush, ii. 534. The doctrines of the Re- formation publicly adopted and proclaimed at, 534. Aided by Francis I., 534-535. Arrangements of France, Savoy, and Spain to destroy, 647. Attempt of the Duke of Savoy to take, iii. 275. The Duke of Savoy's fortress of St. Catherine near the city rased by the French, 349. Renewal of the Duke of Savoy's attempt, 389, 397. See Napoleon I. and III.; Convention; Directory. Genghis Khan, his invasion of Poland and Hungary, i. 218
Génie, M., corruption of, v. 576
Genlis, partisan of Admiral Coligny, com- mands volunteers to support Mons, iii. 129. Defeated and made prisoner by Alva, 130. Genoa, French influence in, at the end of the fifteenth century, ii. 403. Voluntarily hoists French colours, 405. Reception of Louis XII. and Cæsar Borgia at, 416. Revolt against the French, 423. Who compel it to surrender, 424. Reverses of the French faction, 437. Lost to the French, 439. Again recognises French sovereignty, 457. Blockaded by the Venetian and French fleets under Navarro, 496. Proposal of Francis I. to supersede it by Savona, 503. Which has its fortifications razed, 504. Formally de-
manded of the Emperor by Francis L, 533. Promised by the Pope to the second son of Francis I., 526. Failure of an expedition from France and Savoy against, iii. 453. Bombarded by Louis XIV., iv. 27. Sur- renders to the Austrians, 236. Revolution against them, 237. The consequent siege, 238. Finale restored to, 245, 246. Massena's surrender at, v. 84. See Napoleon I. Genoese Fleet, hired by Philip the Fair against the Flemings, i. 333. Who are defeated, and Guy de Namur taken prisoner, 333. Buonaparte's advice to the Genoese, v. 33 Gensonné becomes member of the Legislative Assembly, iv. 467. Draws up the reports on La Vendée, 470. Writes a letter to Bore proposing overtures to the King, 504. Votes the withdrawment of the Fédérés, 507. His trial and execution, 619, 620
Gent, M., defends M. Lacrosse against the Socialists, v. 642
Gentien, Benoit, his harangue at the meeting of the Estates, ii. 90
Gentilly burned by Sir Robert Knollis, i. 526. Geoffrey, or Foulques, of Anjou. See Foulques. Geoffrey II., Duke of Burgundy, the French in
the Third Crusade entrusted to the command of, i. 159
Geoffrey of Charney, his endeavours to gain Calais, i. 438. Defeated by Edward III. and the Black Prince, 438
Geoffrey Plantagenet, his jealousy of his brother, Henry II. of England, i. 142. Breaks into open war, but crushed by Henry, 142. Becomes duke of Nantes, 143. His death, 143. Does homage to Louis VII. for Britanny, 146
Geoffrey Martel, Count of Anjou, his power and extent of his possessions, i. 90. Defeats the sons of Eudes of Champagne, and obtairs Touraine in recompense, 91. Invades Nor mandy, and seizes Domfront, 91. Besieged there by Duke William, 91
George I., King of England, when electoral prince at the battle of Oudenarde, iv. 100. His accession to the English throne, 131. His anger at the expedition of the Pretender, 145. Concludes an alliance with France and Holland, 148. League of Sweden, Russia, and Spain, against him, 151. Joins France, and declares war against Spain, 154. Declared a governor of the South Sea Company, 182 George II., King of England, agrees to the terms of the Pragmatic Sanction, iv. 20%. His defeat of the French at Dettingen, 226 227. Crosses the Rhine, and joins the Dutch at Worms, 228. Preparations fr invading England and dethroning him, 225. Detaches Sardinia from France and Spait. 228. Concludes a treaty with Saxony, 229 Spurns peace with France, 244.
tually agrees to peace, 245. Ingratitude of Maria Theresa to him, 261, 265. Repu- diated by all his old allies, and turns to Frederick the Great, 265. With whom he signs a treaty of alliance, 265. Sends troops for the defence of his electorate, 266. For which he endeavours to obtain neutrality, 270. His death, 283
George III., his accession, iv. 283.
