CHA

Charron, Le, provost of Paris, his part in the
St. Bartholomew massacre, iii. 140
Charter, the, recommended to Count d'Artois
by the dying King, v. 338. New king (Charles
X.) resolves to maintain, 339. The Duke of
Orleans promises to uphold the, 411. Alter-
ations in the, proposed by M. Bérard, 416.
Charters granted to towns by Louis the Fat,
i. 122

Chartier, Alain, the poet, ii. 234
Chartres, treaty of, ii. 65. Besieged by the
Dauphin Charles, 139. Who is compelled
by Henry V. to retire, 139. Besieged by the
Prince of Condé, iii. 97. The siege aban-
doned, 99. Besieged by Henry IV., 275
Chartres, Duke of, son of Philippe Egalité. See
Louis Philippe

Chartres, Vidame de, arrested, iii. 29.
Chartres, Duke of, arrested, v. 408
Chassagne, De la, president of the tribunal of
Bordeaux, murdered, ii. 601

Chataignerai, La, his duel with Jarnac, ii. 595
Chataignerai, killed at Ivry, iii. 266
Chataignerie, La, massacre of the Protestants
of, iii. 338

Chateau, General, death of, at Montereau, v.
221

Chateaubriand, taken by La Tremouille, general
of Charles VIII., ii. 367. Edict of, promul-
gated, 640

Chateaubriand, Countess of, mistress of Fran-
cis I., ii. 475. Deserted by the King, 495, 507
Chateaubriand, M. de, executed with Males-
herbes, iv. 646

Chateaubriand, M. de, dismissed, v. 269. Con-
fined to Chamber of Peers, 288. Publishes
his pamphlet, 'La Monarchie selon la Charte,'
283. His name struck out of list of state mi-
nisters, 283. Ambassador to London, 320.
Advises Villèle to put down Spanish insur-
rection, 320, 321. Defies Canning, and looks
to Russian alliance, 329. Jealous of Villèle,
333. Disliked by the King, 334. Dismissed
from office, 334. Opposes the government,
334. Writes on the coronation of Charles
X., 346. His enmity to Villèle, 355. His
conduct during the revolution, 390. Advo-
cates rights of Charles's grandson, 419. Ad-
vises Louis Philippe to practise deceit, 419.
Arrested, 472

Château Dauphin ceded to Savoy, iv. 117
Châteaudun, combat of, iii. 67. Taken by the
Germans, 213

Châteauneuf, Chancellor, Richelieu's severity to
him, iii. 528, 529. Recompensed by the Re-
gent Anne of Austria, 555. Fails to obtain
the restoration of the chancery, 556. Pro-
poses the dismissal of Mazarin, 584. Sus-
pected by Mazarin, 589. Exiled, 589. Ap-
pointed keeper of the seals, 602. Advises
the exile of Mazarin, 605. Dismissed by

CHA

the Queen, 607. Recalled as president of the
council, 615

Châteauroux, Duchess of (Madame de la Tour-
nelle), becomes mistress of Louis XV., iv.
225. Stings the King into energy against
Austria, 229. Her death, iv. 243
Châteauvieux regiment, procession of the, to
celebrate the liberation of the Swiss soldiers
of, iv. 485, 486

Châtel, Jean, his attempt to assassinate Henry
IV., iii. 313

Châtelet, the, forced by the Parisians, and the
captives murdered, ii. 125, 126

Hu-

Châtelet, Marquis du, commands the guards
in Paris, iv. 411. Disobedience of his men, 412
Châtellerault, the Huguenots besieged in, iii.
105. Taken by the Huguenots, 241.
guenots' synod held at, 362
Chatillon besieged and taken by Philip Augus-
tus, i. 154. Cruelties inflicted on the Hugue-
nots of, 64. Taken by the Duke of Mayenne,
207. Meeting of congress of Allies at, v.
219. The congress broken up, 226

Chatillon, Odet, Cardinal of, appointed a grand
inquisitor in France, ii. 630, 643. His parent-
age and character, iii. 11. Proposes the mar-
riage of Queen Elizabeth to the Duke of
Anjou, 112. His death, 117

Chatillon, the Huguenot leader, his attempt
to take Paris, iii. 274. His firmness, 430.
His quarrel with the Huguenots, 436, 437.
Rallies to the King, and receives the bâton of
marshal, 437. Defeats the Spaniards at
Avain, 512. Defeated by Soissons at La
Marfée, 533

Châtre, La, surrenders Orleans to Henry IV.,
iii. 307. His reasons for so doing, 308
Châtre, Maréchal de la, marches to Juliers,
which surrenders to him, iii. 388

Chaulnes, Duke de, his address to Louis XV.,
iv. 293

Chaumette, demands a revolutionary tribunal,
iv. 566. Complains to the Convention of
turbulence of the communes, 611. Driven to
his wits' end by the cry for bread, 611. Im-
prisoned, 640. Executed, 640, 646

Chaumont, fortified by Louis VII., but taken
by Henry II. of England, i. 143. Treaty of,
V. 224

Chaumont, General, commands the French at
the taking of Genoa, ii. 424. At the battle
of Agnadello, 424. Leads an army into
Lombardy, 431. His struggle with the Pope,
431. Marches against Bologna, 432. His
death, 432

Chauvelin, Marquis de, introduced into the
cabinet by Fleury, iv. 201. Inclined to sup-
port the ambition of Elizabeth Farnese, 205.
His fall, 206. Kept back by Fleury, 224.

