FUR

Furstenberg, Prince of, arrested by the Im-
perialists, iii. 687
Furstenberg, Bishop of Strasburg, helps Louis
XIV. to seize Strasburg, iv. 24. Design of
Louis to raise him to the archbishopric of
Cologne, 29. Abandonment of his claim, 62
Fivizzano, taken by Charles VIII., and its gar-
rison put to the sword, ii. 383

GABELLE, the, erection in the West on the

NABELLE, the, taken off by Philip the Long,

subject of the salt duties, ii. 599. Burdens
on the, in 1626, iii. 470. The tax in 1774,
iv. 338. Enquiries of Necker into its opera-
tion, 362. Repeal of the, 470. Clamour
against it, 611. Abolished, 616
Gaeta, surrender of the French at the fortress
of, to the Spaniards, ii. 418
Gaillard, Château, besieged, i. 164. And
taken by Philip Augustus, 164
Gaillon taken by the Duke of Bedford, ii. 149
Galigai, Eleanor, favourite of Marie de
Medicis, iii. 387. Her rapacity, 389. Murder
of her husband, 414. Pillaged, and sent to
prison, 415. Her trial and execution, 417
Galissonnière, La, sails for Minorca, and de-
feats Byng, iv. 264

The

Gall, St., his mission to the Franks, i. 17
Gallants of the court of Henry III., iii. 191
Gallican Church, speech of Pierre Flotte
on the evil designs of the Church of Rome
against the, i. 323. The Church consolidates
its independence, and emancipates itself from
Rome, ii. 76. Rapacity of the crown in
exercising the right of patronage, 76. Pub-
lication of an edict forbidding the conferring
of benefices upon foreigners, 217.
Pragmatic Sanction abrogated, 257. Coun-
cil of the Church summoned at Tours, 431.
Confiscation of its elective privileges, 459.
Church bull of Innocent X., infringing the
liberties of the, iii. 579. Declaration of its
independence drawn up by Bossuet, iv. 13.
This profession of independence retracted by
Louis XIV., 58. See Assembly, &c.; Conven-
tion; Directory; Napoleon I., &c.
Galway, Lord, defeated at Almanza, iv. 98
Game laws of the Normans, i. 82. And of the
Kings of France, 82

Ganneron, M., declares the Ordonnances legal,
v. 392. Minister of commerce, 525
Garat, home minister, quiets fears of the Con-
vention, iv. 581. Expostulates with Danton,
586

Garde Nationale Mobile, enrolled, v. 421, 607.
Under Clary, puts down the Socialist insur-
rection, 622. Arrests the Committee of
Government, 622.

Garde Meuble, plundered by the communes,
iv. 520, 530

GAS

Garde des Sceaux, new law of sacrilege pro-
posed by, v. 342, 343

Garganus, Mount, pilgrimages to, i. 85
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, heads a democratic insur-
rection at Rome, v. 639. Defeats General
Oudinot, 640. Concludes an armistice, 640.
Defends Rome, and at length withdraws with
Mazzini, 641

Garnier-Pagès, M., and his History of the
Revolution,' his statement as to Bugeaud's
suspension of hostilities, v. 591. Becomes a
member of the Provisional Government, 596.
Installed as mayor, 605. Becomes minister
of finance, 611. His tax on landed pro-
prietors, 611, 612. Appointed one of the
New Republican ministry, 618

Garter, Order of the, instituted, i. 420, 445
Gascony, appeals from, to the French court, i.
305. Losses of the French in Upper, 420.
Ravages of the Black Prince in, 454. Dis-
affection of the Gascon nobles to him, 517,
519. Whose followers and friends are
bought up by the King of France, 519. Sur-
render of nearly all the towns to the French,
541. Attacked by the French, ii. 228. And
all the towns taken from the English, 229,
230. Impatience of the people under the
French yoke, 229. Reduction of the mal-
contents by Charles VIII., 366
Gasparin, M., remonstrates against possession
of Otaheite, v. 557