His adop- tion of Bute's policy of peace, 283. See Convention; Directory; Napoleon I.; Louis XVIII George IV., King of England, when Prince Regent, urges Prince Lieven to extreme measures, v. 224. See Convention; Directory; Napoleon I.; Louis XVIII.; Charles X. Gerard, Bishop of Cambray, his mode of treat- ing the people of his government, i. 99 Gerard, Marshal, takes command of the troops, v. 403. Becomes war minister, 421. signs, 424. Heads the army for Belgium, 447. Besieges Antwerp, 476. Becomes president of the council, 487. Adopts the rallying word of the Tiers parti, 487. Re- signs, 487. Ordered to occupy Paris with the army, 584. Countermanded by Duchatel, 585. Shows the King's abdication, 594 Gerberga, sister of the Emperor Otho, married to King Louis d'Outremer, i. 57. Her in- fluence over King Lothaire, 61 Gerbert, brought to Rheims by Archbishop Adalbero, i. 63. Sent to Paris by Hugh Capet, 63. Educates Robert, son of Hugh Capet, 63, 80. Elected archbishop of Rheims, 80. His election declared by the Pope to be void, 80. Sketch of his life, 80. Attains the pontificate as Silvester II., 80. Recommends armed European resistance to the Mussulmans, 102
Gergeau, assembly of Huguenots at, iii. 362 Germain l'Auxerrois, St., church of, in Paris, rebuilt, i. 82. Destruction of, by the Paris mob, v. 436
Germain des Prés, St., burned, i. 488 Germain-en-Laye, St., royal residence of, burned by the Black Prince, i. 424 Germain's, St., assembly of, iii. 49. An as- sembly of notables summoned by Catherine de Medicis at, 156. Treaty of, 111 Germain's St., Count of, war minister, iv. 348 Germans, Irish, Celtic, and Anglo-Saxon mis-
sionaries to the, i. 71. Their superiority in war to the races west of the Rhine, 41 Germany, in the eleventh century, compared with France, i. 17. Rivalry of the emperors and popes, and effects of the strife even at the present day, 129. Quarrels respecting the succession to the empire, 162. Condi- tion of the empire at the early part of the fourteenth century, 373. Establishes its - independence of Rome by positive legisla-
tion, 398. The political destiny of Germany contrasted with that of England and France, ii. 215. State of, in the middle of the fif- teenth century, 215. Relations between France and Germany in the middle of the fifteenth century, 216. German mercenaries introduced into the French army, 340. Agitation caused by the preaching of Luther, 467. War between the Protestants and Catholics kindled, iii. 426. Alarm and pre- cautions of Germany at the danger to Hol- land from England and France, 675. Rapine organised by Louis XIV., iv. 34. Neglect of the duty of Germany towards Poland, 314. For subsequent history of Germany refer to Convention; Directory; Napoleon I. and III., &c.
Gerona besieged by Philip the Hardy, i. 294. Surrenders, 295. Captured by the Duke de Noailles, iv. 48 Gerson, John, his character and abilities, ii. 73. His endeavours to establish or restore representative government in the Church, 73. Refuses to pay taxes, and takes refuge in the steeple of Notre Dame, 98. Denies the su- preme power and infallibility of the Pope, 104.
His ideas of an universal church, 105. His rancour against Huss, 106. Fails to obtain sentence of the Council of Constance against Jean Petit, 106. Failure of his efforts to obtain Church reform, 107, 108. With- draws to monastic life, 108, note. His talents and errors, 141
Gertruydenberg, conferences of, iv. 104. Cap- tured, 562
Ghent invaded by the Normans, i. 46. The combatants of, in the time of Philip Augustus, 153. Reduced by Philip Augustus, 188. Occupied by the allies of the Count of Flanders, 314. Refuses to join the insur- rection against France, 326. Deserts its Count, 372. Its French leanings, 379. Causes of this, 387. The people true to Count Louis and France, 390. Rise of the people under James Arteveld, 400. Murder of Arteveld, 421. Rebellion against the Count of Flanders, ii. 15, 16. Besieged by the count, 19. March of the people under Von Arteveld to Bruges, which they take, and compel the Count to fly, 20, 21. Refusal of the town to acknow- ledge the Duke of Burgundy as count, 35. Submission of the Ghenters to the duke, 36. March of the citizens to assist at the siege of Calais, under Philip III. of Burgundy, 193. Return home disheartened, 194. fusal of the people to pay the gabelle to the Duke of Burgundy, 238. Who defeats them at the battle of Gavre, 240. Its resistance to the yoke of Burgundy, 278. The Count of Charolais's peril in Ghent, 283. Submits to Charles the Rash, 287. Restoration of
the ancient rights of the Flemish towns by Mary of Burgundy at, 330. An embassy sent by the city to Louis XI. of France, 331. Maximilian, King of the Romans, seized by the people, 369. Revolt of the citizens, 544. Their offer to Francis I., 544, 545. The Emperor's punishment of them, 546. Be- sieged and taken by Louis XIV., iii. 698. Declares against France, iv. 95. Surprised by the French, 100. Taken by the Duke of Ormond, 115. Captured by Louis XIV., 233 Giac, favourite of Charles VII., put to death by the Constable, ii. 153