Exiled, 225. Defeated by the Corsicans, 318
Chavigny, agent of Cardinal Richelieu, his in-

CHE

Im-

terview with Louis XIII., iii. 541. Recom-
mended by the dying cardinal to the King,
541. Becomes minister, 542. Driven from
office by the King, 542. Appointed to a
council, 543. Proposes the dismissal of Ma-
zarin, 584 Who suspects him, 589.
prisoned in Vincennes, 589. Appointed sec-
retary of state, 607. Dismissed, 609
Chelles, Council of, reverses the sentence against
Arnulph, Archbishop of Rheims, i. so
Cherbourg, landing of Henry of Lancaster at,
i. 459. Garrisoned by English, 545. Be-
sieged by the French, 546. Saved, 546.
Garrisoned by English soldiers, ii. 10. Taken
from the English, 228. The pier of, de-
stroyed by the English, iv. 273. Visit of
Louis XVI. to the works at, 380. Arrival
and embarkation of the royal family at, 415
Chesnaye, La, defends the Tuileries, iv. 512
Chevreuse, Duchess of, favours Gaston's pre-
tensions, iii. 464. Joins in a plot to kill
Richelieu, 465. Goes into exile, 466. Ad-
vances of Richelieu to her, 528. Exiled,
529. Escapes to Madrid, and subsequently
to England, 531. Recalled to court by the
Queen Regent, 555. Exiled from court, 561.
Her daughter proposed to be married to the
Duke de Richelieu, 600. And afterwards to
the Prince of Conti, 606
Chiari, battle of, iv. 84

Chiavenna seized by the Swiss, ii. 437. Taken
by the French, under De la Force, iii. 491
Chièvres, M. de, first minister of the Emperor
Charles V., ii. 451. His policy, 451. His
master's confidence withdrawn from him, 464
Childebert, becomes King of Austrasia and
Burgundy, i. 11

Childeric, father of Clovis, his tomb at Tour-
nay, i. 3

Chilperic, first King of Neustria, i. 8. Supports
the turbulence of the Austrasian grandees,

10

CHU

iv. 276. His scheme for the invasion of
England, 276, 277. Defeat of the Frenc
fleet off Lagos, 277. Implores Spain to comL-
to the aid of France, 282. Concludes
Family Compact, 283. His detestată
of the Jesuits, 298, 299.
Whom he presses
the King to expel from France, 302. His
desire for representative government, 30
His abolition of the venality of munic
offices, 306. His policy, 306–308.
takes the administration of the marine, čla
His policy in Poland, 316. Walpole's the
racter of him, 318. Enmity of Madame
Barry towards him, 319. Ingratitude t
Maupeou to him, 319. Refuses to live
good terms with Madame du Barry, 2
Dismissed from office, 324

Choiseul, Duke de, receives indemnity met
v. 346

Chokier, M. Surlet de, chosen regent by t-
Belgians, v. 446

Cholera, ravages of the, in Paris, v. 461, 42
Chollet, battle of, iv. 602

Chotusitz, or Czaslau, battle of, iv. 221
Chouans, conspiracy of, against First Corsi
v. 98, 99

Christian II., Duke of Saxony, his claim to th
duchy of Cleves, iii. 374

Christian IV., King of Denmark, subsidised j
England, iii. 461

Christianity, as understood and acted upr
the eleventh century, i. 75. Spinoza's re

Christopher, son of Duke Ulrich of Warten
burg, his cause pleaded by Du Bellay, in 52
Christopher, Duke of Wurtemburg, his meet. -
with the Guises at Saverne, ii. 51, 52
Christopher's, St., Island of, ceded to Enga
iv. 117

Chrodinus, the Austrasian noble, i. 10
Churches, great numbers of, built, i. 82
Church of Rome, syncope of the Church at
commencement of the fifteenth century.
67. Efforts and aims of Gerson to esta
or restore representative government in t
Church, 73. Desire of the doctors to
form, not overthrow, it, 75. Failure of :
Council of Constance to obtain Churcà r
form, 107. Liberal views of ecclesiastic
government entertained in the fifteenth -
tury, 218. Failure of the Council of Bas