Gassion, Colonel (afterwards Marshal), his
answer to Richelieu, iii. 550. At the battle
of Rocroy, 557. Killed in Flanders, 573
Gastines, Cross of, demolished, iii. 120
Gaston, Duke of Orleans, younger son of Henry
IV., his quarrel with his brother, Louis XIII.,
iii. 464. Heads an opposition to Richelieu,
465. His favourite, Marshal Ornano, arrested,
464, 465. Reveals a plot of his friends to mur-
der Richelieu, 466. Marries the Princess of
Montpensier, 466. Thwarted in his designs
of marriage, 486. Retires to Lorraine, 487.
Defies Richelieu in his own palace, and
withdraws from court, 501. Flies into
Flanders, 501. Craves aid from the Span-
iards to enable him to invade France, 506.
Joins Montmorency, 506. Defeated by
Schomberg at Castelnaudary, 509. Enticed
to return and be reconciled to the King, 511.
Made governor of Auvergne, 512. Joins a
plot to assassinate Richelieu, 514, 527. His
part in a conspiracy against Richelieu, 535,
536. Confesses his guilt 539. Appointed
lieutenant-general of the kingdom, 543.
Reduces Gravelines, 570. Invades Flanders,
572. Endeavours to make peace between
the Court and Parliament, 584. Attends the
sittings of Parliament, 591. Joins the
Prince of Condé in the investment of Paris,
595. Returns with the court to the city,

GEO

tually agrees to peace, 245. Ingratitude of
Maria Theresa to him, 261, 265. Repu-
diated by all his old allies, and turns to
Frederick the Great, 265. With whom he
signs a treaty of alliance, 265. Sends troops
for the defence of his electorate, 266.
which he endeavours to obtain neutrality,
270. His death, 283

George III., his accession, iv. 283.

For

His adop-
tion of Bute's policy of peace, 283. See
Convention; Directory; Napoleon I.; Louis
XVIII

George IV., King of England, when Prince
Regent, urges Prince Lieven to extreme
measures, v. 224. See Convention; Directory;
Napoleon I.; Louis XVIII.; Charles X.
Gerard, Bishop of Cambray, his mode of treat-
ing the people of his government, i. 99
Gerard, Marshal, takes command of the troops,
v. 403. Becomes war minister, 421. Re-
signs, 424. Heads the army for Belgium,
447. Besieges Antwerp, 476. Becomes
president of the council, 487. Adopts the
rallying word of the Tiers parti, 487. Re-
signs, 487. Ordered to occupy Paris with
the army, 584. Countermanded by Duchatel,
585. Shows the King's abdication, 594
Gerberga, sister of the Emperor Otho, married
to King Louis d'Outremer, i. 57. Her in-
fluence over King Lothaire, 61
Gerbert, brought to Rheims by Archbishop
Adalbero, i. 63. Sent to Paris by Hugh
Capet, 63. Educates Robert, son of Hugh
Capet, 63, 80. Elected archbishop of
Rheims, 80. His election declared by the
Pope to be void, 80. Sketch of his life, 80.
Attains the pontificate as Silvester II., 80.
Recommends armed European resistance to
the Mussulmans, 102

Gergeau, assembly of Huguenots at, iii. 362
Germain l'Auxerrois, St., church of, in Paris,
rebuilt, i. 82. Destruction of, by the Paris
mob, v. 436

Germain des Prés, St., burned, i. 488
Germain-en-Laye, St., royal residence of,
burned by the Black Prince, i. 424
Germain's, St., assembly of, iii. 49. An as-
sembly of notables summoned by Catherine
de Medicis at, 156. Treaty of, 111
Germain's St., Count of, war minister, iv. 348
Germans, Irish, Celtic, and Anglo-Saxon mis-
sionaries to the, i. 71. Their superiority in
war to the races west of the Rhine, 41
Germany, in the eleventh century, compared
with France, i. 17. Rivalry of the emperors
and popes, and effects of the strife even at
the present day, 129. Quarrels respecting
the succession to the empire, 162. Condi-
tion of the empire at the early part of the
fourteenth century, 373. Establishes its
independence of Rome by positive legisla-

GHE

tion, 398. The political destiny of Germany
contrasted with that of England and France,
ii. 215. State of, in the middle of the fif-
teenth century, 215. Relations between
France and Germany in the middle of the
fifteenth century, 216. German mercenaries
introduced into the French army, 340.
Agitation caused by the preaching of Luther,
467. War between the Protestants and
Catholics kindled, iii. 426. Alarm and pre-
cautions of Germany at the danger to Hol-
land from England and France, 675. Rapine
organised by Louis XIV., iv. 34. Neglect
of the duty of Germany towards Poland, 314.
For subsequent history of Germany refer to
Convention; Directory; Napoleon I. and
III., &c.

