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Fénelon, Archbishop of Cambray, his letter to
Louis XIV. against war, iv. 47.
His strife
with Bossuet, 66. Disgraced by the King, 69
Fenestrelles, the French driven out of, iv. 99.
Ceded to the Duke of Savoy, iv. 117
Fenton, Sir Thomas, defeated by the French
and taken prisoner, i. 541

Feraud, the deputy, shot by the mob, iv. 677.
His head paraded before president of the
Convention, 678

Ferdinand I., Emperor of Germany (see also
Ferdinand, brother of Charles V.), ascends
the imperial throne, ii. 618. Concludes the
truce of Vaucelles, 619

Ferdinand II., Emperor of Germany, his into-
lerance, iii. 374

Ferdinand II., Emperor of Germany, his perse-
cution of the Protestants of Styria, iii. 426.
His embassy to Louis XIII., 427. League
formed against him and Philip IV. of Spain,

440.

Unites with Spain to expel Richelieu
and the French from Italy, 490. His suc-
cesses over the German Protestants, 493.
His ultra-Catholicism, 493, 494. Concludes
the treaty of Ratisbon, 496. His successes
against the French and Swedes, 512
Ferdinand III., Emperor of Germany. His
death, iii. 640

Ferdinand V., King of Castille and Aragon, in-
vades Roussillon, ii. 307. War in conse-
quence, 307. Conclusion of a treaty, 307.
Lends the Bretons assistance against France,
369. Obtains the cession of Roussillon from
France, 376. Seizes and massacres his dis-
affected barons, 380. His claim to Naples,
380. His treaty with Louis XII. for the
partition of Naples, 410. Which is taken
and partitioned, 411. Tricks the King of
France out of Naples, 415. His successes
against the French, 418. Who are driven
out of South Italy, 418. Concludes a three
years' truce with France, 419. Refuses to
hand over Naples to the Archduke Philip,
419. Goes to Naples, 423. His interview
with Louis XII. at Savona, 425. Joins the
League of Cambray, ii. 427. His exertions
to save Venice from the French, 430. Forms
a league against France, 433. Sends an
army under Cardona into the Papal territo-
ries, 433. His army defeated at Ravenna,
435. Conquers Navarre and adds it to the
Spanish crown, 437. Concludes a truce with
France, 438. His daughter Catherine mar-
ried to Henry VIII. of England, 441. His
death, 461

Ferdinand VI., King of Spain, his accession, iv.,
236. And policy, 236
Ferdinand VII., King of Spain, appeals to
Napoleon, v. 152. Arrested by Godoy, 152.
Ordered to France, 153. Arrives at Bayonne
153.

Abdicates in favour of Napoleon, 154.

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Ferdinand, Archduke, brother of Charles V.,
created King of the Romans, ii. 521. Has
Wurtemburg given him by his brother, 528.
His troops defeated by the Landgrave of
Hesse, 529. Refuses to resign his succession
to the empire to his nephew, 605. And to
disinherit his son, 606. See Ferdinand I.,
Emperor of Germany

Ferdinand, the Archduke, defeats Poniatowski
in Poland, v. 167

Ferdinand II., King of Naples, abdication of
his father in his favour, ii. 385. His irreso-
lution, 385. Abandons Naples to the French,
385

Ferdinand IV., King of Naples, revolution
caused by his policy, v. 309. His despotic
power re-established by General Fremont,

309

Ferdinand of Brunswick, Prince, takes the
command of the Hanoverians and English,
iv. 272. Defeats the French at the battle of
Crevelt, 278. And at Minden, 279. Attacks
Castries at Closter-Camp, 280. Keeps the
French at bay in 1761, 286. Defeats them
at Wilhemstadt, and captures Cassel, 287
Ferdinand, Count of Flanders, refuses to join
Philip Augustus in his descent upon Eng-
land, i. 187. Married to Jeanne, daughter
of Baldwin IX., 187. War made upon him
by Philip Augustus, 188. Defeated and
taken prisoner at Bovines, 190. Thrown
into the dungeons of the Louvre, 191. Re-
leased by Queen Blanche, 207

Fère, La, besieged by Henry IV., iii. 320. His
firmness to the Huguenot cause, 430
Fère, Champenoise, battle of, v. 226
Feria, Duke of, agent of Philip II. in France,
iii. 290. His interview with the Duke of
Mayenne, 292, 293. Arrogance of his de-
mands, 292. Meets the Estates of Paris,
293. His large offers to the Catholics, 294,
295. Loses his opportunity, 296. Refusal
of the Parliament to sanction the transfer of
the crown of France to a foreigner, 298.
His departure from France, 311
Ferrara, Duke of, viceroy of Milan, his mas-

sacre of the Protestants of the Valteline, 428
Ferronnages, Count de la, foreign minister, v.
366. His resignation, 374

Ferté, Marshal de la, with Turenne before
Valenciennes, iii. 636.