CIN

to effect reform, 221. Mistake of Charles
VII. as to benefices, 247. Amount of money
drained by Rome from France after the abro-
gation of the Pragmatic Sanction, 358. Its
condition in the fifteenth and sixteenth cen-
turies, 510. Why remote countries flung off
the Papal authority, 637. See also Catholics
Cinq Cents, their quarrel with the Ancients,
v. 33. See Directory

Cinq Mars, becomes favourite of Louis XIII.,
iii. 532. His and the King's pleasures, 532.
Approves of the league against Richelieu,
533. His ambition, 534. His conspiracy,
535. His treaty with Spain, 536. Gradually
destroys his own influence with the King,
537. A copy of his treaty with Spain ob-
tained by Richelieu, 538. Arrested, 539.
His execution, 540

Cinque Ports, the, fit out a fleet, and destroy
the Norman ships, i. 307. Ordered by Ed-
ward III. to arm against the French and
Flemings, 399

Cinquantaine, the, of Paris Duvernay, iv. 194.
Abolished, 197

Constitutionalists sentenced to deportation, v.
37. See Directory; Napoleon I.; Convention
Cintra, Convention of, v. 156

Citizens, causes of the gradual effacement of the
mid lle class of, i. 387. See Towns.
Civic life, character of, compared with life
under the feudal system, i. 74. See Towns.
Cividadella taken by the Turks, ii. 632
Civism extinguished by Louis Napoleon, v. 638
Cività Vecchia, fortress of, held by Charles VIII.
ii. 385

Ciudad Rodrigo, capture of, v. 206

Clarke, Duke of Feltre, sent as peace ambassa-

dor to Austria, v. 27. Superseded by St.
Cyr, 289

Claremont, palace of, assigned as a residence
for ex-King of the French, v. 599
Clarence, Duke of, leads an English army to
the assistance of the Orleanists, ii. 88. Has
the Duke of Angoulême in pledge for a sum
of money, SS.

Clarence, Duke of. See Thomas, Duke of Cla-

rence.

Clary, Vicomte, restores the New Assembly, v. 622
Classes: antagonism of the several classes in

France at the close of the fourteenth century,
ii. 3, 12. And of the upper and lower classes
throughout Europe at this time, 12, 13
Claude, daughter of Louis XII., proposal to
marry her to Charles, son of Philip le Beau,
ii. 411, 412. This marriage agreed upon by
treaty, 420. Which is broken off, and Claude
affianced to the future Francis I., 421. Her
death, 481
Claude, Duke of Guise, entrusted with an ex-
pedition to Luxemburg, ii. 553.
takes and loses, 554

Which he

CLE

Claude, Bishop of Turin, his profession of the
doctrines of the Waldenses, i. 86

Claude, Huguenot pastor, his disputation with
Bossuet, iv. 8. Publishes his Plaintes' in
Holland, 20

Clausel, Marshal, fails in his attack on Con-
stantine, v. 507

Clavière, appointed minister of finance, iv. 481.
Dismissed by the King, 486. Reinstated in
his office, by the Assembly, 518. Arrested,
585
Clemence, daughter of Charles Martel of Naples,
married to Louis X., i. 364. Her posthumous
son, John, who dies in a few days, 369
Clement III., Pope, grants a tenth from the
clergy for the third crusade, i. 156

Clement V., election of, i. 335. Part of Philip
the Fair in the election, 335, 336. Resides
at Avignon, 336. His refusal to sign any
bull for the dissolution of the order of the
Templars, 345. Sends an extraordinary com-
mission to Paris to inquire into the charges
urged against them, 345. How he kept his
oath to Philip the Fair, 345, 346. Removes
to Avignon, 346. Summons the Council of
Vienna, 349, 350. Obtains the condemnation
and dissolution of the order of the Templars,
350. Endeavours to save the lives of the
chief officers of the order, 351. Summoned
before the judgment seat of God by the grand
master De Molay, 352. Clement's death,
353. His mistress, Melissende, Countess of
Talleyrand, 353. His endeavours to make
peace between France and Spain, iii. 332
Clement VII., Pope, his patronage of the Duke
of Anjou, in his claim to the crown of Naples,
ii. 6. His character, 71. His claim sup-
ported by the Duke of Anjou, 72. His aid
craved by Louise, Regent of France, 486.
Supplies the imperial armies with money and
men, 479. His enmity to Charles V., 492, 495.
Compelled by the Colonna faction to take re-
fuge in the castle of St. Angelo, 496. Rome
sacked by the soldiers of Bourbon, ii. 498, 499.
And the Pope shut up in St. Angelo, 498. His
desire to gratify Henry VIII. with a divorce,
522. His unfitness to decide upon great
national questions, 523. Incensed against
Francis I., 526. Who meets him at Marseilles,
526. His promises to Francis, 526. Abandons
the Emperor, 526. Clement's death, 527, 530
Clement VIII., Pope, pres-es the Duke of
Mayenne to proceed with the election of a
king in place of Henry IV., iii. 289. Ab-
solves, and becomes reconciled to, Henry IV.,
317.