Gibraltar, captured by the English, iv. 93. Proposed cession of, to Spain, 174. The cession afterwards declined, 174, 175. Com- pact for wresting it, if necessary, from Eng- land, 193. Besieged, but the siege aban- doned, 199. Besieged by Spain, 358 Gié, Marshal, seizes Anne of Brittany's jewels, ii. 420. His punishment, 420 Ginevra, Mont, crossed by Charles VIII., ii. 381 Giralda, dame of Lavaur, put to death, i. 181 Girardin, M. Emile de, accuses the ministry of corruption, v. 576. Demands the abdication of the King, 594. Arrested, 632 Girondists and Gironde, compose the majority of the Legislative Assembly, iv. 467. Character and ability of its members, 467. Their ob- jects as legislators, 468. Their confidence in Count Narbonne, 473, 477. Brissot, and his influence, 474, et seq. Concoct the Austrian despatch, 477. De Moleville attempts to bribe, 478. Prosecute De Moleville and Delessert, 478, 479. Roland and others of their party chosen by the King as ministers, 481. Their character unfits them for go- vernment, 482. Distrusted by Dumouriez, 482. Dumouriez recommends their alliance with Danton, 483. They dislike Dumouriez, 483. Suspect the King, 485. Celebrate liberation of Swiss soldiers, 485. Their ministers distrusted by the King, 486. Ro- land's letter to the King, 487. Servan's pro- position for a camp at Paris, 487. Smother their sympathy for the King, 489. Insur- rection of the Faubourg St. Antoine, 490 et seq. Encourage the arrival of the Fédérés of the South, 497. Cause the massacres at Avignon, 498. Arraign Louis XVI. and his measures, 499. Reconciliation of parties in the Assembly, 500. Dethronement of the King demanded, 500, 503. Camp of the Federals, 502. Change in their sentiments and aims, 503. Voting the adjournment for the King's dethronement, they are execrated by the Jacobins, 504. Make overtures to the King, 504. Warn the King of approaching insurrection, 504. Denounced by the Moun- tain, 504. Their temporising policy to sus- pend the King, 505. Manifesto of the Duke
of Brunswick precipitates measures, 505. Propose suspension of the King, and the suc- cession of the Dauphin, 506, 508. Insurree- tion of the 9th of August, 509, et seq. Pro- mise protection and safety to the King, 514. Dethrone and imprison the King and royal family, 514, 515. Do not despair of pre- serving and raising the monarchy, 517. Their measures and propositions for govern ment, 518. Appoint their new ministry, 518. Their humane measures for the King counter- acted by the Jacobins, 519. Intimidated 'y Robespierre and Marat, 519. Placed in the category of suspects by Robespierre, 513. Propose retiring to the south of France, 523. Massacres at the prisons, 524, 525. Massacre at Versailles, and their inability to prevent, 530. With other parties in the Assembly merge into the Convention, 518-535. lis fate anticipated by Vergniaud, 536. De- nounced by Robespierre, 537. Move a Com- mission of Safety, 538, 539. Accuse Robes- pierre and Marat before the Convention, 540, et seq. Their fate foretold by Damot- riez, 544. Fail in their measures, 545. Pro- posed trial and death of Louis XVI., 546. Endeavour to save his life, 551. Propose an appeal to the people, 552. Their letter të
Boze counselling Louis XVI. disclosed, 554 Their vote seals fate of the King, 554 Clamour for a general war, 558. Their so- periority in the Convention, 561. Contend with the Montagnards at Lyons, 565. Pr test against a revolutionary tribunal, 566. Their expulsion demanded by the Mountair, 566. Proposed assassination of, 567. Their press destroyed, 568. Comité de Salut Pute formed, 570. Decline the alliance of Danton, who denounces them, 573. With the Moun tain place the Orleanists under arrest, 574. Twenty of its ablest members demanded as a sacrifice, 574. Petitions for their prosenp- tion, 577. Violent proceedings of Robespierrs against, 581. Close the sittings of the A-- sembly, but their places occupied by the Sections, 582. Their proceedings undone by the Mountain and Sections, 582. Insurrec tion of May 31, 584. Prosecution of twenty- two Girondists demanded, 585. Commute demand twenty-seven heads, 586. Over thrown by Mountain, 589, 590. Retreat of some members of, to Caen, who organise 1 insurrection under General Wimpfen, 59% Their army defeated at Evreux, 594. A- vised by Wimpfen to make common ears with the Vendeans, 594. Retreat to Gironde. 595. Measures adopted against, 618. Ther trials and executions, 619, et seq. Proposa to restore survivors of the, to the Conventi...”. 665, 666. Again admitted into the Assembly. and join the Thermidorians, 667, 668.
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