Fervaques, follower of Henry of Navarre,
betrays his master, iii. 172.
Feudalism, formation of the elements of, by

FEU

Charles Martel, i. 17. Causes which gave
birth to, 31, 32. Rise of a landed and feudal
aristocracy in France, 33. Distinction betwen
feudalism and the social and political princi-
ples of classic antiquity, 34. Vassalage, and
the distribution of obedience and authority,
34, 35. Duties and privileges of the King
in the feudal system, 35. Mitigation of feu-
dalism in countries of Teutonic race, and
rights of inequality, 36. Causes of the ces-
sation of slavery, and rise of the letes, 36, 37.
What was really the feudal system in the
eleventh century, 72, 73. Its slow growth
in France, 73. Peculiarity of the feudalism
of the Normans, 73. Character of the change
wrought by the introduction of the feudal
system, 74. Compared with civic life, 74.
Rise and character of chivalry, 75, 88. Sen-
timent thrown into personal service by the
feudal law, 76. Rising of the peasants in
Normandy against their feudal lords, 82.
Rigorous game-laws established in Normandy,
82. The religious, as well as feudal, cere-
mony of knighthood, 88. The female sex an
object of chivalric adoration, 89. Blow of
St. Louis struck at feudalism, 225, 226, 249.
Injuries caused by feudalism in the thirteenth
century, 381. Every salutary element of
feudalism destroyed by the growth of abso-
lutism, 450. Feudalism transformed, not
abolished, by Charles VII., ii. 224. Charac-
teristics of feudal conquest, 392. Proposals
to abolish the feudal rights of the nobles, iv.

431

Feuillants, the Club of, declares for the mo-
narchy, iv. 461. Their imprudence, 472.
Secretly influencing the King, they clash
with the Assembly, 473. Celebrate the
memory of Simonneau, 486. The King ap-
points a ministry of, to replace Dumouriez
and the Gironde, 489. Seek the alliance of
Dumouriez, who refuses, 489. They scheme
with Lafayette to take the King from Paris,
497. Their policy arraigned, 499. Issue
writs against Manuel and Pétion, 501
Feuquières, M., defeated near Thionville by Pic-
colomini, iii. 517

Fiacre, the Abbé de St., his oration on the
murder of the Duke of Orleans, ii. 63
Field of the Cloth of Gold, ii. 469
Fieschi, his conspiracy against the Emperor
Charles V., ii. 597

Fieschi, the Corsican, his attempt to assassinate
Louis Philippe, v. 495. Arrested, 495
Fievée, his presses destroyed by the Mountain,
iv. 568. Exiled, v. 37

Fin, La, his revelation of Biron's plot, iii. 355
Finale restored to Genoa, iv. 245, 246
Finance assimilated to law, by the ordonnance
of May, 1413, ii. 97

Finances, Charles VII.'s reforms in the, ii. 223.

FLA

Attempts of Henry IV. to grapple with the,
iii. 328. Condition of the, in the beginning
of the reign of Louis XIII., 404. See Re-

venue

Fines as a source of revenue in the twelfth
century, i. 121

Finisterre, Cape, battle off, iv. 240
Fitzjames, Duc de, his quarrel with the Parlia-
ment of Toulouse, iv. 308

