Fénelon, Archbishop of Cambray, his letter to Louis XIV. against war, iv. 47. His strife with Bossuet, 66. Disgraced by the King, 69 Fenestrelles, the French driven out of, iv. 99. Ceded to the Duke of Savoy, iv. 117 Fenton, Sir Thomas, defeated by the French and taken prisoner, i. 541
Feraud, the deputy, shot by the mob, iv. 677. His head paraded before president of the Convention, 678
Ferdinand I., Emperor of Germany (see also Ferdinand, brother of Charles V.), ascends the imperial throne, ii. 618. Concludes the truce of Vaucelles, 619
Ferdinand II., Emperor of Germany, his into- lerance, iii. 374
Ferdinand II., Emperor of Germany, his perse- cution of the Protestants of Styria, iii. 426. His embassy to Louis XIII., 427. League formed against him and Philip IV. of Spain,
Unites with Spain to expel Richelieu and the French from Italy, 490. His suc- cesses over the German Protestants, 493. His ultra-Catholicism, 493, 494. Concludes the treaty of Ratisbon, 496. His successes against the French and Swedes, 512 Ferdinand III., Emperor of Germany. His death, iii. 640
Ferdinand V., King of Castille and Aragon, in- vades Roussillon, ii. 307. War in conse- quence, 307. Conclusion of a treaty, 307. Lends the Bretons assistance against France, 369. Obtains the cession of Roussillon from France, 376. Seizes and massacres his dis- affected barons, 380. His claim to Naples, 380. His treaty with Louis XII. for the partition of Naples, 410. Which is taken and partitioned, 411. Tricks the King of France out of Naples, 415. His successes against the French, 418. Who are driven out of South Italy, 418. Concludes a three years' truce with France, 419. Refuses to hand over Naples to the Archduke Philip, 419. Goes to Naples, 423. His interview with Louis XII. at Savona, 425. Joins the League of Cambray, ii. 427. His exertions to save Venice from the French, 430. Forms a league against France, 433. Sends an army under Cardona into the Papal territo- ries, 433. His army defeated at Ravenna, 435. Conquers Navarre and adds it to the Spanish crown, 437. Concludes a truce with France, 438. His daughter Catherine mar- ried to Henry VIII. of England, 441. His death, 461
Ferdinand VI., King of Spain, his accession, iv., 236. And policy, 236 Ferdinand VII., King of Spain, appeals to Napoleon, v. 152. Arrested by Godoy, 152. Ordered to France, 153. Arrives at Bayonne 153.
Abdicates in favour of Napoleon, 154.
Ferdinand, Archduke, brother of Charles V., created King of the Romans, ii. 521. Has Wurtemburg given him by his brother, 528. His troops defeated by the Landgrave of Hesse, 529. Refuses to resign his succession to the empire to his nephew, 605. And to disinherit his son, 606. See Ferdinand I., Emperor of Germany
Ferdinand, the Archduke, defeats Poniatowski in Poland, v. 167
Ferdinand II., King of Naples, abdication of his father in his favour, ii. 385. His irreso- lution, 385. Abandons Naples to the French, 385
Ferdinand IV., King of Naples, revolution caused by his policy, v. 309. His despotic power re-established by General Fremont,
Ferdinand of Brunswick, Prince, takes the command of the Hanoverians and English, iv. 272. Defeats the French at the battle of Crevelt, 278. And at Minden, 279. Attacks Castries at Closter-Camp, 280. Keeps the French at bay in 1761, 286. Defeats them at Wilhemstadt, and captures Cassel, 287 Ferdinand, Count of Flanders, refuses to join Philip Augustus in his descent upon Eng- land, i. 187. Married to Jeanne, daughter of Baldwin IX., 187. War made upon him by Philip Augustus, 188. Defeated and taken prisoner at Bovines, 190. Thrown into the dungeons of the Louvre, 191. Re- leased by Queen Blanche, 207
Fère, La, besieged by Henry IV., iii. 320. His firmness to the Huguenot cause, 430 Fère, Champenoise, battle of, v. 226 Feria, Duke of, agent of Philip II. in France, iii. 290. His interview with the Duke of Mayenne, 292, 293. Arrogance of his de- mands, 292. Meets the Estates of Paris, 293. His large offers to the Catholics, 294, 295. Loses his opportunity, 296. Refusal of the Parliament to sanction the transfer of the crown of France to a foreigner, 298. His departure from France, 311 Ferrara, Duke of, viceroy of Milan, his mas-
sacre of the Protestants of the Valteline, 428 Ferronnages, Count de la, foreign minister, v. 366. His resignation, 374
Ferté, Marshal de la, with Turenne before Valenciennes, iii. 636.
