at this time, 69. Consolidation of the inde- pendence of the Church of France, 76. Com- mencement of the civil war between the Or- leans party and that of Burgundy, 82. Ra- vages of the former, 89. Invasion of Henry V., 111. Battle of Agincourt, 112-114. Ravages of the English round Paris, 135. Henry V. made regent and heir of the king- dom, 136. The reduction of the north com- pleted by Henry, 139. State of France during the reign of Charles VII., 140. The fiefs of France distributed by Henry V. among his followers, 146. Consternation of Charles VII. and his court at the siege of Orleans, 159. Jeanne d'Arc, 161-181. Cir- cumstances of the times in which she lived, 182. The new spirit which saved France from the English, 183. Result of the En- glish victories in France, 196. Removal of the court and residence to the Loire, and ces- sation of enmity to England, 187. Condi- tion of the kingdom from the battle of Ver- neuil to the siege of Orleans, 198, 199. The foundations laid in France for the represen- tative system, 199. Dearth of great men in the time of Charles VII., 200. Selfish and mercenary character of his aristocracy, 201. The political destiny of France, En- gland, and Germany contrasted, 215. Rela- tions between France and Germany in the middle of the fifteenth century, 216. Re- covery of Normandy and Gascony from the English, 226-231. Review of the reign of Charles VII., 245-249. Louis XI. recovers the towns lost by the treaty of Arras, 264. Results of the war of the 'Public Good,' 275. The last great attempt of England to crush France by invasion, 313, 314. Extent of the kingdom of France at the end of the reign of Louis XI., 343-349. Public men
of the time, 350. Difference between the French and English three estates, 356. Landing of Henry VII. of England in France, 375. Condition of France at the commence- ment of the sixteenth century, 400, 401, 443. And of the army at this time, 409, 418, 443. Effects of France being compelled to military defence, and the maintenance of a regular army, 443. Failure of French aims notwith- standing, 445. Monarchic power in the kingdom at the accession of Francis I., 448. Decline of the learned professions at this time, 460. Invasion of the kingdom by three armies at once, 478. Spread of the doctrines of the Reformers, 514. Invasion of the north by the Imperialists, 540. Establishment of the Inquisition, 631, 641. Progress of the Reformation in the sixteenth century, 636. Condition of the country at the close of the reign of Henry III., iii. 244. Results to France of the civil and religious wars of the
sixteenth century, 303. Separation of the nation into two classes and two religions, 304. Condition of the kingdom in 1596, 324 Result of a century's struggle between Fran and Spain, 345. Character of the reign of Henry IV., 381. Condition of the kingdom in the middle of the seventeenth century, 521. Review of the reign of Louis XIII., 545- 553. Anarchy and agitation of the kingdom in the middle of the seventeenth century. 612. Condition of France at the end of the Fronde, 631. And in 1654, 635. Dissolute ness of the age of Louis XIV., 651. Cond- tion of France in 1679, 704. Splendour and genius of the court contrasted with the misery and ignorance of the provinces, iv. 2. Licentiousness of the King and nobles, 3. Poverty and famine of the country 1693, 1694, 48, 49. France compared with England at this period, 49. Boundaries de termined by the peace of Ryswick, 63. Ex- haustion of the kingdom at the commen ment of the eighteenth century, 85. The severe winter of 1709, 101. Outbreak of an epidemic, 110. Conclusion of the peace of Utrecht, 116. And of Radstadt, 119. Sta of France at this period, 121. Review of the reign of Louis XIV., 132–135. Fatal ef of despotism, 140. Change in foreign pol 142. Stationary policy, 142. Conclusion t a new Triple Alliance, 148. The finances s this time, 156. National bankruptcy pr posed, 156. Spoliation of the national erd- tors, 159. Law's schemes, 162, et seq. Eft of his schemes upon the general condition the kingdom, 179. Joins England and Pruss against Spain and Austria, iv. 193. Insur rection against Paris, Duvernay's income tax 194. Alliance of France and Spain, 20 Literature and fashion in the time of Le XIV. and XV., 208. Rise of colonial riva between France, and England, 211. State the country during the administration of Ca dinal Fleury, 223, 224. War declared agains England, 226. Economical state of Fra in 1748, 248. Enters into an alliance Austria, 262. Enormous cost on the part France in the Seven Years' War, 282. Ce- clusion of peace, 288. Anti-religious an anti-monarchical tendencies of the age, 292. Condition of the kingdom in 176 320. The Abbé Terrai's taxation, 327. T dency to turbulence and insurrection_ms: fested throughout the kingdom during t last ten years of the reign of Louis XV., 3. Corn riots in 1764, 330. Condition of French people in 1774, 335. Their servita 336. Their fiscal burdens, 338. robbers along the Seine, 346. Alliance tween France and the United States, 35 And consequent war with England, 3