498

War

Fitzjames, Duke of, windows of his hotel broken
by Buonapartists, v. 469. Arrested, 472
Fiume captured by the Venetians, ii. 426
Five per Cents, reduction of, v. 331, 342, 345,
Flanders, suzerainty of the Emperor Conrad
II. over, i. 91. Invaded by Philip I.. 9
Who is defeated by the Flemings, 99. French
interference in, 125. An army raised by
Philip, Count of, to oppose Philip Augustus,
153. War between France and, 153.
made upon, by Philip Augustus, 187. His
fleet destroyed by the English at Dam, 188
The quarrel taken up by the Emperor Otro
IV., for Flanders, 189. Who is defeated an!
taken prisoner at Bovines, 190. Left ty
Philip Augustus to the government of Countess
Jeanne, 191. Count Ferdinand released by
Queen Blanche, 207. The county passes
into the family of Dampierre, 231. Gradua
independence of Flanders of the "Fre
crown, 278, 279. Declares war again
France, 311. The Flemings overcome i
Philip IV. of France, 314. And the county
acquired by treachery, 316. Jacques de Si
Pol appointed governor, 316. Insurrectio:
of the Flemings against their French masters,
324, 325. Whom they defeat at Courtray,
326. Arms of the Flemings at Courtray.
326. Campaigns of Philip the Fair against
Flanders in 1303 and 1304, 333. Death at
Count Guy de Dampierre in prison. 335.
The Flemings defeated by the Genoese at
sea, and by the King at Mons en Puelle, 334
A peace concluded between France and Flar
ders, and its count liberated by Philip, 334
335. Lille, Douai, and Bethune re-demande.
from Philip the Fair, 354. A war with
France threatened, 364. Flanders invaded
by Louis X., who is compelled by rain t
retire, 367. Promptitude of the Flemings
taking the field when their country was
threatene 1, 388. Defeat of the West Fler
ings by Philip VI. at Cassel, 391. Te
thousand Flemings put to death by Cou
Louis, 392. English traders in Flande
arrested by the Count, 399. Reprisals
Edward III. of England, 399. Envoys
Edward to Van Arteveld, 400, 401. Cadsani
taken by the English, 402. An army takes
into Flanders by Edward, 402. Opposition
of the towns of French Flanders to the fiscal

FLE

measures of John II., 456. Rebellion
against Count Louis II., 547. Rebellion of
Ghent against Count Louis II., 15. Philip
von Arteveld, 19. The count defeated, and
compelled to fly, 20, 21. Army marched
against the Flemings by Charles VI., ii. 26.
Ravages of the invaders, 27. Defeat and
death of Philip von Arteveld at Roosebecque,
28. Insecurity of English merchants and
property in Flanders, 31. A crusade preached
by Urban VI. against the county, 31. The
crusade led by the Bishop of Norwich, 32.
Successes of the crusaders, 32. Who agree
to withdraw, 32, 33. Death of Count Louis,
and accession of the Duke of Burgundy, 33.
The Flemings reduced by Charles VI., 36.
Definite pacification of the county, 36.
Support given by the Flemings to the Duke
of Burgundy, 83. Desertion of the Flemings
from the Duke of Burgundy's standard, 85.
Assistance afforded by the Flemings to Duke
Philip III. before Calais, 193. Acquired by
Philip III. of Burgundy, 218. The people
punished by the Duke of Burgundy, 238.
State of Flanders after the death of the last
Duke of Burgundy, 329. The ancient rights
of the towns restored by the Duchess Mary,
330. Who is deserted by all save her
Flemish subjects, 332. Reasons why a peace

with France was desirable at this time, 341.
Composition of the Flemish army at the time
of Charles V., 464. Abandonment of French
suzerainty over Flanders, 506. Campaign
of Francis I. in, 542. Offered by Charles
V. to a French prince, 547. Insurrection of
the Protestants in, iii. 90. Alva's rigorous
policy, 112. The conquest of Flanders
pro-
posed by the Duke of Anjou, 112, 113. Plot
of Charles IX. for its conquest, 116. Civil
and religious strife in, 194. The sovereignty
offered to Henry III. of France, 199. In-
vaded by the French, under the uncle of
Louis XIV., 572. Invaded by Louis XIV.,

662.

The frontier as fixed by the peace of
Nimeguen, 702. Invariable failure of France
to hold Flanders, iv. 96. Invasion of Louis
XV., 229. Abandoned by the English, and
falls a prey to the French, 234. Proposal of
Maria Theresa to cede Flanders to France,
266. Given to the English in exchange for
Cuba, 288. See Convention; Napoleon I.;
Louis Philippe

Fleix, peace of, iii. 194

Flemings, municipal privileges of the, i. 122.