Fervaques, follower of Henry of Navarre, betrays his master, iii. 172. Feudalism, formation of the elements of, by
Charles Martel, i. 17. Causes which gave birth to, 31, 32. Rise of a landed and feudal aristocracy in France, 33. Distinction betwen feudalism and the social and political princi- ples of classic antiquity, 34. Vassalage, and the distribution of obedience and authority, 34, 35. Duties and privileges of the King in the feudal system, 35. Mitigation of feu- dalism in countries of Teutonic race, and rights of inequality, 36. Causes of the ces- sation of slavery, and rise of the letes, 36, 37. What was really the feudal system in the eleventh century, 72, 73. Its slow growth in France, 73. Peculiarity of the feudalism of the Normans, 73. Character of the change wrought by the introduction of the feudal system, 74. Compared with civic life, 74. Rise and character of chivalry, 75, 88. Sen- timent thrown into personal service by the feudal law, 76. Rising of the peasants in Normandy against their feudal lords, 82. Rigorous game-laws established in Normandy, 82. The religious, as well as feudal, cere- mony of knighthood, 88. The female sex an object of chivalric adoration, 89. Blow of St. Louis struck at feudalism, 225, 226, 249. Injuries caused by feudalism in the thirteenth century, 381. Every salutary element of feudalism destroyed by the growth of abso- lutism, 450. Feudalism transformed, not abolished, by Charles VII., ii. 224. Charac- teristics of feudal conquest, 392. Proposals to abolish the feudal rights of the nobles, iv.
Feuillants, the Club of, declares for the mo- narchy, iv. 461. Their imprudence, 472. Secretly influencing the King, they clash with the Assembly, 473. Celebrate the memory of Simonneau, 486. The King ap- points a ministry of, to replace Dumouriez and the Gironde, 489. Seek the alliance of Dumouriez, who refuses, 489. They scheme with Lafayette to take the King from Paris, 497. Their policy arraigned, 499. Issue writs against Manuel and Pétion, 501 Feuquières, M., defeated near Thionville by Pic- colomini, iii. 517
Fiacre, the Abbé de St., his oration on the murder of the Duke of Orleans, ii. 63 Field of the Cloth of Gold, ii. 469 Fieschi, his conspiracy against the Emperor Charles V., ii. 597
Fieschi, the Corsican, his attempt to assassinate Louis Philippe, v. 495. Arrested, 495 Fievée, his presses destroyed by the Mountain, iv. 568. Exiled, v. 37
Fin, La, his revelation of Biron's plot, iii. 355 Finale restored to Genoa, iv. 245, 246 Finance assimilated to law, by the ordonnance of May, 1413, ii. 97
Finances, Charles VII.'s reforms in the, ii. 223.