Clement XI., Pope, his bull Unigenitus, iv. 126,
127, 130

Clement, Jacques, murders Henry III., iii. 246,

247

Clerac, taken by Louis XIII., iii. 431

CLE

Clerc, Bussey le, governor of the Bastille, puts
three judges to death, iii. 282. Obtains a
safe conduct from Mayenne, 282.
Clergy, the, support the claims of the Emperor
Lothaire to suzerainty, i. 40.
Their support

of Hugh Capet, 77. Accusations of heresy
against them in the eleventh century, 86.
The independence and rights, as well as in-
fluence, of the clergy menaced by feudalism,
94. Championship of Hildebrand, 95. And
of Louis the Fat, 114. Advantages and in-
fluence obtained by the clergy during the
unwarlike twelfth century, 152. How the
clergy were regarded in the South of France
in the thirteenth century, 173. Condition
and power of the Papacy at this period,
201-204. Reduction of Toulouse by military
prelates, 211. Establishment of the Inquisi-
tion, 212. The Bible proscribed, 213. A
crusade against the Emperor Conrad IV. pro-
claimed, 238. The Pragmatic Sanction of
St. Louis issued, 266. Complete social ty-
ranny of the clergy before this event, 266.
St. Louis's laws respecting the clergy, 268.
Their decline in the social scale towards the
end of the thirteenth century, 299. Deter-
mination of Philip the Fair to tax them, 311,
321. His answer to Pope Boniface VIII.
claiming the right of conferring benefices,
322. Pierre Flotte's speech to the Three
Estates on the designs of Rome against the
Gallican Church, 323. Admission of the
clergy of their duty to defend the King and
the national liberties against Rome, 323.
The beginning of the fourteenth century an
age of reaction against the clergy, 337. Their
extravagant pretensions and fiscality, 397.
Complaints of the people against them un-
remedied, 397. Syncope of the Church at
the commencement of the fifteenth century,
ii. 67. Care and aim of the French clergy at
this time, 69. Reforms proposed by Gerson,
Wicliffe, and Huss, 105. Limits placed to
the power of the clergy by the Council of
Basle, 218. Louis XI.'s dislike of the clergy,
257. The Pragmatic Sanction, which is ab-
rogated, 358. This abrogation a matter of
complaint by the Commons at Tours, 358.
Churchmen permitted to enjoy power without
exciting fear in the monarch, or envy in the
courtier, 402. Successful confiscation of the
elective privileges of the French Church, 458.
Grant a large sum for a war with the Em-
peror Charles V., 500. Controversy between
the Humanists and the Monks, 512. Com-
mencement of the Reformation, 512, 513.
Their condition in the time of Francis I.,
574. Colloquy of Poissy, iii. 44. Send de-
legates to the Council of Trent, 95. Their
grant to Catherine of Medicis, 45. Her con-
cessions to them, 46. Amount of taxes

CLI

levied upon them by Henry III., 167. Their
quarrels with the legists, 403. State of the
Church in the reign of Louis XIV., iv. 4, 5.
Condition of the clergy compared with that
of the peasants at the end of the seventeenth
century, 50. Ecclesiastical affairs in 1715,
141. Clergy accept the bull Unigenitus,
181. Their agitation during the administra-
tion of Cardinal Fleury, 200. Machault's
attempt to tax them, 252. Reaction of the
educated class against priesteraft, 289, 29).
Deeds and spirit with which the clergy ford
the spirit of the middle of the eighteenth
century, 291, 292. Voltaire's exposure of
them, 293. Their opposition to Calonse's
proposed reforms, 385. Confiscation of church
property by the National Assembly, 446.
Civil constitution of the clergy, 449. Refus
to bury Philippe the Actor, v. 341. See As-
sembly; Directory; Convention; Napolesa
I.; Louis XVIII.; Charles X.; Louis
Philippe; Napoleon III.

Clermont, Council of, held, i. 104. The First
Crusade decided upon at the, 104
Clermont compelled by Louis the Fat to submit
to French suzerainty, i. 126. Besieged ly
Henry IV., iii. 275

Clermont, Robert of, Marshal of Normandy,
seizes Perrin Mare in sanctuary, and hars
him, i. 473. Excommunicated, 474. Killed
by the mob in the Louvre, 474

Clermont, Count of, ii. 157. Appointed by
Charles VII. to relieve the city of Orleans,
157. Defeated by Sir John Fastolf at the
battle of Herrings, 158. Becomes duke of
Bourbon, 202. See Bourbon, Duke of
Clermont, Count of (son of the preceding),
placed in command in South Normandy, i
227. Defeat of his archers by the English,
227. