terview with Louis XIII., iii. 541. Recom- mended by the dying cardinal to the King, 541. Becomes minister, 542. Driven from office by the King, 542. Appointed to a council, 543. Proposes the dismissal of Ma- zarin, 584 Who suspects him, 589. Im- prisoned in Vincennes, 589. Appointed sec- retary of state, 607. Dismissed, 609 Chelles, Council of, reverses the sentence against Arnulph, Archbishop of Rheims, i. 80 Cherbourg, landing of Henry of Lancaster at, i. 459. Garrisoned by English, 545. Be- sieged by the French, 546. Saved, 546. Garrisoned by English soldiers, ii. 10. Taken from the English, 228. The pier of, de- stroyed by the English, iv. 273. Visit of Louis XVI. to the works at, 380. Arrival and embarkation of the royal family at, 415 Chesnaye, La, defends the Tuileries, iv. 512 Chevreuse, Duchess of, favours Gaston's pre- tensions, iii. 464. Joins in a plot to kill Richelieu, 465. Goes into exile, 466. Ad- vances of Richelieu to her, 528. Exiled, 529. Escapes to Madrid, and subsequently to England, 531. Recalled to court by the Queen Regent, 555. Exiled from court, 561. Her daughter proposed to be married to the Duke de Richelieu, 600. And afterwards to the Prince of Conti, 606 Chiari, battle of, iv. 84
Chiavenna seized by the Swiss, ii. 437. Taken by the French, under De la Force, iii. 491 Chièvres, M. de, first minister of the Emperor Charles V., ii. 451. His policy, 451. His master's confidence withdrawn from him, 464 Childebert, becomes King of Austrasia and Burgundy, i. 11
Childeric, father of Clovis, his tomb at Tour- nay, i. 3
Chilperic, first King of Neustria, i. 8. Supports the turbulence of the Austrasian grandees,
Chimay, Count of, his answer to Louis XI., ii.
Chinon, death of Henry II. of England at, i. 157. The fortress taken by Philip Augustus, 165. Visit of Jeanne d'Arc to Charles VII. at, ii. 162, 163. Given to Queen Marie de Medicis, iii. 423
Chiny, county of, occupied by Louis XIV., iv.
Chivalry, rise of the Austrasian, i. 15, 17.
Rise and character of, 75. Its code of mo- rality, 76. Period of the birth of, 88. Ce- remony of knighthood, and birth of the chivalric adoration of women, 89. Chivalry of the French chiefs in Palestine, 167. De- cay of chivalry under the French Charleses,
Choiseul, Duke de, advanced by Madame de Pompadour to be minister for foreign affairs,
iv. 276. His scheme for the invasion of England, 276, 277. Defeat of the French fleet off Lagos, 277. Implores Spain to ceme to the aid of France, 282. Concludes the Family Compact, 283. His detestation of the Jesuits, 298, 299. Whom he presses the King to expel from France, 302. desire for representative government, 30. His abolition of the venality of municipal offices, 306. His policy, 306-308. Under- takes the administration of the marine, 313. His policy in Poland, 316. Walpole's cha- racter of him. 318. Enmity of Madame da Barry towards him, 319. Ingratitude of Maupeou to him, 319. Refuses to live on good terms with Madame du Barry, $23. Dismissed from office, 324
Choiseul, Duke de, receives indemnity money, v. 346
Chokier, M. Surlet de, chosen regent by the Belgians, v. 446
Cholera, ravages of the, in Paris, v. 461, 462 Chollet, battle of, iv. 602
Chotusitz, or Czaslau, battle of, iv. 221 Chouans, conspiracy of, against First Consul, v. 98, 99
Christian II., Duke of Saxony, his claim to the duchy of Cleves, iii. 374
Christian IV., King of Denmark, subsidised 'y England, iii. 461
Christianity, as understood and acted upon in the eleventh century, i. 75. Spinoza's re-
Christina, Maria, Queen-regent of Spain, v. 489. Flings herself on the Liberals for sip- port, 489. Proposes Prince Leopold as hu-- band for Isabella, 565. Stirs the jealousy f Louis Philippe, 565. Manages the domest affairs of her family, 566
Christopher, a Roman chief, in the interest of the Frank party at Rome, i. 23, 24. HS eyes put out by Desiderius, King of the Lou bards, 24
Christopher, son of Duke Ulrich of Wurter
burg, his cause pleaded by Du Bellay, ii. 528 Christopher, Duke of Wurtemburg, his metir. with the Guises at Saverne, iii. 51, 52 Christopher's, St., Island of, ceded to Englan iv. 117
Chrodinus, the Austrasian noble, i. 10 Churches, great numbers of, built. i. 82 Church of Rome, syncope of the Church at th commencement of the fifteenth century, il 67. Efforts and aims of Gerson to establ or restore representative government in t Church, 73. Desire of the doctors to form, not overthrow, it, 75. Failure of t Council of Constance to obtain Church form, 107. Liberal views of ecclesiastic government entertained in the fifteenth ce tury, 218. Failure of the Council of Bast
to effect reform, 221. Mistake of Charles VII. as to benefices, 247. Amount of money drained by Rome from France after the abro- gation of the Pragmatic Sanction, 358. Its condition in the fifteenth and sixteenth cen- turies, 510. Why remote countries flung off the Papal authority, 637. See also Catholics Cinq Cents, their quarrel with the Ancients, v. 33. See Directory
Cinq Mars, becomes favourite of Louis XIII., iii. 532. His and the King's pleasures, 532. Approves of the league against Richelieu, 533. His ambition, 534. His conspiracy, 535. His treaty with Spain, 536. Gradually destroys his own influence with the King, 537. A copy of his treaty with Spain ob- tained by Richelieu, 538. Arrested, 539. His execution, 540
Cinque Ports, the, fit out a fleet, and destroy the Norman ships, i. 307. Ordered by Ed- ward III. to arm against the French and Flemings, 399
Cinquantaine, the, of Paris Duvernay, iv. 194. Abolished, 197
Constitutionalists sentenced to deportation, v.
37. See Directory; Napoleon I.; Convention Cintra, Convention of, v. 156
Citizens, causes of the gradual effacement of the middle class of, i. 387. See Towns. Civic life, character of, compared with life under the feudal system, i. 74. See Towns. Cividadella taken by the Turks, ii. 632 Civism extinguished by Louis Napoleon, v. 638 Cività Vecchia, fortress of, held by Charles VIII. ii. 385
Ciudad Rodrigo, capture of, v. 206
Clarke, Duke of Feltre, sent as peace ambassa-
dor to Austria, v. 27. Superseded by St. Cyr, 289
Claremont, palace of, assigned as a residence for ex-King of the French, v. 599 Clarence, Duke of, leads an English army to the assistance of the Orleanists, ii. 88. Has the Duke of Angoulême in pledge for a sum of money, 88.
Clarence, Duke of. See Thomas, Duke of Cla-
Clary, Vicomte, restores the New Assembly, v. 622 Classes: antagonism of the several classes in France at the close of the fourteenth century, ii. 3, 12. And of the upper and lower classes throughout Europe at this time, 12, 13 Claude, daughter of Louis XII., proposal to marry her to Charles, son of Philip le Beau, ii. 411, 412. This marriage agreed upon by treaty, 420. Which is broken off, and Claude affianced to the future Francis I., 421. Her death, 481
Claude, Duke of Guise, entrusted with an ex- pedition to Luxemburg, ii. 553. Which he takes and loses, 554
Claude, Bishop of Turin, his profession of the doctrines of the Waldenses, i. 86 Claude, Huguenot pastor, his disputation with Bossuet, iv. 8. Publishes his Plaintes' in Holland, 20
Clausel, Marshal, fails in his attack on Con- stantine, v. 507
Clavière, appointed minister of finance, iv. 481. Dismissed by the King, 486. Reinstated in his office, by the Assembly, 518. Arrested,
Clemence, daughter of Charles Martel of Naples, married to Louis X., i. 364. Her posthumous son, John, who dies in a few days, 369 Clement III., Pope, grants a tenth from the clergy for the third crusade, i. 156
Clement V., election of, i. 335. Part of Philip the Fair in the election, 335, 336. Resides at Avignon, 336. His refusal to sign any bull for the dissolution of the order of the Templars, 345. Sends an extraordinary com- mission to Paris to inquire into the charges urged against them, 345. How he kept his oath to Philip the Fair, 345, 346. Removes to Avignon, 346. Summons the Council of Vienna, 349, 350. Obtains the condemnation and dissolution of the order of the Templars, 350. Endeavours to save the lives of the chief officers of the order, 351. Summoned before the judgment seat of God by the grand master De Molay, 352. Clement's death, 353. His mistress, Melissende, Countess of Talleyrand, 353. His endeavours to make peace between France and Spain, iii. 332 Clement VII., Pope, his patronage of the Duke of Anjou, in his claim to the crown of Naples, ii. 6. His character, 71. His claim sup- ported by the Duke of Anjou, 72. His aid craved by Louise, Regent of France, 486. Supplies the imperial armies with money and men, 479. His enmity to Charles V., 492, 495. Compelled by the Colonna faction to take re- fuge in the castle of St. Angelo, 496. Rome sacked by the soldiers of Bourbon, ii. 498, 499. And the Pope shut up in St. Angelo, 498. His desire to gratify Henry VIII. with a divorce, His unfitness to decide upon great national questions, 523. Incensed against Francis I., 526. Who meets him at Marseilles, 526. His promises to Francis, 526. Abandons the Emperor, 526. Clement's death, 527, 530 Clement VIII., Pope, presses the Duke of Mayenne to proceed with the election of a king in place of Henry IV., iii. 289. Ab- solves, and becomes reconciled to, Henry IV., 317.