Attempts of Henry IV. to grapple with the, iii. 328. Condition of the, in the beginning of the reign of Louis XIII., 404. See Re-
Fines as a source of revenue in the twelfth century, i. 121
Finisterre, Cape, battle off, iv. 240 Fitzjames, Duc de, his quarrel with the Parlia- ment of Toulouse, iv. 308
Fitzjames, Duke of, windows of his hotel broken by Buonapartists, v. 469. Arrested, 472 Fiume captured by the Venetians, ii. 426 Five per Cents, reduction of, v. 331, 342, 345, Flanders, suzerainty of the Emperor Conrad II. over, i. 91. Invaded by Philip I.. 9 Who is defeated by the Flemings, 99. French interference in, 125. An army raised by Philip, Count of, to oppose Philip Augustus, 153. War between France and, 153. made upon, by Philip Augustus, 187. His fleet destroyed by the English at Dam, 188 The quarrel taken up by the Emperor Otro IV., for Flanders, 189. Who is defeated an! taken prisoner at Bovines, 190. Left ty Philip Augustus to the government of Countess Jeanne, 191. Count Ferdinand released by Queen Blanche, 207. The county passes into the family of Dampierre, 231. Gradua independence of Flanders of the "Fre crown, 278, 279. Declares war again France, 311. The Flemings overcome i Philip IV. of France, 314. And the county acquired by treachery, 316. Jacques de Si Pol appointed governor, 316. Insurrectio: of the Flemings against their French masters, 324, 325. Whom they defeat at Courtray, 326. Arms of the Flemings at Courtray. 326. Campaigns of Philip the Fair against Flanders in 1303 and 1304, 333. Death at Count Guy de Dampierre in prison. 335. The Flemings defeated by the Genoese at sea, and by the King at Mons en Puelle, 334 A peace concluded between France and Flar ders, and its count liberated by Philip, 334 335. Lille, Douai, and Bethune re-demande. from Philip the Fair, 354. A war with France threatened, 364. Flanders invaded by Louis X., who is compelled by rain t retire, 367. Promptitude of the Flemings taking the field when their country was threatene 1, 388. Defeat of the West Fler ings by Philip VI. at Cassel, 391. Te thousand Flemings put to death by Cou Louis, 392. English traders in Flande arrested by the Count, 399. Reprisals Edward III. of England, 399. Envoys Edward to Van Arteveld, 400, 401. Cadsani taken by the English, 402. An army takes into Flanders by Edward, 402. Opposition of the towns of French Flanders to the fiscal
measures of John II., 456. Rebellion against Count Louis II., 547. Rebellion of Ghent against Count Louis II., 15. Philip von Arteveld, 19. The count defeated, and compelled to fly, 20, 21. Army marched against the Flemings by Charles VI., ii. 26. Ravages of the invaders, 27. Defeat and death of Philip von Arteveld at Roosebecque, 28. Insecurity of English merchants and property in Flanders, 31. A crusade preached by Urban VI. against the county, 31. The crusade led by the Bishop of Norwich, 32. Successes of the crusaders, 32. Who agree to withdraw, 32, 33. Death of Count Louis, and accession of the Duke of Burgundy, 33. The Flemings reduced by Charles VI., 36. Definite pacification of the county, 36. Support given by the Flemings to the Duke of Burgundy, 83. Desertion of the Flemings from the Duke of Burgundy's standard, 85. Assistance afforded by the Flemings to Duke Philip III. before Calais, 193. Acquired by Philip III. of Burgundy, 218. The people punished by the Duke of Burgundy, 238. State of Flanders after the death of the last Duke of Burgundy, 329. The ancient rights of the towns restored by the Duchess Mary, 330. Who is deserted by all save her Flemish subjects, 332. Reasons why a peace
with France was desirable at this time, 341. Composition of the Flemish army at the time of Charles V., 464. Abandonment of French suzerainty over Flanders, 506. Campaign of Francis I. in, 542. Offered by Charles V. to a French prince, 547. Insurrection of the Protestants in, iii. 90. Alva's rigorous policy, 112. The conquest of Flanders pro- posed by the Duke of Anjou, 112, 113. Plot of Charles IX. for its conquest, 116. Civil and religious strife in, 194. The sovereignty offered to Henry III. of France, 199. In- vaded by the French, under the uncle of Louis XIV., 572. Invaded by Louis XIV.,
The frontier as fixed by the peace of Nimeguen, 702. Invariable failure of France to hold Flanders, iv. 96. Invasion of Louis XV., 229. Abandoned by the English, and falls a prey to the French, 234. Proposal of Maria Theresa to cede Flanders to France, 266. Given to the English in exchange for Cuba, 288. See Convention; Napoleon I.; Louis Philippe
Fleix, peace of, iii. 194
Flemings, municipal privileges of the, i. 122.
Their intractability to French treatment whe- ther amicable or hostile, 127. See Flanders. Flesselles, prévot des marchands, forms the National Guard, iv. 424. Killed, 424 Fleur de lis, an object of popular enmity, v. 437 Fleurus, battles of, iv. 38, 661
Fleury, the Abbé, preceptor to Louis XV., iv. 183. VOL. V.