Provincial assemblies recommended by Tur- got and Necker, 362. Commercial treaty with England, 381. Severe winter of 1788-9, 404. Commencement of the revolution of 1789, 412. Riots in the provinces, 420, 430. Distress in Paris, v. 579. See Revolution; Convention; Directory; Napoleon I.; Louis XVIII.; Charles X.; Louis Philippe; Pro- visional Government; Napoleon III. Francfief, i. 265. Abolished, 265. Franche Comté, menaced by Philip the Fair, i. 310. Who procures one of the princesses of, in marriage with his second son, 310. French suzerainty established over, 315. Conduct of Jeanne, heiress of, 353. Secured to the French crown, 360. Given by Philip V. to Eudes IV. of Burgundy, 370. Reverts to the Dowager Duchess of Flanders, 500. Throws off the French yoke, ii. 338. Brought in dowry to the Dauphin, after- wards Charles VIII., 341. Restored, 375. Proposal to give it to the Duke of Orleans, 547. Occupied by the partisans of Henry IV., iii. 314. Entered by the King, 315. Its independence protected by the Swiss, 315. Claims of the Prince of Orange upon, 328. Ceded to the Archduke Albert, iii. 345. Attempt of the Prince of Condé to conquer it, 513. Conquered by Louis XIV., 666. Evacuated by the French, 667. Definitively taken by the French, 688.
Franchet, of the Congregation, secret adviser of Charles X., v. 372
Franchise, Electoral, measures of, submitted to the chambers, v. 286
Francis I., Emperor of Germany (see also Fran- cis, Duke of Lorraine), elected and crowned at Frankfort, iv. 234. Acknowledged by the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 246 Francis I., King of France, when Count d'An- goulême, affianced to Claude, daughter of Louis XII., ii. 421. Condition of France at his accession, 443, 447. His absolute power, 449. His first acts, 449. His policy, 450. Formation of a league against him, 451. His minister, De Boissy, 450. Concludes a treaty with Charles of Luxemburg, and with Henry VIII. of England, 451. Musters an army for the invasion of Italy, 452. Passes the Alps to the conquest of Milan, 453. Endeavours to purchase the neutrality of the Swiss, 453. Whom he defeats at the battle of Marignano, 454, 455. Knighted on the field by Bayard, 455. Concludes an alliance with the Medici, 456. And with Pope Leo X., 456. Concordat between him and the Pope, 458. Meets Charles I. of Spain at Noyon, 462. And concludes a treaty with him, 462. And with Henry VIII., 462. His competition with Charles I. of Spain for the the succession to the empire, 462, 463. De-
feated in the contest, 466. Meets Henry VIII. at the field of the Cloth of Gold, 469. Promised aid by the Pope, 470. Accident to him at Romorantin, 470. Sends an army to recover Navarre for D'Albret, 470. Defeat of his army at Logrono, 471. Betrayed by Wolsey, 471, 472. Prepares for war with Charles V., 472. Reverses of his troops in Italy, 473, 474. Disgraces their commander, Lautrec, 474. Puts the treasurer, Semblan- çay, to death, 475. Rebellion of the Constable Bourbon, 475, 476. War declared by Henry VIII. against France, 477. Francis's tactics, 477. Sends an army under Bonnivet into Italy, 478. Orders the arrest of the Constable Bourbon, who escapes to Italy, 478. mistress, Diana of Poitiers, 478. Reverses of his army in Italy, 480. Leads another army into Italy, 482. Takes Milan, and lays siege to Pavia, 482. At the battle of Pavia, 484. Where he is taken prisoner, 485. Re- moved to the fortress of Pizzighetone, 486. Activity of his mother for his liberation, 486. Demands of Henry VIII. and the Emperor Charles V., 488. Francis's proposals for regaining his freedom, 488. Carried to Barcelona, and thence to Madrid, 489. His illness there, 489. Refuses to give Burgundy to the Emperor, 489. Prepares an act of abdication in favour of his son, 490. Signs the treaty of Madrid with tacit reserve, 490. Betrothed to Eleonora, sister of the Emperor, 491. His liberation, 491. His two sons exchanged for him, 491. Refuses to perform the conditions of the treaty, 492. mistresses, the Duchesses of Chateaubriand and Etampes, 495, 507. Gives himself up to pleasure, 495, 507. Sends the Marquis of Saluzzo