Furstenberg, Prince of, arrested by the Im- perialists, iii. 687 Furstenberg, Bishop of Strasburg, helps Louis XIV. to seize Strasburg, iv. 24. Design of Louis to raise him to the archbishopric of Cologne, 29. Abandonment of his claim, 62 Fivizzano, taken by Charles VIII., and its gar- rison put to the sword, ii. 383
GABELLE, the, erection in the West on the
NABELLE, the, taken off by Philip the Long,
subject of the salt duties, ii. 599. Burdens on the, in 1626, iii. 470. The tax in 1774, iv. 338. Enquiries of Necker into its opera- tion, 362. Repeal of the, 470. Clamour against it, 611. Abolished, 616 Gaeta, surrender of the French at the fortress of, to the Spaniards, ii. 418 Gaillard, Château, besieged, i. 164. And taken by Philip Augustus, 164 Gaillon taken by the Duke of Bedford, ii. 149 Galigai, Eleanor, favourite of Marie de Medicis, iii. 387. Her rapacity, 389. Murder of her husband, 414. Pillaged, and sent to prison, 415. Her trial and execution, 417 Galissonnière, La, sails for Minorca, and de- feats Byng, iv. 264
Gall, St., his mission to the Franks, i. 17 Gallants of the court of Henry III., iii. 191 Gallican Church, speech of Pierre Flotte on the evil designs of the Church of Rome against the, i. 323. The Church consolidates its independence, and emancipates itself from Rome, ii. 76. Rapacity of the crown in exercising the right of patronage, 76. Pub- lication of an edict forbidding the conferring of benefices upon foreigners, 217. Pragmatic Sanction abrogated, 257. Coun- cil of the Church summoned at Tours, 431. Confiscation of its elective privileges, 459. Church bull of Innocent X., infringing the liberties of the, iii. 579. Declaration of its independence drawn up by Bossuet, iv. 13. This profession of independence retracted by Louis XIV., 58. See Assembly, &c.; Conven- tion; Directory; Napoleon I., &c. Galway, Lord, defeated at Almanza, iv. 98 Game laws of the Normans, i. 82. And of the Kings of France, 82
Ganneron, M., declares the Ordonnances legal, v. 392. Minister of commerce, 525 Garat, home minister, quiets fears of the Con- vention, iv. 581. Expostulates with Danton, 586
Garde Nationale Mobile, enrolled, v. 421, 607. Under Clary, puts down the Socialist insur- rection, 622. Arrests the Committee of Government, 622.
Garde Meuble, plundered by the communes, iv. 520, 530
Garde des Sceaux, new law of sacrilege pro- posed by, v. 342, 343
Garganus, Mount, pilgrimages to, i. 85 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, heads a democratic insur- rection at Rome, v. 639. Defeats General Oudinot, 640. Concludes an armistice, 640. Defends Rome, and at length withdraws with Mazzini, 641
Garnier-Pagès, M., and his History of the Revolution,' his statement as to Bugeaud's suspension of hostilities, v. 591. Becomes a member of the Provisional Government, 596. Installed as mayor, 605. Becomes minister of finance, 611. His tax on landed pro- prietors, 611, 612. Appointed one of the New Republican ministry, 618
Garter, Order of the, instituted, i. 420, 445 Gascony, appeals from, to the French court, i. 305. Losses of the French in Upper, 420. Ravages of the Black Prince in, 454. Dis- affection of the Gascon nobles to him, 517, 519. Whose followers and friends are bought up by the King of France, 519. Sur- render of nearly all the towns to the French, 541. Attacked by the French, ii. 228. And all the towns taken from the English, 229, 230. Impatience of the people under the French yoke, 229. Reduction of the mal- contents by Charles VIII., 366 Gasparin, M., remonstrates against possession of Otaheite, v. 557
Gassion, Colonel (afterwards Marshal), his answer to Richelieu, iii. 550. At the battle of Rocroy, 557. Killed in Flanders, 573 Gastines, Cross of, demolished, iii. 120 Gaston, Duke of Orleans, younger son of Henry IV., his quarrel with his brother, Louis XIII., iii. 464. Heads an opposition to Richelieu, 465. His favourite, Marshal Ornano, arrested, 464, 465. Reveals a plot of his friends to mur- der Richelieu, 466. Marries the Princess of Montpensier, 466. Thwarted in his designs of marriage, 486. Retires to Lorraine, 487. Defies Richelieu in his own palace, and withdraws from court, 501. Flies into Flanders, 501. Craves aid from the Span- iards to enable him to invade France, 506. Joins Montmorency, 506. Defeated by Schomberg at Castelnaudary, 509. Enticed to return and be reconciled to the King, 511. Made governor of Auvergne, 512. Joins a plot to assassinate Richelieu, 514, 527. His part in a conspiracy against Richelieu, 535, 536. Confesses his guilt 539. Appointed lieutenant-general of the kingdom, 543. Reduces Gravelines, 570. Invades Flanders, 572. Endeavours to make peace between the Court and Parliament, 584. Attends the sittings of Parliament, 591. Joins the Prince of Condé in the investment of Paris, 595. Returns with the court to the city,
tually agrees to peace, 245. Ingratitude of Maria Theresa to him, 261, 265. Repu- diated by all his old allies, and turns to Frederick the Great, 265. With whom he signs a treaty of alliance, 265. Sends troops for the defence of his electorate, 266. which he endeavours to obtain neutrality, 270. His death, 283
George III., his accession, iv. 283.
His adop- tion of Bute's policy of peace, 283. See Convention; Directory; Napoleon I.; Louis XVIII
George IV., King of England, when Prince Regent, urges Prince Lieven to extreme measures, v. 224. See Convention; Directory; Napoleon I.; Louis XVIII.; Charles X. Gerard, Bishop of Cambray, his mode of treat- ing the people of his government, i. 99 Gerard, Marshal, takes command of the troops, v. 403. Becomes war minister, 421. Re- signs, 424. Heads the army for Belgium, 447. Besieges Antwerp, 476. Becomes president of the council, 487. Adopts the rallying word of the Tiers parti, 487. Re- signs, 487. Ordered to occupy Paris with the army, 584. Countermanded by Duchatel, 585. Shows the King's abdication, 594 Gerberga, sister of the Emperor Otho, married to King Louis d'Outremer, i. 57. Her in- fluence over King Lothaire, 61 Gerbert, brought to Rheims by Archbishop Adalbero, i. 63. Sent to Paris by Hugh Capet, 63. Educates Robert, son of Hugh Capet, 63, 80. Elected archbishop of Rheims, 80. His election declared by the Pope to be void, 80. Sketch of his life, 80. Attains the pontificate as Silvester II., 80. Recommends armed European resistance to the Mussulmans, 102
Gergeau, assembly of Huguenots at, iii. 362 Germain l'Auxerrois, St., church of, in Paris, rebuilt, i. 82. Destruction of, by the Paris mob, v. 436
Germain des Prés, St., burned, i. 488 Germain-en-Laye, St., royal residence of, burned by the Black Prince, i. 424 Germain's, St., assembly of, iii. 49. An as- sembly of notables summoned by Catherine de Medicis at, 156. Treaty of, 111 Germain's St., Count of, war minister, iv. 348 Germans, Irish, Celtic, and Anglo-Saxon mis- sionaries to the, i. 71. Their superiority in war to the races west of the Rhine, 41 Germany, in the eleventh century, compared with France, i. 17. Rivalry of the emperors and popes, and effects of the strife even at the present day, 129. Quarrels respecting the succession to the empire, 162. Condi- tion of the empire at the early part of the fourteenth century, 373. Establishes its independence of Rome by positive legisla-
tion, 398. The political destiny of Germany contrasted with that of England and France, ii. 215. State of, in the middle of the fif- teenth century, 215. Relations between France and Germany in the middle of the fifteenth century, 216. German mercenaries introduced into the French army, 340. Agitation caused by the preaching of Luther, 467. War between the Protestants and Catholics kindled, iii. 426. Alarm and pre- cautions of Germany at the danger to Hol- land from England and France, 675. Rapine organised by Louis XIV., iv. 34. Neglect of the duty of Germany towards Poland, 314. For subsequent history of Germany refer to Convention; Directory; Napoleon I. and III., &c.
Gerona besieged by Philip the Hardy, i. 294. Surrenders, 295. Captured by the Duke de Noailles, iv. 48
Gerson, John, his character and abilities, ii. 73. His endeavours to establish or restore representative government in the Church, 73. Refuses to pay taxes, and takes refuge in the steeple of Notre Dame, 98. Denies the su- preme power and infallibility of the Pope, 104.
His ideas of an universal church, 105. His rancour against Huss, 106. Fails to obtain sentence of the Council of Constance against Jean Petit, 106. Failure of his efforts to obtain Church reform, 107, 108. With- draws to monastic life, 108, note. His talents and errors, 141
Gertruydenberg, conferences of, iv. 104. Cap- tured, 562
Ghent invaded by the Normans, i. 46. The combatants of, in the time of Philip Augustus, 153. Reduced by Philip Augustus, 188. Occupied by the allies of the Count of Flanders, 314. Refuses to join the insur- rection against France, 326. Deserts its Count, 372. Its French leanings, 379. Causes of this, 387. The people true to Count Louis and France, 390. Rise of the people under James Arteveld, 400. Murder of Arteveld, 421. Rebellion against the Count of Flanders, ii. 15, 16. Besieged by the count, 19. March of the people under Von Arteveld to Bruges, which they take, and compel the Count to fly, 20, 21. Refusal of the town to acknow- ledge the Duke of Burgundy as count, 35. Submission of the Ghenters to the duke, 36. March of the citizens to assist at the siege of Calais, under Philip III. of Burgundy, 193. Return home disheartened, 194. Re- fusal of the people to pay the gabelle to the Duke of Burgundy, 238. Who defeats them at the battle of Gavre, 240. Its resistance to the yoke of Burgundy, 278. The Count of Charolais's peril in Ghent, 283. Submits to Charles the Rash, 287. Restoration of
the ancient rights of the Flemish towns by Mary of Burgundy at, 330. An embassy sent by the city to Louis XI. of France, 331. Maximilian, King of the Romans, seized by the people, 369. Revolt of the citizens, 544. Their offer to Francis I., 544, 545. The Emperor's punishment of them, 546. Be- sieged and taken by Louis XIV., iii. 698. Declares against France, iv. 95. Surprised by the French, 100. Taken by the Duke of Ormond, 115. Captured by Louis XIV., 233 Giac, favourite of Charles VII., put to death by the Constable, ii. 153
Gibraltar, captured by the English, iv. 93. Proposed cession of, to Spain, 174. The cession afterwards declined, 174, 175. Com- pact for wresting it, if necessary, from Eng- land, 193. Besieged, but the siege aban- doned, 199. Besieged by Spain, 358 Gié, Marshal, seizes Anne of Brittany's jewels, ii. 420. His punishment, 420
Ginevra, Mont, crossed by Charles VIII., ii. 381 Giralda, dame of Lavaur, put to death, i. 181 Girardin, M. Emile de, accuses the ministry of corruption, v. 576. Demands the abdication of the King, 594. Arrested, 632 Girondists and Gironde, compose the majority of the Legislative Assembly, iv. 467. Character and ability of its members, 467. Their ob- jects as legislators, 468. Their confidence in Count Narbonne, 473, 477. Brissot, and his influence, 474, et seq. Concoct the Austrian despatch, 477. De Moleville attempts to bribe, 478. Prosecute De Moleville and Delessert, 478, 479. Roland and others of their party chosen by the King as ministers, 481. Their character unfits them for go- vernment, 482. Distrusted by Dumouriez, 482. Dumouriez recommends their alliance with Danton, 483. They dislike Dumouriez, 483. Suspect the King, 485. Celebrate liberation of Swiss soldiers, 485. Their ministers distrusted by the King, 486. Ro- land's letter to the King, 487. Servan's pro- position for a camp at Paris, 487. Smother their sympathy for the King, 489. Insur- rection of the Faubourg St. Antoine, 490 et seq. Encourage the arrival of the Fédérés of the South, 497. Cause the massacres at Avignon, 498. Arraign Louis XVI. and his measures, 499. Reconciliation of parties in the Assembly, 500. Dethronement of the King demanded, 500, 503. Camp of the Federals, 502. Change in their sentiments and aims, 503. Voting the adjournment for the King's dethronement, they are execrated by the Jacobins, 504. Make overtures to the King, 504. Warn the King of approaching insurrection, 504. Denounced by the Moun- tain, 504. Their temporising policy to sus- pend the King, 505. Manifesto of the Duke
of Brunswick precipitates measures, 503. Propose suspension of the King, and the suc cession of the Dauphin, 506, 508. Insurrec tion of the 9th of August, 509, et seq. Pro- mise protection and safety to the King, 514. Dethrone and imprison the King and royal family, 514, 515. Do not despair of pre- serving and raising the monarchy, 517. Their measures and propositions for govern- ment, 518. Appoint their new ministry, 518. Their humane measures for the King counter- acted by the Jacobins, 519. Intimidated by Robespierre and Marat, 519. Placed in the category of suspects by Robespierre, 523. Propose retiring to the south of France, 523. Massacres at the prisons, 524, 525. Massacre at Versailles, and their inability to prevent,
530. With other parties in the Assembly merge into the Convention, 518-535. Its fate anticipated by Vergniaud, 536. De- nounced by Robespierre, 537. Move a Com mission of Safety, 538, 539. Accuse Robes pierre and Marat before the Convention, 540, et seq. Their fate foretold by Dumos- riez, 544. Fail in their measures, 545. Pro- posed trial and death of Louis XVI, 546. Endeavour to save his life, 551. Propose an appeal to the people, 552. Their letter to Boze counselling Louis XVI. disclosed, 554. Their vote seals fate of the King, 554. Clamour for a general war, 558. Their su- periority in the Convention, 561. Contend with the Montagnards at Lyons, 565. Pro- test against a revolutionary tribunal, 566. Their expulsion demanded by the Mountain, 566. Proposed assassination of, 567. Their press destroyed, 568. Comité de Salut Prid formed, 570. Decline the alliance of Danton, who denounces them, 573. With the Moun- tain place the Orleanists under arrest, 574. Twenty of its ablest members demanded as a sacrifice, 574. Petitions for their proscrip tion, 577. Violent proceedings of Robespierre against, 581. Close the sittings of the As- sembly, but their places occupied by the Sections, 582. Their proceedings undone by the Mountain and Sections, 582. Insurrec tion of May 31, 584. Prosecution of twenty- two Girondists demanded, 585. Communis demand twenty-seven heads, 586. Over- thrown by Mountain, 589, 590. Retreat of some members of, to Caen, who organise an insurrection under General Wimpfen, 593 Their army defeated at Evreux, 594. vised by Wimpfen to make common with the Vendeans, 594. Retreat to Gironde, 595. Measures adopted against, 618. Their trials and executions, 619, et seq. Proposal to restore survivors of the, to the Convention. 665, 666. Again admitted into the Assembly. and join the Thermidorians, 667, 668.