Becomes member of the council of state, 183. His unwarlike policy, 185. His alarm at the insurrections against the income tax, 194. Slighted, and withdraws from Court, 195. Becomes prime minister, 197. His reforms, 197. Character of his administration, 200. Causes the removal of Chauvelin, 206, 207. Fleury's policy compared with that of Wal- pole, 211. Decline of his power, 214. His humble letters to Lobkowitz and Maria The- resa, 222. His death, 223. His character compared with that of Walpole, 223 Fleury, Joly de, becomes controller general, iv. 366. His administration, 367. Compelled to resign, 367. Decides against Calonne, 385 Flocon, M., claims a share in the Provisional Government, v. 605. Becomes minister of commerce, 618
Florence, the Bianchi expelled from, by Charles of Valois, i. 317. Ravages of the plague at, 439. Despotism of the republic of, ii. 378. And of the Medici, 379. Surrendered to Charles VIII. of France, 383. Charles's re- ception by the citizens, 383. Holds aloof from the league formed against the French, 387. Charles VIII.'s return through, 388. Alliance of Louis XII. with, 406. The Flo- rentines taxed to pay a French army, 428. Compelled to readmit the Medici, 437. The ascendancy of the Medici secured by France, 456. Expel the nephews of Pope Clement VII., and proclaim a republic, 499. The Medici restored by Charles V., 519. Its un- successful resistance, 519
Flotte, Pierre, his journey to Rome, and answer to Boniface VIII., i. 319, 320. His speech to the Three Estates on the evil designs of Rome against the Gallican Church, 323. Accused by the Pope of having misrepresented him, 324. Killed at Courtray, 327. His family stripped by Philip the Long, 375 Flushing, capture of, iii. 129 Foix, Gaston de, Duke of Nemours, ii. 433. Governor of Milan, 433. Succours Bologna, 434. Recovers Breschia, 434. Gains the battle of Ravenna, but falls, 435.
Foix, Count de, reduced by Philip III., i. 281. His dispute with the Bishop of Pamiers, 318. Saves the ladies at Meaux from the Jacques, 478. Who are annihilated, 478
Foix, Count de, appointed governor of Langue- doc, i. 550. The Duke of Berry sent to take the government out of his hands, ii. 11. His enemy, the Count of Armagnac, 11. His defeat of the Duke of Berry near Lavaur, 11. Persuaded by the Pope to desist, 12. Induces the Languedocians to rise against the Armag- nacs, 86. Declares for the Dauphin, 135 Foix, Count of, his disputes and rivalry with the Count of Armagnac, ii. 214. Marries the heiress of Comminges, and immures her, 214.
His account of the intrigues of the court of Charles VII. against the Dauphin, 244. His son married to the sister of Louis XI., 259. Conducts an expedition against Don Juan of Aragon, 259. At the battle of Fornova, 389 Foix, Maréchal de, killed at Pavia, ii. 485 Foix, Maréchal de, his massacre of the people of Limoux, iii. 66 Fonfrède, proposes questions on the trial of the King, iv. 554. Legendre's efforts to save him from proscription, 589. Imprisoned, 618. Trial and death, 620 Fontaine Française, La, combat of, iii. 315 Fontainebleau, assembly of notables at, iii. 26. Requests and proposals at, presented, 27. Ab- dication of Napoleon at, v. 232 Fontanes, expatriation of, v. 37 Fontanges, Mademoiselle de, mistress of Louis XIV., iv. 10