with a small force to Italy, 495. Ill- success of his allies there, 496. An alliance between England and France concluded, 494, 499. Francis obtains money for a war with the Emperor, 500. Challenged by the Empe- ror, 501. Despatches Lautrec with an army into Italy, 501. The siege of Naples, 503. Francis estranges Andrew Doria, 503. Who contributes to the ruin of the French army before Naples, 504. Its capitulation, and evacuation of Italy, 504. Francis's dis- graceful peace with the Emperor, 506. His licentiousness and taste for the arts, 507, 508. Bond of affection between him and his mother and sister, 508. Founds a trilinguist college, 513. Two parties in his family, court, and council, 516. His tastes and predilections, 517. Establishes the College de France, 518. Marries Eleonora, sister of Charles V., 520. His policy and aims compared with those of Charles V., 520, 521. His relations with Sultan Solyman, 524. His treaty with Henry VIII. at Boulogne, 525. Sends envoys
for the purpose of winning Pope Clement, 525, 526. Whom he meets at Marseilles, 526. The Pope's promises to him, 526. Affords Charles V. causes of complaint, 527. Sends an agent to the Duke of Milan, 527. Concludes the marriage of his son Henry with Catherine of Medicis, 528. Death of his mother, 528. Takes the part of Duke Ulrich, of Wurtemburg, who is reinstated, 529. Raises an army, 529, 530. Abandons his projected invasion of Italy, 530. Hugue- not placard affixed to the door of his cham- ber, 531. His severities in consequence, 531. Proposals of Charles V. to Francis, 532. Who formally demands of the Emperor Mi- lan, Genoa, and Asti, 533, 536. Resolves to occupy Savoy, 533. Sends Du Bellay on a mission to the German Protestants, 535. His negotiations with the Emperor, 536. Sends his army into Piedmont, and occupies Turin, 536. The Emperor's outburst against him, 536. Francis's breaches of his engagements, 538. Disbands his troops, and recalls De Brion, 538. Places the Marquis of Saluzzo in command, 538. And is betrayed by him, 538. Provence invaded by the Emperor, 539. The North of France invaded by the Imperialists, 540. Death of the Dauphin, 541. Francis's arrangements with the Sultan Solyman, 541. Concludes a truce for ten years with Charles V., 542. Meets Charles V. at Aigues Mortes, 543. Their proposals, 544. Charles offers the Dauphin the Low Countries instead of Milan, 547. Which Francis declines, 548. His difficulties, 549. Disgraces Montmo- rency and Chabot, 549. Changes his minis- ters, 549, 550. Appoints a council of finance, 550. Nature of his government at this period, 551. His envoys to Turkey murdered in Italy, 552. Commences war with the Emperor, 553. Fails at Luxemburg and in Roussillon, 554, 555. His clemency to the Rochellois, 556. Al- liance of the Emperor and Charles V. against him, 556. His town of Landrecies besieged by Charles, 557. Combines with the Turks, and burns Nice, 557, 558. Assigns Toulon for winter quarters for the Turks, 558. Horror created in Europe at Francis's policy, 558. De- feats the Imperialists at Cerisolles, 560, 561. Surrounded with enemies, 562. Boulogne taken by Henry VIII., 562. Advance of Charles V. towards Paris, 563. Treaty be- tween Francis and Charles, 564. Feud amongst Francis's family in consequence, 565. The King's sinking health, 565. Sends the Dauphin to retake Boulogne, 565. Naval encounter between his fleet and the English, 566, 567. Goes himself to the siege of Bou- logne, 568. Loses his youngest son, 568. Dis- gusted with Charles V., 568, 569. Makes peace with Henry VIII., 567. Amount of his
revenue, 572. Principles and tendencies of his government, 574. Declares war against the Emperor, 580. Suspends persecution against the Vaudois, 583. But orders the massacre of Merindol and Cabrièras, 584. His last illness and death, 587, 588. His policy and character, 588-591. Comparison between his views of the Reformation and those of Henry VIII., iii. 4
Francis II., King of France, when Dauphin be- trothed to Mary, Queen of Scotland, ii. 642. 604. Married to her, 631, 643. Sets up the arms of England, 634. Death of his father, 648. His accession to the throne, iii. 1. En- trusts the Guises with all power and influense 7. His stringent measures against the Hu- guenots, 16. His ill-health, 17. Conspiracy of La Renaudie, 18, 19. The King present at the execution of heretics, 22. Demand of Coligny for the dismissal of the King's guard, 27. Orders the arrest of the Prince of Condé, 31. His death, 32 Francis, Emperor of Austria, proposes armistice to Napoleon, v. 167. See Assembly; Con- vention; Directory; Napoleon I.