Clement XI., Pope, his bull Unigenitus, iv. 126, 127, 130
Clement, Jacques, murders Henry III., iii. 246, 217
Clerac, taken by Louis XIII., iii. 431
Clerc, Bussey le, governor of the Bastille, puts three judges to death, iii. 282. Obtains a safe conduct from Mayenne, 282.
Clergy, the, support the claims of the Emperor Lothaire to suzerainty, i. 40. Their support of Hugh Capet, 77. Accusations of heresy against them in the eleventh century, 86. The independence and rights, as well as in- fluence, of the clergy menaced by feudalism, 94. Championship of Hildebrand, 95. And of Louis the Fat, 114. Advantages and in- fluence obtained by the clergy during the unwarlike twelfth century, 152. How the clergy were regarded in the South of France in the thirteenth century, 173. Condition and power of the Papacy at this period, 201-204. Reduction of Toulouse by military prelates, 211. Establishment of the Inquisi- tion, 212. The Bible proscribed, 213. crusade against the Emperor Conrad IV. pro- claimed, 238. The Pragmatic Sanction of St. Louis issued, 266. Complete social ty- ranny of the clergy before this event, 266. St. Louis's laws respecting the clergy, 268. Their decline in the social scale towards the end of the thirteenth century, 299. Deter- mination of Philip the Fair to tax them, 311, 321. His answer to Pope Boniface VIII. claiming the right of conferring benefices, 322. Pierre Flotte's speech to the Three Estates on the designs of Rome against the Gallican Church, 323. Admission of the clergy of their duty to defend the King and the national liberties against Rome, 323. The beginning of the fourteenth century an age of reaction against the clergy, 337. Their extravagant pretensions and fiscality, 397. Complaints of the people against them un- remedied, 397. Syncope of the Church at the commencement of the fifteenth century, ii. 67. Care and aim of the French clergy at this time, 69. Reforms proposed by Gerson, Wicliffe, and Huss, 105. Limits placed to the power of the clergy by the Council of Basle, 218. Louis XI.'s dislike of the clergy, 257. The Pragmatic Sanction, which is ab- rogated, 358. This abrogation a matter of complaint by the Commons at Tours, 358. Churchmen permitted to enjoy power without exciting fear in the monarch, or envy in the courtier, 402. Successful confiscation of the elective privileges of the French Church, 458. Grant a large sum for a war with the Em- peror Charles V., 500. Controversy between the Humanists and the Monks, 512. Com- mencement of the Reformation, 512, 513. Their condition in the time of Francis I., 574. Colloquy of Poissy, iii. 44. Send de- legates to the Council of Trent, 95. Their grant to Catherine of Medicis, 45. Her con- cessions to them, 46. Amount of taxes
levied upon them by Henry III., 167. Their quarrels with the legists, 403. State of the Church in the reign of Louis XIV., iv. 4, 5. Condition of the clergy compared with that of the peasants at the end of the seventeenth century, 50. Ecclesiastical affairs in 1715, Clergy accept the bull Unigenitus, 181. Their agitation during the administra- tion of Cardinal Fleury, 200. Machault's attempt to tax them, 252. Reaction of the educated class against priesteraft, 289, 290. Deeds and spirit with which the clergy faced the spirit of the middle of the eighteenth century, 291, 292. Voltaire's exposure of them, 293. Their opposition to Calonne's proposed reforms, 385. Confiscation of church property by the National Assembly, 446. Civil constitution of the clergy, 449. Refuse to bury Philippe the Actor, v. 341. See As- sembly; Directory; Convention ; Napoleon I.; Louis XVIII.; Charles X.; Louis Philippe; Napoleon III.