Fontenailles, victory of Louis of Bavaria and Charles the Bald over the Imperialists at, i. 41 Fontenay, meeting of the Huguenots at, iii. 312. Capture of, by the Vendeans, iv. 599 Fontenay, Madame, her arrest signed by Ro- bespierre, iv. 650, 655
Fontenoy, battle of, iv. 231
Fontrailles, his part in a conspiracy against Richelieu, iii. 535
Forçats enrolled in the French army, iv. 85 Force, La, prison of, massacres committed at, iv. 526
Force, Chaumont, Marquis de la, murdered, iii. 143. Drives Monsieur and Montmorency from East Languedoc, 508. Placed in com- mand of a force to invade Spain by the Pyrenees, 377. Secured by the King, 426. His endeavours to bring about an accommo- dation between the Huguenots and the court, 429. Collects the Huguenots at St. Foy, 334. Death of his son at Tonneins, 435. Defeated at St. Antonin, 435. Respect shown to him by his enemies, 435. Surrenders St. Foy, and becomes a marshal, 436. Takes posses- sion of Chiavenna, 491. Operations of his army in the campaign of 1635, 513 Foret, La, chancellor, raised to the dignity of cardinal, i. 468
Forfou, battle of, iv. 602
Forli, reduced by Cæsar Borgia, ii. 406 Formigny, battle of, ii. 228 Fornova, battle of, ii. 398
Fortifications, Bureau's improvements in the art
of undermining, ii, 201. Vauban's defence of Lille, iv. 100. The fortifications of Paris, v. 547
Fortoul, M., minister of marine, v. 656 Fortunatus, Bishop of Poitiers, at Sigebert's court at Metz, i. 8
Foucault, intendant of Béarn, his atrocities on the Protestants, iv. 16, 17
Fouché, ridicules the deism of Robespierre,
iv. 650. Minister of police, v. 80. Discloses George Cadoudal's plot, 113. Proposes peace to England, 171. On Napoleon's return, appointed to ministry of police, 245. His in- trigues on behalf of the Duke of Orleans, 257. Undertakes the restoration of Louis XVIII, 257. Betrays everybody and himself also, 259. Wellington's opinion of, 259. Ap- pointed minister of police by Louis XVIII., 260. Draws up a list for proscription, 262 Failing in his attempts to pacify the reac tionists, warns Louis XVIII., and in return is banished on a foreign embassy, 268. Sent to Dresden, and unpensioned, 268 Fougèras, besieged by the expelled English garrison of Le Mans, ii. 225. Taken by La Tremouille, general of Charles VIII., 367 Fould, M., minister of finance, v. 646 Foulon, minister, murdered, iv. 429 Foulques of Anjou, King of Jerusalem, his death, i. 137
Foulques, or Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, Lis quarrel with the church of Tours, i. 61 Foulques, Nera, Count of Anjou, his war against the court of Champagne, i. 81. His t pilgrimages to the Holy Land, 85 Foulques, the Rechin, Count of Anjou, his wis
carried off and married by Philip I., i. 98 Foulques, archbishop of Rheims, rears Charles the Simple, i. 51. Proclaims Charles E in the absence of Eudes, 52
Fouquet, patronised by Cardinal Mazarin, ii. 617. Notice of him, 652. Appointed by Louis XIV. minister of finance, 652. Hs greed and extravagance, 653. His arrest and condemnation, 655
Fouquerolle, killed before Boulogne, ii. 566 Fournier, deputy, denounced by Marat, iv. 565. Accused by Barrière, 570
Fourqueux, becomes controller general, iv. 38 Superseded by Brienne, 388
Fox, Charles James, his opinion respecting the peace of Amiens, v. 97. Napoleon's proposi of peace to, 171.