Their intractability to French treatment whe-
ther amicable or hostile, 127. See Flanders.
Flesselles, prévot des marchands, forms the
National Guard, iv. 424. Killed, 424
Fleur de lis, an object of popular enmity, v. 437
Fleurus, battles of, iv. 38, 661

Fleury, the Abbé, preceptor to Louis XV., iv. 183.
VOL. V.

FOI

Becomes member of the council of state, 183.
His unwarlike policy, 185. His alarm at the
insurrections against the income tax, 194.
Slighted, and withdraws from Court, 195.
Becomes prime minister, 197. His reforms,
197. Character of his administration, 200.
Causes the removal of Chauvelin, 206, 207.
Fleury's policy compared with that of Wal-
pole, 211. Decline of his power, 214. His
humble letters to Lobkowitz and Maria The-
resa, 222. His death, 223. His character
compared with that of Walpole, 223
Fleury, Joly de, becomes controller general, iv.
366. His administration, 367. Compelled
to resign, 367. Decides against Calonne, 385
Flocon, M., claims a share in the Provisional
Government, v. 605. Becomes minister of
commerce, 618

Florence, the Bianchi expelled from, by Charles
of Valois, i. 317. Ravages of the plague at,
439. Despotism of the republic of, ii. 378.
And of the Medici, 379. Surrendered to
Charles VIII. of France, 383. Charles's re-
ception by the citizens, 383. Holds aloof
from the league formed against the French,
387. Charles VIII.'s return through, 388.
Alliance of Louis XII. with, 406. The Flo-
rentines taxed to pay a French army, 428.
Compelled to readmit the Medici, 437. The
ascendancy of the Medici secured by France,
456. Expel the nephews of Pope Clement
VII., and proclaim a republic, 499. The
Medici restored by Charles V., 519. Its un-
successful resistance, 519

Flotte, Pierre, his journey to Rome, and answer
to Boniface VIII., i. 319, 320. His speech to
the Three Estates on the evil designs of Rome
against the Gallican Church, 323. Accused
by the Pope of having misrepresented him,
324. Killed at Courtray, 327. His family
stripped by Philip the Long, 375
Flushing, capture of, iii. 129
Foix, Gaston de, Duke of Nemours, ii. 433.
Governor of Milan, 433. Succours Bologna,
434. Recovers Breschia, 434. Gains the
battle of Ravenna, but falls, 435.

Foix, Count de, reduced by Philip III., i. 281.
His dispute with the Bishop of Pamiers, 318.
Saves the ladies at Meaux from the Jacques,
478. Who are annihilated, 478

Foix, Count de, appointed governor of Langue-
doc, i. 550. The Duke of Berry sent to take
the government out of his hands, ii. 11. His
enemy, the Count of Armagnac, 11. His
defeat of the Duke of Berry near Lavaur, 11.
Persuaded by the Pope to desist, 12. Induces
the Languedocians to rise against the Armag-
nacs, 86. Declares for the Dauphin, 135
Foix, Count of, his disputes and rivalry with
the Count of Armagnac, ii. 214. Marries the
heiress of Comminges, and immures her, 214.

3 B

FOL

His account of the intrigues of the court of
Charles VII. against the Dauphin, 244. His
son married to the sister of Louis XI., 259.
Conducts an expedition against Don Juan of
Aragon, 259. At the battle of Fornova, 389
Foix, Maréchal de, killed at Pavia, ii. 485
Foix, Maréchal de, his massacre of the people
of Limoux, iii. 66
Fonfrède, proposes questions on the trial of the
King, iv. 554. Legendre's efforts to save
him from proscription, 589. Imprisoned,
618. Trial and death, 620
Fontaine Française, La, combat of, iii. 315
Fontainebleau, assembly of notables at, iii. 26.
Requests and proposals at, presented, 27. Ab-
dication of Napoleon at, v. 232
Fontanes, expatriation of, v. 37
Fontanges, Mademoiselle de, mistress of Louis
XIV., iv. 10

Fontenailles, victory of Louis of Bavaria and
Charles the Bald over the Imperialists at, i. 41
Fontenay, meeting of the Huguenots at, iii. 312.
Capture of, by the Vendeans, iv. 599
Fontenay, Madame, her arrest signed by Ro-
bespierre, iv. 650, 655

Fontenoy, battle of, iv. 231

Fontrailles, his part in a conspiracy against
Richelieu, iii. 535

Forçats enrolled in the French army, iv. 85
Force, La, prison of, massacres committed at,
iv. 526

