siege of Calais, 433. Bureau's improvements in, ii. 200
Canterbury, treaty of, ii. 468
Canute the Dane, in England, i. 88. Expedition of Robert the Devil against, 88
Capelle, fortress of, captured by the Spaniards, iii. 513
Capeluche, the executioner, one of the leaders of a riot of the Parisians, ii. 126. Put to death by the Duke of Burgundy, 126 Capet, origin of the name of, i. 61. Establish- ment of the House of, 69. Political condition of the early Capets, 74. Difference between the Angevin and Capetian monarchs, and their policy, 150, 151 Capital, investments for, at the beginning of the eighteenth century, iv. 157 Capitation tax introduced by Pontchartrain, iv. 56. Repealed, 470
Capponi, Niccolò, the Florentine, and Charles VIII., ii. 383. Proclaimed gonfalonière of Florence, 499
Capua stormed by the French, ii. 411 Caraffa, Cardinal, sent on a mission to Henry II. of France, ii. 621. Induces the French court to break the truce of Vaucelles, 621 Carbonari, secret society of the, v. 308, 309. Their proceedings in France, 314, et seq. Carcassonne, town of, besieged by the crusaders
against the Albigenses, i. 178. Taken and plundered, 179. Relieved by Amaury de Montfort, 197. Claimed by Roger Trencavel, 220. Severity of Philip the Fair to the town of, 338. Pillaged by the Black Prince, 455. Protestants put to death by the Catholics at, iii. 47
Cardona, Spanish general, taken at Cerisolles, ii. 561
Carignan besieged by the Imperialists, ii. 560 Carinthia, government of, given by Louis the Debonnaire to his younger son Louis, i. 38 Carlier, prefect of police, proposes a coup d'état, v. 655. Succeeded by Maupas, 656 Carloman, son of Charles Martel, refuses the crown, and retires to a cloister, i. 19 Carloman, son of Pepin the Bref, his share of his father's dominions, i. 22. Refusal of his Burgundian barons to assist the Austrasians in crushing the South, 22. Efforts of his mother Bertha to keep peace between him and his brother Charles (Charlemagne), 23. His death, 24. His widow and children cap- tured at Verona by Charlemagne, 25 Carlos, Don, son of Philip II. of Spain, proposal to marry him to the Princess Elizabeth of England, ii. 616
Carlos, Don, son of Elizabeth Farnese, his mother's plans for him, iv. 150, 190. Tus- cany and Parma given to him, 155, 191. Betrothed to a daughter of the Duke of Orleans, 183. Marries her, 183. Assent of
the Emperor obtained, 193. archduchess for his wife, 199. Goes to Italy to take possession of his dominions, 205. Marches south, and conquers Naples, 205. And Sicily, 205. Secured by the peace of Vienna, 206. Forced to neutrality by a British fleet, 228. Becomes king of Spain, 282. See Charles III., King of Spain
Carlos, Don, brother of Ferdinand VII. of Spain, set aside by the will of the King, v. 489. Disputes the succession, 489. Sur- render of, 500. His intrigues when set at liberty, 500. Army sent against, 501. His army being dispersed, he is expelled from Spain, 519. Keeps court at Navarre, 519. His son proposed for a husband for Queen Isabella, 566
Carlovingians, reign of the, i. 15, et seq. The last of the, 69, 72, 78 Carlowitz, peace of, iv. 81
Carmagnola, taken by the Duke of Savoy, iii.