Francis II., Duke of Brittany, joins the league formed against Louis XI., ii. 266. Whose brother, Charles, Francis succeeds in in- veigling, 268. His acquisitions from the war of the Public Good,' 275. His anger. 276, 277. Accompanies Charles, Duke of Normandy, to his new duchy, 276. But not allowed to enter Rouen, 277. Relapses into hostilities with Louis XI. of France, 285. The Admiral Bourbon sent against him, 289. Compelled to submit to the royal forces, 290, Abets the scheme of marrying Mary of Bur- gundy with the Duke of Guyenne, 297. His upstart minister, Landais, 362. His aid to the Duke of Orleans, 363. Landais hanged 363. Besieged in Nantes by La Tremouille, 367. Offers the hand of his daughter, Anne, to the Count d'Albret and Maximilian of Austria, 367. His troops defeated at the battle of St. Aubin, 368. Concludes the treaty of Sablé, 369. His death, 369 Francis, the Dauphin (son of Francis I.), ex- changed for his father, Francis L., by the Spaniards, ii. 491. His liberation, 506, 519. His death, 541
Francis, Duke of Guise, son of Duke Claud (see also Aumale, Duke of), surnamed Le Balafré, ii. 593. His influence over Henry 593. Provides Metz with the means of defence against the Imperialists, 611. H gallant defence of the town, 612. The sie raised by the Emperor, 613. His treatmen of the wounded of his enemy, 613. A the skirmish of Renti, 616. Quarrels wit De Coligny, 616. Proposes to establish the Inquisition in France, 619. Advises the
FRA rupture of the truce of Vaucelles, 621. Crosses the Alps with the army of the Holy League, 622. Marches to the conquest of Naples, 622. Recalled to France, 624, 627. Appointed lieutenant-general of the king- dom, 627. Takes Calais from the English, 628, 629. His reception in Paris, 631. Takes the King to Thionville, and forms the siege of the place, 632. Establishes the In- quisition in France, 641. His character and personal appearance, iii. 6. Entrusted with the command of the army, 7. Declared lieutenant-general of the kingdom, 21. And grants an amnesty to the Huguenot insur- gents, 21. His revenge, 21. Sends an army into Scotland, 24. Which is overcome by Queen Elizabeth, 24. Edict of Romorantin, 25. Assembly of Fontainebleau, 26. Guise's opposition to Coligny, 28. Death of Francis II., and overthrow of Guise's power, 33. His dismissal from court demanded by the King of Navarre, 40. League between him, the Constable, and St. André, 40. His policy and hypocrisy, 51, 52. His massacre of the Huguenots of Vassy, 53, 54. Marches, not- withstanding the King's order, towards Paris, 54. Endeavours to raise forces for the de- fence of Paris against the triumvirate, 54. To whom he is compelled to abandon the capital, 55. Gains the battle of Dreux, 71, 72. En- trusted with full power, 72. Besieges Orleans, 72. Assassinated, 73. His character, 74. Francis, Duke of Lorraine, his marriage with Maria Theresa, of Austria, iv. 202. Accepts the duchy of Tuscany in lieu of Lorraine, 206. The empire claimed for him by his wife on the death of her father, 213. League between France, Prussia, and Bavaria against him, 216. Relieves Prague, 219. Elected emperor, 234. See Francis I., Emperor Francis of Sickinghen, invades the lands of the Lord of Sedan, ii. 472
Francis, St., his mission addressed to the hum- ble and poor, i. 203