Foy, St., Protestant synod of, iii. 48. Re- dezvous of the Huguenots at, 434 Foy, General, his duel and apology, v. 302. C poses the Royalist measures against the In- perialists, 310. Opposes the indemnity.. 345. His death, 347. National subscripc for his widow and children, 347 France, the idea of a nation completely bodied by, i. 2. Attempt of the Teute tribes to found an empire in, 3. Invasion Gaul by the Saracens, 14. Who are utter defeated by Charles Martel, 16. Aquita and the South of France brought under Fr. domination, 16. France ravaged by the pa Saxons under Witikind, 27. Rise of a lan and feudal aristocracy, 33. The first atten. to form a separate kingdom of France,
Foundation of the French monarchy, 44. Incursions of the Normans on the west coast, 45. And inland, 46. Civil war in consequence of the cowardice and incapacity of Charles the Bald, 46. Division of the South of France amongst a princely aristocracy, who hold their possessions as allodial property, 48. Advance of the Norman invaders from the Scheldt and from Belgium, 49. Murder of the Norman chieftains by Charles the Fat, and the consequent disturbances, 49, 50. Election of Eudes, Count of Paris, as king, 51. Accession of Charles the Simple, 52. Lorraine conquered by the German Emperor Otho, 57. Expulsion of the Carlovingians, and coronation of HUGH CAPET, 69. Insignificance of early France, and of its kings, 70. Compared with Germany in the eleventh century, 71. Slow establishment of the feudal system, 73. Great period of castle and church building, 82. New ideas and new movements of the reign of Robert II., 82. Attempt of the towns to obtain freedom and independence, 83, 84. Grievances of the episcopal towns, 84. The country put under a papal interdict, 98. Delay in introducing free institutions into the duchy of France, 123. Internal peace during the first two centuries of the reign of the Capets, 128. Compared and contrasted with the empire and with England, 129, 130. Institutions which sprung up in France in the twelfth century, 131. That country the asylum of education at this period, 134. Condition of the aristocracy of France under Louis VII., 145. Placed under an interdict by Celestine III, 161, 163. Condition of the kingdom under Philip Augustus, 167. Commencement of the French system of administrative and judicial centralisation, 170, 171. The supremacy of the crown under Philip Augustus, 171. The system of French monarchy at this period, 171. The Albigenses and the princes and populations of the South of France crushed by the battle of Muret, 183. Power of France in 1236, 216, 217. Impoverished by Rome, 229. State of the kingdom during St. Louis's absence in the East, 238, 241. Rise and dispersion of the Pastoreaux, 239. The first French acquisition in Italy, 247. The Pyrenees settled to be the boundary between France and Spain, 247.
The monarchy centralised and absolute under Louis the Saint, 269, 270. National animosities between English and French in the thirteenth century, 298. Condition of the kingdom at the accession of Philip the Fair, 298. Causes of centuries of resuscitated despotism in France, 305. Debt of France to the Popes, 311, 312. The kingdom placed under an interdict by Boni
face VIII., 313. Development of the monarchy in 1299, 316, 316. The absolute power in France during the reign of Philip the Fair, 356. The first state loan in France, 367. Anarchy in the kingdom in the reign of Louis X., 367. Establishment of the Salic law, 370. Relations between France and England during the reign of Edward II., 380. Causes of the war between Philip VI. and Edward III. of England, i. 382, 389. Military condition of the two countries at this period, 385, 386. The liberties of the towns trodden down in the thirteenth century, 386. Causes of this, 387. War between England and France, 400. The throne of
France claimed by Edward III., 402. Who invades the kingdom, 404. Consequences of the Salic law to France, 407, 408. The first naval battle between France and England 409. The kingdom again invaded by Edward III., 409. The great disaster of Crecy, 428. Loss of Calais, 436. Sufferings of France from brigands and pestilence, 437, 438. Rapid establishment of central author. ity and absolute sovereignty by the French monarchs, 442. Franchises and immunities granted by John II. to the towns, 448. Commercial derangements and difficulties caused by the tamperings with the coin, 448. Exceptional position of princes of the blood in France, 449. Defeat and capture of the King of France at the battle of Poitiers, 463. Disastrous state of the country in consequence, 465, et seq. Ravages of the mercenaries round Paris, 472. Democratic tendencies of the Parisians and other townsfolk, 475. Horrors of the Jacquerie, 477, 478. Revolution in favour of the Regent in Paris, and suppression of the democrats, 481, 482. Origin of the republican spirit of the towns in the fourteenth century, 483, 484. Recurrence of similar positions and events in French history, 484. Peace concluded between the Kings of France and England for the first time, as feudal equals, at Bretigny, 490.
Condition of France at this period, 491. Causes of French inferiority, 493. Gradual rise of the lower classes, 494. Abolition of serfage, 494. Necessary decentralisation at this time, 496. Ravages of freebooters, 498, 508. Efforts of the Pope and Emperor to liberate France from their ravages, 509. Causes of the admixture of French and Italian politics, 549. Difference of kingly power in England and in France, ii. 1.
Antagonism of classes in France at the close of the fourteenth century, 3. Syncope of government at this period, 10. Anarchy into which the country had fallen at the commencement of the fifteenth century, 66. Condition of the French church and clergy
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