Clermont, Council of, held, i. 104. The First Crusade decided upon at the, 104 Clermont compelled by Louis the Fat to subtait to French suzerainty, i. 126. Besieged by Henry IV., iii. 275
Clermont, Robert of, Marshal of Normandy, seizes Perrin Mare in sanctuary, and hangs him, i. 473. Excommunicated, 474. Killed by the mob in the Louvre, 474
Clermont, Count of, ii. 157. Appointed by Charles VII. to relieve the city of Orleans, 157. Defeated by Sir John Fastolf at the battle of Herrings, 158. Becomes duke of Bourbon, 202. See Bourbon, Duke of Clermont, Count of (son of the preceding), placed in command in South Normandy, ii. 227.
Defeat of his archers by the English, 227. Joined by the Constable, and the English completely beaten at Formigny,
Clermont, Abbé, Count, defeated by Ferdinand of Brunswick at Crevelt, iv. 278 Cleves, Duke of, a partisan of France, ii. 553. Betrothed to Jeanne d'Albret, 553. Seizes Gueldres, 553. Crushed by Charles V., 557 Cleves, duchy of, occupied by the Spaniards, iii 365, 374. The reigning duke and duchess of, 366 note, 374. The duke's death, 374. Affairs of the duchy after this event, 374, 375. Occupied by the French, 682 Clichy, Club of, oppose the Directory, v. 29 Clisson, Amaury de, sent by the Duchess of Brittany to England for assistance, i. 413, Returns with Sir W. Maury and an English army, 414. And relieve Hennebout, 414 Clisson, Olivier de, released by Edward III, i. 418. Executed by Philip of Valois, 418 Clisson, Olivier de, gained over by Charles V. of France, i. 519. His bitter hostility to the
Dignities heaped upon him by Charles V., 534. Murders his prisoners at Quimperlé, 534. And obtains the name of the Butcher, 534. Besieges La Roche-sur- Yon, 534. Besieged by the English in Quimperlé, 536. Saved by the truce of Bruges, 537. Charged with the office of either aweing or inducing Nantes to submit to France, 547. Resistance of the Bretons, 547. Appointed to the office of constable of the kingdom, 552. Created constable, ii. 7 Clisson, Olivier de, crosses the Lys, and takes Commines, ii. 26, 27. At the battle of Roose- becque, 28. His address to the Parisians, 30. Advises the King to prepare an expe- dition against England, 37. Fits out a fleet in Brittany, 37. Which is dispersed in a storm, 37. Seized and imprisoned by the Duke of Brittany, 38. But ransomed, 38. Appointed by Charles VI. over military affairs, 40. Attempt of Pierre de Craon to assassinate him, 43. Retires to his castles in Brittany, and levies war upon the duke, 44. Deprived of his office of constable, 44 Clive, Robert (afterwards Lord), his rise, iv. 259. Takes Arcot, 259. His victory at Plassy, iv. 275
Clootz, Anacharsis, expelled from the Conven- tion, iv. 633. Imprisoned, 640. Executed, 640, 641
Closter Camp, battle of, iv. 280 Clothaire I., King of the Franks, his reunion of the empire, i. 6. Leads the German Franks against the Saxons, and is beaten, 7. His edict as to the arbitrary conduct of judges and tax-gatherers, 7. Division of his empire into Neustria and Austrasia, 8 Clothaire II., his accession to the whole Frank empire, i. 11. Gives his son Dagobert to the Austrasians as their prince, 11 Clotilda, Princess of Burgundy, married to Clovis, King of the Franks, i. 4 Cloud, St., burned by the English, i. 424. De- feat of the Armagnacs at, ii. 86. Invested by John, Duke of Burgundy, 122. Bought for Marie Antoinette, iv. 369. The royal family prevented from going to, 456 Clovis, or Clodovig, Frank chief of Tournay,
i. 3. Attacks and defeats Ægidius, Roman governor of Gaul, 4. His marriage with Clotilda, 4. His conversion and baptism, 4. His defeat of the Burgundians on the Ouche, and the Goths at Vouglé, 5. His rivalry with Theodoric, Gothic king of Italy, 5. His conquests south of the Loire, 5. The ensigns of the consular dignity sent to him by the Emperor Anastasius, 5. His hold over Bur- gundy and Aquitaine, 5. His death, 6. Similarity between Clovis and Charlemagne,