Giselbert, Duke of Lorraine, defeated by the Emperor Otho, and drowned in the Rhine, i. 57. His widow married to Louis, 59 Gisors, fortress of, rebuilt by Henry I. of Eng- land, i. 118. Given by treaty to his son William, 118. Meeting of Pope Calixtus II. and Henry I. of England at, 125. Fortress of, obtained by Henry II. of England, 143 Gisors, Count de, killed at Crevelt, iv. 278 Gisquet, M., dismissed, v. 504. Discovers new society of conspirators, 'Des Saisons,' 516 Gladsdale, Sir William, at the siege of Orleans, ii. 156. Defeated and killed by Jeanne d'Arc, 166
Glatz taken by Frederick the Great, iv. 218. Ceded to him, 221
Glendower, Owen, obtains aid from Charles VI. of France, ii. 49. Defeated at Shrewsbury, 49 Gloucester, Duke of, younger brother of Henry V. of England, ii. 151. His marriage with Jacqueline of Holland, 151. And rash claims to the Low Countries, 151. Invades Hainault, and challenges the Duke of Burgundy to single combat, 151. Deserts Jacqueline, and re-marries, 152. Endeavours to reconcile him to his uncle, the Cardinal of Winchester, 155
Gobel, Archbishop of Paris, gives up his cross and ring, iv. 634. Imprisoned, 640. Exe- cuted, 640, 646
Godemar du Fay, defeated by Edward III. of England, i. 425
Godfrey, the Norman chief, his march from the Scheldt to the Seine, and from the Seine to the Loire, i. 46
Godfrey, Duke of Lower Lorraine, i. 63. His death in battle, 63 Godfrey of Bouillon, joins the First Crusade, i. 104. Efficacy of his army of Lorrainers, 106. Passes the winter at Buyukdere, 107. Passes over into Asia, 107. At the siege of Nicea, 107. At the siege and capture of Jerusalem, 111
Godfrey, Duke of Brabant, killed at Courtray, i. 327
Godoy the Guardsman, paramour of Queen of Spain, v. 152. His plans, 152. See Ferdi- nand VII.; Napoleon I.
Gogo, the Austrasian noble, appointed major domûs, i. 10
Goislart, the judge, arrested, iv. 398 Golden Fleece, order of the, instituted by Philip III. of Burgundy, ii. 175
Gondrin, La Mothe, Catholic governor of Va- lence, hanged by the Huguenots, iii. 57 Gontram, son of King Clothaire, reigns in Bur- gundy, i. 8. His triumphs over the Lom- bards, 8
Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, defeated at For- rova, ii. 389. Murders the Duke of Parma, 598
Gonzaga, Princess Marie de, Cinq Mars aspires to her hand, iii. 535. Gives him notice of danger, 538
Gonsalvo de Cordova, Aragonese general, de- feated at Seminara, ii. 390, 391 Goree, a French settlement, iv. 288 Gorsas, deputy, expelled from the Convention, and his presses burnt, iv. 568
Gothard, St., on the Danube, battle of, iii. 650 Göthe, present at the battle of Valmy, iv. 534. Remark of a Prussian officer to, 534
Goths, their mode of treating the Gauls on the Garonne, i. 3. Defeated by Clovis at Vouglé, 5
Goualt, Chevalier, arrested and shot, v. 222 Goudchaux, M., finance minister in the Second Republic, v. 605. Resigns, 611. Declares his inability to meet demands of state work- men, 625. Measures proposed by, 633 Gough, Sir Matthew, sent with reinforcements to the English in Normandy, ii. 226. Escapes from the field of Formigny, 228 Goujon, one of the Mountain, arrested and commits suicide, iv. 679, 681
Government, Provisional, of Paris, formation of a, v. 596. Its members, 596. Reject ad- hesion of Louis Napoleon, 605. Take pos- session of the Hotel de Ville, 605. Opposition to the, 606, et scq. Form the Garde mobile, 607. Do not sanction Socialist demands, but consent to a compromise, 608. Originate a system of state employ for labourers, 608. Oppose the Red Republicans, 610. Adopt the tricolour flag, 610. Dissolve the cham- bers, 611. Their financial difficulties, 611. Measures of Garnier Pagés, 611. Counteract measures of Ledru Rollin, 614. Procession of the Clubs, 614. Defeat the Socialist plot, 615, 616. Abolish the octroi and salt duties, 616. Abolished by the New Assembly, and a Republic and New Government proclaimed, 617. See Assembly, New; Napoleon III. Gozlyn, Archbishop, his defence of Paris against the Normans, i. 50
Grace, ecclesiastical squabbles respecting, iv.
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