Force, Chaumont, Marquis de la, murdered, iii.
143. Drives Monsieur and Montmorency
from East Languedoc, 508. Placed in com-
mand of a force to invade Spain by the
Pyrenees, 377. Secured by the King, 426.
His endeavours to bring about an accommo-
dation between the Huguenots and the court,
429. Collects the Huguenots at St. Foy, 334.
Death of his son at Tonneins, 435. Defeated
at St. Antonin, 435. Respect shown to him
by his enemies, 435. Surrenders St. Foy,
and becomes a marshal, 436. Takes posses-
sion of Chiavenna, 491. Operations of his
army in the campaign of 1635, 513
Foret, La, chancellor, raised to the dignity of
cardinal, i. 468

Forfou, battle of, iv. 602

Forli, reduced by Cæsar Borgia, ii. 406
Formigny, battle of, ii. 228
Fornova, battle of, ii. 398

Fortifications, Bureau's improvements in the art

of undermining, ii, 201. Vauban's defence of
Lille, iv. 100. The fortifications of Paris, v.
547

Fortoul, M., minister of marine, v. 656
Fortunatus, Bishop of Poitiers, at Sigebert's
court at Metz, i. 8

Foucault, intendant of Béarn, his atrocities on
the Protestants, iv. 16, 17

Fouché, ridicules the deism of Robespierre,

FRA

iv. 650. Minister of police, v. 80. Discloses
George Cadoudal's plot, 113. Proposes peace
to England, 171. On Napoleon's return,
appointed to ministry of police, 245. His in-
trigues on behalf of the Duke of Orleans, 257.
Undertakes the restoration of Louis XVIII,
257. Betrays everybody and himself also,
259. Wellington's opinion of, 259. Ap-
pointed minister of police by Louis XVIII.,
260. Draws up a list for proscription, 262
Failing in his attempts to pacify the reac
tionists, warns Louis XVIII., and in return
is banished on a foreign embassy, 268. Sent
to Dresden, and unpensioned, 268
Fougèras, besieged by the expelled English
garrison of Le Mans, ii. 225. Taken by La
Tremouille, general of Charles VIII., 367
Fould, M., minister of finance, v. 646
Foulon, minister, murdered, iv. 429
Foulques of Anjou, King of Jerusalem, his
death, i. 137

Foulques, or Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, Lis
quarrel with the church of Tours, i. 61
Foulques, Nera, Count of Anjou, his war against
the court of Champagne, i. 81. His t
pilgrimages to the Holy Land, 85
Foulques, the Rechin, Count of Anjou, his wis

carried off and married by Philip I., i. 98
Foulques, archbishop of Rheims, rears Charles
the Simple, i. 51. Proclaims Charles E
in the absence of Eudes, 52

Fouquet, patronised by Cardinal Mazarin, ii.
617. Notice of him, 652. Appointed by
Louis XIV. minister of finance, 652. Hs
greed and extravagance, 653. His arrest
and condemnation, 655

Fouquerolle, killed before Boulogne, ii. 566
Fournier, deputy, denounced by Marat, iv. 565.
Accused by Barrière, 570

Fourqueux, becomes controller general, iv. 38
Superseded by Brienne, 388

Fox, Charles James, his opinion respecting the
peace of Amiens, v. 97. Napoleon's proposi
of peace to, 171.

Foy, St., Protestant synod of, iii. 48. Re-
dezvous of the Huguenots at, 434
Foy, General, his duel and apology, v. 302. C
poses the Royalist measures against the In-
perialists, 310. Opposes the indemnity..
345. His death, 347. National subscripc
for his widow and children, 347
France, the idea of a nation completely
bodied by, i. 2. Attempt of the Teute
tribes to found an empire in, 3. Invasion
Gaul by the Saracens, 14. Who are utter
defeated by Charles Martel, 16. Aquita
and the South of France brought under Fr.
domination, 16. France ravaged by the pa
Saxons under Witikind, 27. Rise of a lan
and feudal aristocracy, 33. The first atten.
to form a separate kingdom of France,

FRA

Foundation of the French monarchy, 44. Incursions of the Normans on the west coast, 45. And inland, 46. Civil war in consequence of the cowardice and incapacity of Charles the Bald, 46. Division of the South of France amongst a princely aristocracy, who hold their possessions as allodial property, 48. Advance of the Norman invaders from the Scheldt and from Belgium, 49. Murder of the Norman chieftains by Charles the Fat, and the consequent disturbances, 49, 50. Election of Eudes, Count of Paris, as king, 51. Accession of Charles the Simple, 52. Lorraine conquered by the German Emperor Otho, 57. Expulsion of the Carlovingians, and coronation of HUGH CAPET, 69. Insignificance of early France, and of its kings, 70. Compared with Germany in the eleventh century, 71. Slow establishment of the feudal system, 73. Great period of castle and church building, 82. New ideas and new movements of the reign of Robert II., 82. Attempt of the towns to obtain freedom and independence, 83, 84. Grievances of the episcopal towns, 84. The country put under a papal interdict, 98. Delay in introducing free institutions into the duchy of France, 123. Internal peace during the first two centuries of the reign of the Capets, 128. Compared and contrasted with the empire and with England, 129, 130. Institutions which sprung up in France in the twelfth century, 131. That country the asylum of education at this period, 134. Condition of the aristocracy of France under Louis VII., 145. Placed under an interdict by Celestine III, 161, 163. Condition of the kingdom under Philip Augustus, 167. Commencement of the French system of administrative and judicial centralisation, 170, 171. The supremacy of the crown under Philip Augustus, 171. The system of French monarchy at this period, 171. The Albigenses and the princes and populations of the South of France crushed by the battle of Muret, 183. Power of France in 1236, 216, 217. Impoverished by Rome, 229. State of the kingdom during St. Louis's absence in the East, 238, 241. Rise and dispersion of the Pastoreaux, 239. The first French acquisition in Italy, 247. The Pyrenees settled to be the boundary between France and Spain, 247.

The monarchy centralised and absolute under Louis the Saint, 269, 270. National animosities between English and French in the thirteenth century, 298. Condition of the kingdom at the accession of Philip the Fair, 298. Causes of centuries of resuscitated despotism in France, 305. Debt of France to the Popes, 311, 312. The kingdom placed under an interdict by Boni

FRA

face VIII., 313. Development of the monarchy in 1299, 316, 316. The absolute power in France during the reign of Philip the Fair, 356. The first state loan in France, 367. Anarchy in the kingdom in the reign of Louis X., 367. Establishment of the Salic law, 370. Relations between France and England during the reign of Edward II., 380. Causes of the war between Philip VI. and Edward III. of England, i. 382, 389. Military condition of the two countries at this period, 385, 386. The liberties of the towns trodden down in the thirteenth century, 386. Causes of this, 387. War between England and France, 400. The throne of

France claimed by Edward III., 402. Who invades the kingdom, 404. Consequences of the Salic law to France, 407, 408. The first naval battle between France and England 409. The kingdom again invaded by Edward III., 409. The great disaster of Crecy, 428. Loss of Calais, 436. Sufferings of France from brigands and pestilence, 437, 438. Rapid establishment of central author. ity and absolute sovereignty by the French monarchs, 442. Franchises and immunities granted by John II. to the towns, 448. Commercial derangements and difficulties caused by the tamperings with the coin, 448. Exceptional position of princes of the blood in France, 449. Defeat and capture of the King of France at the battle of Poitiers, 463. Disastrous state of the country in consequence, 465, et seq. Ravages of the mercenaries round Paris, 472. Democratic tendencies of the Parisians and other townsfolk, 475. Horrors of the Jacquerie, 477, 478. Revolution in favour of the Regent in Paris, and suppression of the democrats, 481, 482. Origin of the republican spirit of the towns in the fourteenth century, 483, 484. Recurrence of similar positions and events in French history, 484. Peace concluded between the Kings of France and England for the first time, as feudal equals, at Bretigny, 490.

Condition of France at this period, 491. Causes of French inferiority, 493. Gradual rise of the lower classes, 494. Abolition of serfage, 494. Necessary decentralisation at this time, 496. Ravages of freebooters, 498, 508. Efforts of the Pope and Emperor to liberate France from their ravages, 509. Causes of the admixture of French and Italian politics, 549. Difference of kingly power in England and in France, ii. 1.

Antagonism of classes in France at the close of the fourteenth century, 3. Syncope of government at this period, 10. Anarchy into which the country had fallen at the commencement of the fifteenth century, 66. Condition of the French church and clergy

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