Clubs of Paris. See Republicans, Socialists,
Terrorists, Ledru Rollin, Louis Blanc, Pro- visional Government
Clugny, M., appointed controller-general, iv. 354. His retrograde acts, 354. His death, 354
Cluny, interview of St. Louis with Innocent III. at, i. 229, 230. Death of Pope Gelasius II. at the abbey of, 124
Clyton, William, son of Duke Robert Short Hose, takes refuge in France, i. 118. His cause embraced by Louis the Fat, 118. But afterwards abandoned by Louis, 125. Be- comes count of Flanders, 127. Killed, 127 Coalition Ministry, formation of, v. 513, 514 Coalition of Radical parties, their meetings to oppose Louis Philippe, v. 579, 583. Their disagreements, 580. Their banquets pro- hibited, 583. Compromise with the police and government, 583. Their procession pro- hibited, 584. Impeach M. Guizot, 585. None of its members counsel an emeute, 585. Com- mencement of the Revolution of February, 1848, 586. Its progress, 587, et seq. Cobenzel, M., Austrian minister, his interview with French envoy, iv. 484. States his sus- picions of French Government, 484. Forced to yield to Buonaparte, v. 40, 52. Sigus treaty of Luneville, 91
Cobham, Fastolf, Lord, sent to the assistance of the Duke of Burgundy, ii. 85 Coburg, Prince of, commands the Austrians, iv. 563. Gains the battle of Neerwinden, 564. Receives Dumouriez into his tent, 565. Captures Condé and Valenciennes, 603. Besieges Cambray, 615. Defeated at Wat- tignies, 617. Defeated at Fleurus, 661. Re- treats from Brussels, 661 Cocherel, battle of, i. 505
Cochon, M., first minister of police, v. 10 Cockade, the revolutionary, iv. 428 Coronas, confidant of the Duke of Alençon,
brought to trial, iii. 158. Executed, 159. His head brought to the Duchess of Nevers, 159, note
Code Napoléon, enforcement of, on conquered kingdoms of Europe, v. 145
Cœur, Jacques, his ability and patriotism, ii. 200. Supplies the fund for recommencing the war with the English, 225. His ability, 233. Regarded with jealousy by the court, 233. Charges made against him by the courtiers, 235. His fall, 235, 236. Escapes to Rome, 236. His subsequent life, 236. Amends made by Charles VII. to Jacques' children, 236
Cœuvres, Marquis de, commands an expedition to the Valteline, iii. 449-451. His successes there, 451
Cognac surrenders to the French, i. 533. The gabelleurs of, put to death, ii. 600. Failure of the Catholics to take, iii. 104. Given up
to the Duke d'Alençon, 170. Meeting of Catherine of Medicis and Henry of Navarre at, 208. Besieged by the Prince of Condé,
616 Cohorn, Dutch engineer, his capture of Namur, iv. 48. His want of zeal, 88
Coigny, Duke de, commands the French at Pavia, iv. 204. Where he defeats the Aus- trians, 204
Coinage, St. Louis's regulations respecting the, i. 269. The new, of Philip the Fair, 311. The second recoinage of Philip, 327. Who agrees to re-establish the gold coin of the reign of St. Louis, 354. Reforms of Louis X., 366. Exorbitant use made by the nobles in this reign of the right to coinage, 367. Proposed improvements of the coinage of Philip the Long, 377. Philip of Valois' plan of alternately debasing, and raising the standard of, the coin, 418. The coinage
tampered with by John II., 448. Complaint of the trading classes of the abasement of the, in the reign of John II., 467. The chancellor obliged by the Commons to retire, 468. The rate and value of money fixed and made certain by Charles V., 540. The coinage of Henry V. of England, ii. 138. Adultera- tion of the coin by the Constable Richmont, 195. Able management of the coin by Jacques Coeur, 200. Designs of Louis XI. as to the uniformity of coins, 343, 344. Ie- coinages of Louis XIV. and the Regency, iv. 158. Coin prohibited by law, 175 Colbert, Jean Baptist, patronised by Cardinal Mazarin, iii. 617. His financial proposals, 638. His discovery of the frauds of Fouquet, 653, 654. Becomes minister of finance, 655. His financial reforms, 656. His commercial enmity to the Dutch, 670. His political economy, iv. 2. Deplores the expatriation of the Huguenot industrious classes, 3, note, 12. His vain struggle against bigotry, 12. His restrictions on Dutch trade, 23. His colony of Canada and Louisiana, 27. Aided in the finances by Pomponne, 47. Review of his administration, 50, 51. His death, 55. His views as to the importance of colonies and foreign commerce, iv. 163
Coligny, Gaspard de, Admiral, recovers Hesdin from the Imperialists, ii. 612. At the skir- mish of Renti, 616. Quarrels with the Duke of Guise, 616. His attempt to surprise Douay, 622. His defence of St. Quentin, 624. Taken prisoner there, 626. Openly inclines to Protestantism, 641. His scheme for colonising Brazil, 641. His parentage and connections, iii. 11. His character, 11. His organisation of the French army, 11, note. Policy recommended by him to Catherine de Medicis, 12. Attends the meeting at Fon- tainebleau, 27. His request, 27. His sub-
sequent more precise and personal demands, 27. His opposition to the Duke of Guise, 28. Endeavours to obtain a disavowal of the Council of Trent from Charles IX. and Queen Elizabeth, 45. Admitted, with his brother, to the council, 51. Advises the assembly of St. Germain's, 51. Hesitates to obey Conde's summons, 55. Joins Condé at Meaux, 56. Routs the Marquis d'Elbeuf at Châteaudun, 67. His part in the battle of Dreux, 70–72. Goes to Normandy, and leaves his brother to defend Orleans, 73. His indignation at the treaty of Amboise, 75. Endeavours of Ca- therine de Medicis to patch up a peace be tween him and the Duke of Guise, 90. His attachment to Condé, and loss of the King's favour, 92. Proposes the seizure of the King's person, 93. Marches with Condé to Paris, and invests the city, 94. His bravery at the battle of St. Denis, 96. Plot laid for his de- struction, 100. Escapes to La Rochelle, 101. At the battle of Jarnac, 102. Takes the com- mand after the death of Condé, 103. A re- ward offered by the court for Coligny's heal, 104. Besieges Poitiers, 105. Raises the siege, 105. Defeated and wounded at the battle of Moncontour, 105-107. Winters in Gascony, 108. Marches towards the Rhine, 108. Defeats a royalist army at Arnay le Duc, and advances into Champagne. 109. His plan of operations, 109. Receives sue- cours from Queen Elizabeth, 109. Bidden to court, 116. The King's reception of him, 117. Presses the King to invade Flanders, 117. His quarrel with the Queen-mother, 118. The Guises recalled to court to be re- conciled to the Admiral, 120. Hostility of the Queen-mother to him, 125. Advises a rupture with Spain, 129. Demands a French army to aid the Prince of Orange, 130, 131. Retires to his château, 132. Goes to Paris to attend the marriage of the King of Na- varre, 133. Shot by order of a follower of the Duke of Guise, 135. The King's visit to him, 135, 136. The Duke of Anjou's account of the murderous attempt, 136. Murdered by the Duke of Guise and his followers, 141. His memory cleared by the peace of Mon- sieur, iii. 177
Coligny, Count of, sent with an army against the Turks, iii. 650. Whom he defeats at St. Gothard, 650
College de France, influence of the, in the reign of Francis I., ii. 460 Colloquies forbidden to the Protestants, iv 6 Collot d'Herbois, brings the Swiss soldiers of Châteauvieux regiment to the fête at Paris, iv. 486. Returned member of the Convention, 535. Moves that France be declared a re- public, 536. His sanguinary measures against the Lyonese, 619. His attempted assassin-
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