Gerona besieged by Philip the Hardy, i. 294.
Surrenders, 295. Captured by the Duke de
Noailles, iv. 48

Gerson, John, his character and abilities, ii.
73. His endeavours to establish or restore
representative government in the Church, 73.
Refuses to pay taxes, and takes refuge in the
steeple of Notre Dame, 98. Denies the su-
preme power and infallibility of the Pope,
104.

His ideas of an universal church, 105.
His rancour against Huss, 106. Fails to
obtain sentence of the Council of Constance
against Jean Petit, 106. Failure of his efforts
to obtain Church reform, 107, 108. With-
draws to monastic life, 108, note. His talents
and errors, 141

Gertruydenberg, conferences of, iv. 104. Cap-
tured, 562

Ghent invaded by the Normans, i. 46. The
combatants of, in the time of Philip Augustus,
153. Reduced by Philip Augustus, 188.
Occupied by the allies of the Count of
Flanders, 314. Refuses to join the insur-
rection against France, 326. Deserts its
Count, 372. Its French leanings, 379. Causes
of this, 387. The people true to Count Louis
and France, 390. Rise of the people under
James Arteveld, 400. Murder of Arteveld,
421. Rebellion against the Count of Flanders,
ii. 15, 16. Besieged by the count, 19. March
of the people under Von Arteveld to Bruges,
which they take, and compel the Count to
fly, 20, 21. Refusal of the town to acknow-
ledge the Duke of Burgundy as count, 35.
Submission of the Ghenters to the duke, 36.
March of the citizens to assist at the siege
of Calais, under Philip III. of Burgundy,
193. Return home disheartened, 194. Re-
fusal of the people to pay the gabelle to the
Duke of Burgundy, 238. Who defeats them
at the battle of Gavre, 240. Its resistance
to the yoke of Burgundy, 278. The Count
of Charolais's peril in Ghent, 283. Submits
to Charles the Rash, 287. Restoration of

GIA

the ancient rights of the Flemish towns by
Mary of Burgundy at, 330. An embassy
sent by the city to Louis XI. of France, 331.
Maximilian, King of the Romans, seized by
the people, 369. Revolt of the citizens, 544.
Their offer to Francis I., 544, 545. The
Emperor's punishment of them, 546. Be-
sieged and taken by Louis XIV., iii. 698.
Declares against France, iv. 95. Surprised
by the French, 100. Taken by the Duke of
Ormond, 115. Captured by Louis XIV., 233
Giac, favourite of Charles VII., put to death by
the Constable, ii. 153

Gibraltar, captured by the English, iv. 93.
Proposed cession of, to Spain, 174. The
cession afterwards declined, 174, 175. Com-
pact for wresting it, if necessary, from Eng-
land, 193. Besieged, but the siege aban-
doned, 199. Besieged by Spain, 358
Gié, Marshal, seizes Anne of Brittany's jewels,
ii. 420. His punishment, 420

Ginevra, Mont, crossed by Charles VIII., ii. 381
Giralda, dame of Lavaur, put to death, i. 181
Girardin, M. Emile de, accuses the ministry of
corruption, v. 576. Demands the abdication
of the King, 594. Arrested, 632
Girondists and Gironde, compose the majority of
the Legislative Assembly, iv. 467. Character
and ability of its members, 467. Their ob-
jects as legislators, 468. Their confidence in
Count Narbonne, 473, 477. Brissot, and his
influence, 474, et seq. Concoct the Austrian
despatch, 477. De Moleville attempts to
bribe, 478. Prosecute De Moleville and
Delessert, 478, 479. Roland and others of
their party chosen by the King as ministers,
481. Their character unfits them for go-
vernment, 482. Distrusted by Dumouriez,
482. Dumouriez recommends their alliance
with Danton, 483. They dislike Dumouriez,
483. Suspect the King, 485. Celebrate
liberation of Swiss soldiers, 485. Their
ministers distrusted by the King, 486. Ro-
land's letter to the King, 487. Servan's pro-
position for a camp at Paris, 487. Smother
their sympathy for the King, 489. Insur-
rection of the Faubourg St. Antoine, 490 et
seq. Encourage the arrival of the Fédérés
of the South, 497. Cause the massacres at
Avignon, 498. Arraign Louis XVI. and his
measures, 499. Reconciliation of parties in
the Assembly, 500. Dethronement of the
King demanded, 500, 503. Camp of the
Federals, 502. Change in their sentiments
and aims, 503. Voting the adjournment for
the King's dethronement, they are execrated
by the Jacobins, 504. Make overtures to the
King, 504. Warn the King of approaching
insurrection, 504. Denounced by the Moun-
tain, 504. Their temporising policy to sus-
pend the King, 505. Manifesto of the Duke

GIR

of Brunswick precipitates measures, 503.
Propose suspension of the King, and the suc
cession of the Dauphin, 506, 508. Insurrec
tion of the 9th of August, 509, et seq. Pro-
mise protection and safety to the King, 514.
Dethrone and imprison the King and royal
family, 514, 515. Do not despair of pre-
serving and raising the monarchy, 517.
Their measures and propositions for govern-
ment, 518. Appoint their new ministry, 518.
Their humane measures for the King counter-
acted by the Jacobins, 519. Intimidated by
Robespierre and Marat, 519. Placed in the
category of suspects by Robespierre, 523.
Propose retiring to the south of France, 523.
Massacres at the prisons, 524, 525. Massacre
at Versailles, and their inability to prevent,

530. With other parties in the Assembly
merge into the Convention, 518-535. Its
fate anticipated by Vergniaud, 536. De-
nounced by Robespierre, 537. Move a Com
mission of Safety, 538, 539. Accuse Robes
pierre and Marat before the Convention,
540, et seq. Their fate foretold by Dumos-
riez, 544. Fail in their measures, 545. Pro-
posed trial and death of Louis XVI, 546.
Endeavour to save his life, 551. Propose an
appeal to the people, 552. Their letter to
Boze counselling Louis XVI. disclosed, 554.
Their vote seals fate of the King, 554.
Clamour for a general war, 558. Their su-
periority in the Convention, 561. Contend
with the Montagnards at Lyons, 565. Pro-
test against a revolutionary tribunal, 566.
Their expulsion demanded by the Mountain,
566. Proposed assassination of, 567. Their
press destroyed, 568. Comité de Salut Prid
formed, 570. Decline the alliance of Danton,
who denounces them, 573. With the Moun-
tain place the Orleanists under arrest, 574.
Twenty of its ablest members demanded as
a sacrifice, 574. Petitions for their proscrip
tion, 577. Violent proceedings of Robespierre
against, 581. Close the sittings of the As-
sembly, but their places occupied by the
Sections, 582. Their proceedings undone by
the Mountain and Sections, 582. Insurrec
tion of May 31, 584. Prosecution of twenty-
two Girondists demanded, 585. Communis
demand twenty-seven heads, 586. Over-
thrown by Mountain, 589, 590. Retreat of
some members of, to Caen, who organise an
insurrection under General Wimpfen, 593
Their army defeated at Evreux, 594.
vised by Wimpfen to make common
with the Vendeans, 594. Retreat to Gironde,
595. Measures adopted against, 618. Their
trials and executions, 619, et seq. Proposal
to restore survivors of the, to the Convention.
665, 666. Again admitted into the Assembly.
and join the Thermidorians, 667, 668.

Ac-

ca 12

GIS

Giselbert, Duke of Lorraine, defeated by the
Emperor Otho, and drowned in the Rhine,
i. 57. His widow married to Louis, 59
Gisors, fortress of, rebuilt by Henry I. of Eng-
land, i. 118. Given by treaty to his son
William, 118. Meeting of Pope Calixtus II.
and Henry I. of England at, 125. Fortress
of, obtained by Henry II. of England, 143
Gisors, Count de, killed at Crevelt, iv. 278
Gisquet, M., dismissed, v. 504. Discovers new
society of conspirators, 'Des Saisons,' 516
Gladsdale, Sir William, at the siege of Orleans,
ii. 156. Defeated and killed by Jeanne
d'Arc, 166

Glatz taken by Frederick the Great, iv. 218.
Ceded to him, 221

Glendower, Owen, obtains aid from Charles VI.
of France, ii. 49. Defeated at Shrewsbury, 49
Gloucester, Duke of, younger brother of Henry
V. of England, ii. 151. His marriage with
Jacqueline of Holland, 151. And rash claims
to the Low Countries, 151. Invades Hainault,
and challenges the Duke of Burgundy to
single combat, 151. Deserts Jacqueline, and
re-marries, 152. Endeavours to reconcile
him to his uncle, the Cardinal of Winchester,
155

Gobel, Archbishop of Paris, gives up his cross
and ring, iv. 634. Imprisoned, 640. Exe-
cuted, 640, 646

Godemar du Fay, defeated by Edward III. of
England, i. 425

Godfrey, the Norman chief, his march from the
Scheldt to the Seine, and from the Seine to
the Loire, i. 46

Godfrey, Duke of Lower Lorraine, i. 63. His
death in battle, 63
Godfrey of Bouillon, joins the First Crusade, i.
104. Efficacy of his army of Lorrainers, 106.
Passes the winter at Buyukdere, 107. Passes
over into Asia, 107. At the siege of Nicea,
107. At the siege and capture of Jerusalem,
111

Godfrey, Duke of Brabant, killed at Courtray,
i. 327

Godoy the Guardsman, paramour of Queen of
Spain, v. 152. His plans, 152. See Ferdi-
nand VII.; Napoleon I.

Gogo, the Austrasian noble, appointed major
domûs, i. 10

Goislart, the judge, arrested, iv. 398
Golden Fleece, order of the, instituted by Philip
III. of Burgundy, ii. 175

Gondrin, La Mothe, Catholic governor of Va-
lence, hanged by the Huguenots, iii. 57
Gontram, son of King Clothaire, reigns in Bur-
gundy, i. 8. His triumphs over the Lom-
bards, 8

Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, defeated at For-
rova, ii. 389. Murders the Duke of Parma,
598

GRA

Gonzaga, Princess Marie de, Cinq Mars aspires
to her hand, iii. 535. Gives him notice of
danger, 538

Gonsalvo de Cordova, Aragonese general, de-
feated at Seminara, ii. 390, 391
Goree, a French settlement, iv. 288
Gorsas, deputy, expelled from the Convention,
and his presses burnt, iv. 568

Gothard, St., on the Danube, battle of, iii. 650
Göthe, present at the battle of Valmy, iv. 534.
Remark of a Prussian officer to, 534

Goths, their mode of treating the Gauls on
the Garonne, i. 3. Defeated by Clovis at
Vouglé, 5

Goualt, Chevalier, arrested and shot, v. 222
Goudchaux, M., finance minister in the Second
Republic, v. 605. Resigns, 611. Declares
his inability to meet demands of state work-
men, 625. Measures proposed by, 633
Gough, Sir Matthew, sent with reinforcements
to the English in Normandy, ii. 226. Escapes
from the field of Formigny, 228
Goujon, one of the Mountain, arrested and
commits suicide, iv. 679, 681

Government, Provisional, of Paris, formation
of a, v. 596. Its members, 596. Reject ad-
hesion of Louis Napoleon, 605. Take pos-
session of the Hotel de Ville, 605. Opposition
to the, 606, et scq. Form the Garde mobile,
607. Do not sanction Socialist demands,
but consent to a compromise, 608. Originate
a system of state employ for labourers, 608.
Oppose the Red Republicans, 610. Adopt
the tricolour flag, 610. Dissolve the cham-
bers, 611. Their financial difficulties, 611.
Measures of Garnier Pagés, 611. Counteract
measures of Ledru Rollin, 614. Procession
of the Clubs, 614. Defeat the Socialist plot,
615, 616. Abolish the octroi and salt duties,
616. Abolished by the New Assembly, and
a Republic and New Government proclaimed,
617. See Assembly, New; Napoleon III.
Gozlyn, Archbishop, his defence of Paris against
the Normans, i. 50

Grace, ecclesiastical squabbles respecting, iv.