Franciscan Friars, reason for the establishment of the, i. 185. Threatened in France, 374. Fall into a scrape, ii. 530, note Franconia, French system of rapine in, iv. 34 Frankfort, treaties of, ii. 369; iv. 229. Captured by Custine, 563
Franks, peculiar organisation and Teutonic character of the, i. 3. Defeat of the German Franks by Clovis, 4. Their settlement on the lands and in the towns from the time of Clothaire, 7. The German Franks led by Clothaire against the Saxons and are beaten, 7. Change in the condition of the Franks from the time of Clovis to the time of Charles Martel, 15. Rise of the Austrasian aristo- cracy or chivalry, 15. Aquitaine and the South brought under the domination of the
Franks, 16, 17. Missionaries from the Celtic Church of Ireland to them, 17. Missionaries from the Anglo-Saxons, 17. Their Champs de Mars and de Mai, 24, note. Nature of the rule of Charlemagne, 29
Fredegonde, wife of Chilperic, King of Neus- tria, supports the Austrasian grandees in their turbulence, i. 10. Causes the assassin- ation of King Sigebert, 10 Frederick I., Barbarossa, Emperor of Germany, his defeat and ruin, i. 144. Leads the Third Crusade, 158. His death in the Cydnus, 158 Frederick II., Emperor of Germany, his rivalry with Otho IV., i. 188. Who is defeated at Bovines, 190. His recovery of Jerusalem from the Sultan of Egypt, 217. The Pope's endeavour to excite the French princes against him during his absence in the East, 217, 218. His law as to the right of private war, 225. Compels Innocent IV. to take refuge in France, 226. Excommunicated by the Pope, 228. The imperial fief of Provence wrested from him, 230. His death, 238. Decrees the succession of Hainault, 246
Frederick IV., Emperor of Germany, applies to Charles VII. of France for forces against the Swiss, ii. 219. Proposals of Duke Charles of Burgundy to the Emperor, 304. Meets the duke at Treves, 305. And abruptly quits the meeting, 306
Frederick V., Elector Palatine, elected king of Bohemia, iii. 426. Proposal of France to him to resign his claim to Bohemia, 427. Left exposed to Austria and Bavaria, 427, 428. Driven out of his dominions by Spinola, 433 Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, bought off by France, iii. 663. But subse- quently gives up French partisanship, 664. Roused to a sense of danger from France, 676, 682. Marches towards the Rhine, but com- pelled to return, 684, 685. Makes peace with France, 686. But breaks it again, 687. De- feats the Swedes at Fehrbelin, 692. Compelled by France to disgorge his Swedish conquests, 704. Joins the League of Augsburg, iv. 28 Frederick I., first King of Prussia, iv. 81. Gueldres ceded to him, 116. Signs the peace of Utrecht, 116. His death, 212 Frederick II., the Great, King of Prussia, succeeds to the throne, iv. 212. His rise, 214. Invades Silesia, 215. His pleas for this aggression, 215. His victory at Mohl- witz, 216. His desire to maintain the power of Austria, 216. His treaty with France and Bavaria, 216, 217. Takes Glatz, 218. Besieged by English envoys, 220. His pre- liminary secret agreement, 220. Breaks through his agreement and invades Moravia, 220. Induces the Saxons to join him, 220. Reduces Brünn and blockades Olmütz, 220, 221. Defeats the Austrians at Czaslau, 221.
Concludes the peace of Breslau, 221. Effect of his defection from his allies, 221. Enters into an alliance with Charles VII. against Austria, 229. His failure in, and retreat from, Bohemia, 231. His successes over the Austrians in 1745, 234. Concludes the peace of Dresden, 234. Refuses to hand over Neufchatel to Madame de Pompadour, 262. Discovers the Austro-French treaty, 262, 263. Concludes an alliance with England, 265. Number of his enemies, 266. Takes the field, 266. Occupies Dresden, 266. Marches into Bohemia, and defeats the Austrians at Lobositz, 267. Compels the Saxon army to surrender, 267. His dominions on the Rhine and in Westphalia occupied by the French,
Defeats the Austrians before Prague, 269. But is defeated by them under Daun, 269, 270. Retreats into Saxony, 270. Ca- pitulation of the Duke of Cumberland at Kloster-Seven, 270. Repulse of his eastern army at Jägerndorf, 270. Defeats the French and Germans at Rosbach, 271. And the Austrians at Leuthen, 272. His troops de- feated at Lutterberg, 278. Transfers the seat of war to Moravia, 279. Fails to take Olmütz, 279. Defeats the Russians at Zorn- dorf, 279. But defeated by them at Kuners- dorf, 280. Loses Dresden, 280. Low ebb of his fortunes, 280. Defeats Daun at Tor- gau, 280. His desire for peace, 281. Learns that England proposes to make peace with Austria, 286. His English subsidy with- drawn, 286. Captures Schweidnitz, 287. End of the Seven Years' War, 288, 289. His contempt of religious bigotry, and denial of religious sentiment, 289. His adoption of Voltaire, 289. Refuses Pitt's request to form an alliance of the North, 313. Becomes the plotter and accomplisher of the partition of Poland, 315. His arrangements with the Emperor at Neustadt, 317. Goes to war with Austria for the integrity of Bavaria, 373. His death, 392. His tomb visited by Napoleon V., 131
Frederick William II., King of Prussia, invades Holland, iv. 393
Frederick William III., King of Prussia, vacil- lating conduct of, v. 127. Spoliation of, 138. Frederick, King of Naples, when duke, lands an army at Rapallo, ii. 382. Defeated there by the Duke of Orleans, 382. renders his kingdom for the duchy of Anjou,
Frederick Augustus I., King of Poland, his death, iv. 201
Frederick Augustus II., King of Poland, iv. 201. His claim supported by the Emperor, 202. Seated on the throne by the Russians, 203. Secured by the peace of Vienna, 206. His neglect of his Saxon dominions, 221
Frederick II., King of Sicily, his election, i 301, 302. His kingdom invaded by Charles of Valois, who is compelled to return to France, 317
Frederick, Prince, leads the Dutch against Brussels, v. 427
Frederick of Austria joins Conradin, i. 256. Defeated and executed by Charles of Anjou, 256, 257
Frederick, a duke in Lorraine, i. 62. Becomes its duke, 63
Frederick Augustus I., duke of Saxony, signs the peace of Utrecht, iv. 116 Frederick, Count of Verdun, his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, i. 101
Fremont, General, establishes government of Ferdinand I. of Naples, v. 309
French language, formation and perfection of the, i. 90
Fréron, his atrocities at Marseilles, iv. 623, 625. And at Toulon, 625
Frey, La, Buonaparte's conduct at, v. 244 Freyburg, besieged and taken by Villars, iv. 118. Restored, 119
Freys, the, trial and execution of, iv. 642–644 Freytag, General, attacked by Houchard, it. 615, 616
Friars, Mendicant. See Monks Friedland, battle of, v. 137 Frisons, yearly expeditions of Pepin of Hers- tal against the, i. 13. Conquests of Charles Martel over the, 17
Frobisher, Admiral, his death, iii. 321 Fronde, commencement of the, iii. 587. Treaty of Ruel, and termination of the first war of the Fronde, 597. The multitudinous par- phlets of the Fronde, 612, note. End of the Fronde, 630. Meaning of the name, 631. Banishment of the leaders, 632
Fronsac, castle of, fortified and garrisoned by Pepin the Bref, i. 20. Repaired by Charle magne, 23. The settlement of the question of Fronsac left to Philip the Fair, 305 Fructidor, 18th of, revolution of, v. 36 Fuenterabia, failure of Louis XII. to take, i, 418. Reduced by the Spaniards, 478. Takes by the French, iv. 155
Fuentes, Count de, Spanish general, endeavous to take Ham, iii. 316. Captures Le Castele. 316. And lays siege to Dourlens, 316. De- feats the French near the town, 316. Besieges and takes Cambray, 317
Fuentes, battles of, v. 178, 206 Fulques, Archbishop of Rheims, rears Charles the Simple, i. 51. Whom he proclaims king 52. Slain, 54 Fumel, the seigneur, put to death, iii. 47 Furnes taken by Count Robert of Artois. 314. Death of the grandson of Guy de Dampierre at, 326. Acquired by France, iii. 667. Ceded to Holland, iv. 116
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