Carmes, massacre of priests in the, iv. 525 Carnatic, war in the, iv. 259
Carnot, General, nominated member for Public Safety, iv. 612. His military plans, 615, 616. Gains the battle of Wattignies, 617. Succeeds in recapturing Toulon, 624. His account of Robespierre, 630. Threatened by St. Just, 651. One of the five directors, chosen in place of Sièyes, v. 6. Discovers plot of Babœuf and the Jacobins, 12. Recom- mends invasion of Piedmont, 16. Concludes treaty of peace with Piedmont, 20. Supports views of Buonaparte, 34. Opposes the theo- philanthropy of Reveillère, 35. Sentenced to deportation, 37. Superseded in his office, 38. On Napoleon's return appointed home minister, 245. His honest character, 259. Becomes minister of public instruction in Second Republic, 605, 618, 630. Resigns, 630. Replaced by Vaulabelle, 630 Caron, Colonel, executed for conspiracy, v. 315 Carrickfergus, descent of the French near, iv. 277
Carrière, returned member of the Convention, iv. 535. His atrocities at Nantes, 623. In- vents the Noyades, 623. Executed, 666 Carteau, General, being sent against Lyons, isolates the surrounding towns, iv. 597. Forces his way into Marseilles, 597 Cartouche, the robber, iv. 171 Casale besieged by Spinola, iii. 476, 480. Siege raised, 481. Relieved by Count Harcourt, 517. Purchased from the Duke of Mantua by France, iv. 24, 32. Restored to Savoy,
Casimir, Prince, son of the Count Palatine, joins Condé, iii. 97
Cassano, battle of, v. 58
Cassel, town of, taken by Philip Augustus, and
retaken by the Flemings, i. 188. Taken by Count Robert of Artois, 314. Defeat of the Flemings by Philip VI. at, 391. Taken by the English crusaders under the Bishop of Norwich, ii. 32. Captured by Ferdinand of Brunswick, iv. 287
Castanos, General, defeats Dupont at Baylen,
Caste, horror of the Greeks of, i. 34
Castelnau, Baron, leads the Huguenots, iii. 19. Besieged in the castle of Noisay, 20. Sur- renders, and thrown into prison, 20. Put to the torture, 21. Executed, 22 Castelnau, Peter of, the papal envoy, killed, i. 176
Castelnaudari pillaged by the Black Prince, i. 455
Castelnaudary, battle of, iii. 509
Castel Rodrigo, Marquis of, negotiates the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, iii. 667 Castiglione, battle of, v. 22
Castile, joins France in blockading the English in Harfleur, ii. 120. Defeat of their fleet there, 120
Castillon, besieged by the English, who are de- feated, and their commander, Talbot, killed, ii. 230, 231
Castlereagh, Lord, sent on an embassy of peace to France, v. 216. Swayed by successes of Lord Wellington, insists on France confining herself to limits of 1790, 219. Reinforces Blücher, and continues offensive operations against Buonaparte, 223. Insists on frontier of 1790, 223. Prevents spoliation of the Louvre, 261
Castles, great numbers of, built, i. 82. The castles round Paris reduced by Louis the Fat, 115. Regulations of Philip the Long as to the, 376. The fortified castles of the noblesse dismantled by Richelieu, iii. 471, note
Castries, Marquis de, attacked by the Prince of Brunswick at Closter-Camp, iv. 280. Ap- pointed minister of marine, 358, 365 Catalonia, insurrection of 1640 in, iii. 518. Handed over to France, 519. A French general viceroy of, 519. Successes of the French in, 570. Reduced by Lord Peter- borough, and occupied by the Archduke Charles, iv. 93. Failure of the Duke of Orleans to take it, 99
Cateau Cambresis, conferences of, ii. 633. Peace of, 635
Catelet, town of, taken by the Imperialists, ii.
Catelet, Le, fortress of, captured by the Span- iards, iii. 513. And by Turenne, 602 Cathelineau, the waggoner, iv. 572. Commands the Vendean army, 600. Captures Nantes and is killed, 600
Catherine of Aragon, married to Henry VIII.
of England, ii. 442. Favours an alliance between England and the Emperor, 468. Divorced from Henry, 522
Catherine of Medicis, ii. 526. Proposal to marry her to the Duke of Orleans, 526. Conclusion of the marriage, 528. Appointed regent by her husband, 608. Her character, iii. 7. Her personal appearance, 8. Leans to Protestantism, 9. Her importance at court, 9. Her answer to the Huguenots, 14, 15. At the execution of heretics, 22. Death of her son, Francis II., 32. Accession of her son, Charles IX., 33. Assumes supreme power, 33. Reconciled to the King of Na- varre, 33. Her endeavours to lull discontent, 33. Her foreign policy, 33. Her conciliation of Elizabeth of England, 34. Her financial difficulties, 39. Summons the provincial estates, 39. Conciliates the King of Navarre and the Constable, 40. Steers between the Catholics and Protestants, 40, 41. Failure of the Colloquy of Poissy, 44, 45. Her aims set aside by her requirement of money, 45. Her concessions to Rome, 46. Her dismay at the conflicts between the Catholics and Protestants, 48. Enmity of the Constable and Condé, 50. Catherine falls back upon Coligny and D'Andelot, 51. Seized by the triumvirate, and forcibly removed, with the King, to the Louvre, 56. Opens negotiations with the Prince of Condé, 57. Which result in nothing, 63. Forced to accompany the army operating against the Catholics, 67. Saves Bourges from pillage, 67. Arranges the treaty of Amboise, 74, 75. tween France and England, 81. King to be declared of age, 84. cil, 84. Proceeds with the court to Cham- pagne, 85. Her motives for favouring the Catholics and intimidating the Protestants, 86. Meets the Queen of Spain and the Duke of Alva at Bayonne, 87. Plots to circumvent and arrest Condé, 92. Applies to Alva for assistance against the Huguenots, 94, 97. Sends an army under the Constable against the Huguenots, 95. Their successes, 96, 97. Her negotiations with Condé, 97. Obtains succours from the Duke of Saxony, 98. Con- cludes the treaty of Longjumeau, 99. perplexity at the perseverance of the Protes tant faction, 108. Opens negotiations with the Huguenots, 109. Her vacillating policy, 109. Opposes the marriage of her son, An- jou, with Queen Elizabeth, 113. Her eager ness for war in Flanders, 118. Her arrange- ments for the campaign, 118. Quarrel be- tween her and Coligny, 118, 119. Lends money to aid the invasion of Flanders, 119. Considered by Montpensier to be alone re- sponsible for the policy of the time, 120, note. Her religion, 122. Her greed of power, 123.
Treaty be Causes the Her coun-
Her policy, 124. Her opposition to a war with Spain, 124. Becomes hostile to Coligny, 125. Dissuades the King from the war with Spain, 131, 132. Persuades her son to give the order for the massacre on the eve of St. Bartholomew, 138. Acknowledges her com- plicity in the attempted assassination of Coligny, 138. Gives the signal for the massacre herself, 140. Witnesses the mur- ders, 143. Her conversation with Sir F. Walsingham, 151. Plot of her son, the Duke d'Alençon, against her, 156. Summons an assembly of notables at St. Germain's, 156. Her scheme for securing La Rochelle discovered, 157. Discovery of her son's plot, 157. Causes his arrest, 158. Becomes re- gent on the death of Charles IX., 160, 161. Her vigorous policy, 161. Concludes a two months' truce with the Huguenots, 161. Her cruelty, 162. Her plot to arrest Damville, 164. Her advice to her son, Henry, 164. Her endeavours to win back her son Alençon to loyalty, 169. Her boasted policy, 174. Result of this, 175-179. Presses for war against the Huguenots, 183. Her religious indifference, 190. Sends Marshal Strozzi to Portugal, 195. Her negotiations with the chiefs of the League, 204. Meets Henry of Navarre at Cognac, 208. Her jealousy of the influence of the Duke of Epernon, 214. Carried over the barricades to negotiate with the Duke of Guise, 219. Her illness, 231. And death, 232. Her life and character, 233 Catherine II., Empress of Russia, her accession,
iv. 286. Her part in the partition of Poland, 316. Her league of armed neutrality, v. 93 Catherine, daughter of Charles VI. of France, promised in marriage to Henry V. of Eng- land, ii. 109. Amount of her proposed dowry, 110. Sees Henry V. for the first time at Meulan, 129. Married to him, 136 Catherine, sister of Henry IV. of France, pro- ject to marry her to the Count of Soissons, iii. 276
Catholics, the League of, called the 'Triumvi- rate,' iii. 40. Riots against the Huguenots, 40, 41. Estates of Paris clamorous against them also, 42. Colloquy of Poissy, 44. Collisions between Catholics and Protestants, 47. Riot of St. Médard, 49. Edict of Janu- ary promulgated, 49, 50. Civil war between Catholics and Protestants, 56, 57. Causes of Huguenot success at first, and of Catholic resuscitation, 59, 60. The Catholic colours, 63, note. Progress of the civil war, 64-75. Impossibility of accord between the creeds, 77. The Cardinal of Lorraine's views of reforming the Roman Church, 79. Non- execution by the Catholics of the treaty of Amboise, 83. Their victory at Jarnac, 104. Fail to take Cognac, 104. Defeat the Hugue-
nots at Moncontour, 105–107. St. Bartholomew's eve, 121, 140. Endeavours of Rome to bring back Charles IX. to the terms of the Catholic League, 127. For- mation of the party called the 'Politiques,' 161. Discontent of the Catholics with Henry III., 167. Formation of the League, 175. Conclusion of the peace of Bergerac, 188. Resuscitation of the League, 200. And re- newal of civil war, 202. Battle of Coutras, 210. Alliance between the Huguenots and Royalists against the League, 244. Battle of Arques, 257. And of Ivry, 264-266. Edict of Tours issued, 277. Recantation of Henry IV., 300. Rally of the chief leaguers, with the exception of Mayenne, to Henry IV., 307. Termination of the contest be- tween the Catholics and Protestants, 371. View of the whole struggle, 372. Fear and anger of the ultra-Catholics at Henry IV.'s league against Spain, 378. The line of de- marcation between the two religions pushed northwards by Louis XIV., iv. 64. Reaction of the educated classes against the Roman Catholics, 289, 290. Catholic sacerdotalism struck by Napoleon, v. 91. See also Church of Rome; Napoleon I.
Catinat, Marshal, cruelties of the French under his orders to the Waldenses, iv. 39. Captures Nice and occupies the coast of Piedmont, 41. Driven beyond the Alps, 42. Defeats the Piedmontese at Marsaglia, 47, 48. Associated in command with the Duke of Savoy, 83. Baffled by Prince Eugène, 84. Replaced by Villeroy, 84
Cauchon, Bishop of Beauvais, claims Jeanne d'Arc for trial, ii. 175. Presides at the trial, 177. Shrinks from putting her to death, 178
Caudebec surrendered to the French, ii. 226 Caulaincourt, Grand Chamberlain, accompanies Napoleon on his return to Paris, v. 195. Sent as peace ambassador to Alexander, 202. Succeeds in gaining an armistice, 204. Pro- poses treaty at Prague with Metternich, but his offers refused, 205. Sent to meet the Allies at Chatillon with renewed offers, 219. Again meets the Allies on negotiations for peace, 220. Sent to Paris to negotiate, 229, 230. Returns with proposals for complete abdication, 232. Signs the treaty of Paris, and thus consummates the abdication of Buonaparte, 232. Appointed foreign minis- ter, 245
Caussidière forms a regiment of reckless cha- racters, v. 607. Becomes minister of police, 618. Takes part with the Socialist insurrec- tion, 620
Caux, De, minister of war, v. 366. Remark- able conversation as to the allegiance of the army, 379
Cavagnes, sent by the Huguenots from La | Cerignola, battle of, ii. 413 Rochelle to the court, iii. 115. His trial Cerisolles, battle of, ii. 560 and execution, 150 Cavaignac, General, prosecuted by Périer, v. 444. Trial of, 492. Recovers his freedom, 493. Amnestied and returns to France, 521. Becomes minister of war, 621. Seeks to exile Louis Napoleon,_623. Champion of the Assembly, 624. Exerts his authority, 624. His republican principles, 624. Com- mands the troops against the insurrection of the workmen, 624. His measures for putting it down, and their complete success, 624- 630. Invested with dictatorial power, 627. President of the executive government, 630. Chooses a new government, 630. His diffi- culty with regard to the prisoners of the insurrection, 632. Refuses to arrest the Louis journalists, except Girardin, 632. Napoleon elected president instead of him, 635. Sends an army to Rome, 639, 640. Quells the Socialist insurrection of June 13, 1849, 644. Louis Napoleon's endeavours to crush both him and his party, 644. His star declines in the army, 644. Arrested, 661 Cavalry, formation of, by Charles Martel, i. 16 Caylus, Madame du, becomes mistress of Louis XVIII., v. 298. And confidential adviser of the King, 337. Forces upon the dying king the appointment of a minister of ecclesias- tical affairs, 339. Rouses the King by her blandishments to receive last rites of the Church, 338. Burns the testamentary papers of the old King, 338. Pensioned by Charles X., 338
Cernolles, the archpriest, leads the vanguard at the battle of Brignais, i. 499. Wounded and taken prisoner, 499. Marches to the Rhine, but returns home to pillage, 509 Cerrachi, conspirator, arrested and executed, v. 98, 99
Ceuillote, the, of the Flemish towns, ii. 283 Cevennes, reduction of the Protestants of the, iii. 482. Rising of the Huguenots in the, iv. 87. The chiefs of the Protestants bought off, 94. The Protestants massacred by the Royalists, v. 264
Cazotte, Mademoiselle, saves her father, but only to send him to the guillotine, iv. 527 Cé, Pont du, fortress of, given to Queen Marie de Medicis, iii. 423
Cecil, Lord Burleigh, joins the Duke d'Alen- çon's plot against the Queen Mother, iii. 156 Cecil, Sir Robert, sent on a mission to Henry IV., iii. 344
Celestin III., Pope, forbids Philip Augustus to marry Mary of Meran, i. 161. Excommuni- cates Philip, 161
Cellamare, Prince, envoy from Spain to France, iv. 138. His conspiracy against the Duke of Orleans, 153, 154. Discovered and ar- rested, 154
Cens, or Rent, serfage abolished on payment of, i. 494, 496, note Centralisation, commencement of the French
system of administrative and judicial, i. 170. Rapid establishment of, in France, 440. Retrograde movement from absolutism to federalism, 496. Louis XI.'s views and in- tentions as to, ii. 343
Centre, a party in Chamber of Deputies, v. 283 Cerdagne acquired by Louis XI., ii. 259. Ceded to Ferdinand V. of Spain, 376
Ceva, surrendered, v. 19 Ceylon, the French in, iv. 27 Chabannes, falls at Pavia, ii. 485. Chabot, Francis, denounces the new constitu- tion, iv. 607. Tried and executed, 642-644 Chabrol, Count de, forms a new administra- tion, v. 366. Becomes minister of finance, 381. His resignation, 386
Chagau of the Hans, killed by Eric, Duke of Aquileia, i. 28
Chaise, Père la, confessor to Louis XIV., iv. 67. His view of the proper mode of life for the King, 67. His influence over Louis XIV., 123.
Chalais, Count de, heads a conspiracy to mur- der Cardinal Richelieu, iii. 465. Arrested and executed, 466
Châlier, chief of the Jacobins, heads insurree- tion at Lyons, for which he is tried and ex- ecuted, iv. 196
Chalons, the famous tournament at, i. 298. Cruelties inflicted on the Huguenots in, iii.
Chalotais, La, procureur-general of Brittany, iv. 309. Arrested, 310. But set at liberty, 312
Chamber of Deputies. See Deputies Chambery held by Francis I., ii. 542 Chambre, Ardente, the, ii. 642, 645. Esta- blished, 158
Chamillard, Michael, appointed minister of finance, iv. 84. His financial measures, 85. His taxes in 1706, 97, 98. His diffi- culties, 99. Succeeded by Desmarets, 99 Champ-Aubert, battle of, v. 220 Champagne, aversion of the people of, to both the French and German races, i. 55. putes Swiss Burgundy with the Emperor Conrad II., 90. The Champaigners defeated by Geoffrey Martel, 91. Condition of the country of, in the thirteenth century, 206. Insulted by Philip, Count of Boulogne, and joins the League of the barons, 206. The tax levied by Philip of Valois on the fairs of, 418. The estates summoned by Charles the regent, 476. The country pillaged by mercenary free corps, 486. Muster of the
Tardvenus in, 498. Ravaged by Sir R. Knollis, 526. Condition of, under Charles VII., ii. 175. Invaded by Charles VII. of France, 211. Given by Louis XI. to his brother Charles, 292. Advance of Coligny into, iii. 109. Poverty of the gentry of, in 1591, 283, note. The government given to the Prince of Conti, 598
Championnet, General, defeats General Mack, v. 54. Dismissed by the Directory, 56 Champs de Mars, and Champs de Mai, of the Franks, i. 24, note
Chandos, Sir John, at the battle of Poitiers, i. 463. Allowed by the Black Prince to go to the aid of De Montfort, 506. Gains the battle of Auray, 507. Ransom paid to him for the liberation of Bertrand du Guesclin, 510. Refuses to join a crusade against Peter the Cruel, of Castile, 510. His escape at the battle of Navarrete, 513. Again takes Du Guesclin prisoner, 514. Killed in a skirmish, 525
Changarnier, General, suppresses the insurrec- tion of June 13, v. 643. Appointed to watch over the republic by the Assembly, 649. Anticipates the re-establishment of the em- pire, 650. President determines to dismiss him, 650, 652. Plot to assassinate him, 651. Guarantees to the Assembly that the consti- tution shall triumph over the president, 653. Arrested by the president, 661
Chantelauze, draws up the ordonnances, v. 391. Arrested and tried, 422, 429. Con- demned, 430
Chantilly, estate of, willed to Duc d'Aumale, v. 435
Chantocé, town of, captured by the Royalists, ii. 289
Chantoceaux besieged and taken by Charles of Blois, i. 412
Chapelle, La, executed for duelling, iii. 471 Charenton attacked by the Prince of Condé, iii. 592
Charette, leader of the Vendeans, iv. 572. Be- sieges Nantes, 600. Raises the royalist standard in La Vendée, but unsuccessful, and executed at Nantes, v. 14, 15 Charité, La, taken by Charles the Dauphin, ii. 139. Taken by the Huguenots, iii. 108. Given up to the Duke d'Alençon, 170. Who subsequently besieges it, 185
Charlemagne conducts the Pope, Stephen II., into France, i. 21. His share of the empire at the death of his father, Pepin, 22. His defeat of Hunald, Duke of Aquitaine, 22. Repairs the castle of Fronsac, 23. Efforts of his mother to keep peace between him and his brother Carloman, 23. Marries the daughter of Desiderius, King of the Lom- bards, 23. Death of his brother Carloman, 24. Becomes in consequence sole monarch,
24. Sends his wife back to her friends, 24. Embassy from the Pope, who is besieged in Rome, 24. Charlemagne's first expedition against the Saxons, 24. Takes Æresburg, and burns the idol Irmensul, 24. Marches into Italy against Desiderius, 24. Takes Verona, and lays siege to Pavia, 24, 25. Visits Rome, 25. Confirms Pepin's donation of the exarchate to the Pope, 25. Takes Pavia and throws Desiderius into captivity, 25. His policy in the organisation of em- pire, 26. His dukes and missi, 26. His revenues, and how they were collected, 26. His expedition against the Pagan Saxons, who received baptism at Paderborn, 27. His expedition beyond the Pyrenees, and defeat at Roncevaux, 27. His execution of 5,000 Saxons, 27. His complete overthrow of them as a nation, 27. His conquest of the Huns, 28. His second visit to Rome, where he is crowned emperor by the pope, 28, 29. His life and sports, 29. Nature of his rule, 29. His judicial arrangements, 29. His struggle with the Paganism of the East and the Mohammedanism of the South, 30. Entrusts his outlying provinces to counts or dukes, 31. His mode of warfare, 30, 31. testamentary division of his dominions to his three sons, 32. Death of his sons Pepin and Charles, 32. Places the imperial crown on the head of his surviving son Louis, 32. His death and character, 32. Similarity between Clovis and Charlemagne, Weight of his crown, iv. 219, note Charleroi, taken by Louis XIV., iii. 662. Re- duced by the French, iv. 234. Besieged by Jourdan, 661.
Charles V., Emperor of Germany (see also Charles of Luxemburg), his first minister, De Chièvres, i. 451. Betrothed to Renée, daughter of Louis XII., 442, 451. Ascends the throne of Spain, 461. Meets Francis I. at Noyou, 462. His competition with Fran- cis for the succession to the empire, 463. His character, 463. Elected emperor, 466. Disturbed state of Spain and Germany, 467. Charles concludes a treaty with Henry VIII. at Canterbury, 468. Promised aid by the Pope, 470. Entices Wolsey to Bruges, and gains over England against France, 471, 472. war with France, 472. Invades France, 472. Gives the command of his armies in Italy to Prosper Colonna, 479. Capture of his enemy Francis, 485. Charles's demands, 488. Re- fused by Francis, 489. Who is removed to Madrid, 489. Conclusion of the treaty of Madrid, 490. And liberation of Francis, 491. Who refuses to perform the conditions of the treaty, or surrender Burgundy, ii. 492. Formation of a league against Charles, 492. His coolness to Henry VIII., 492. Who with-
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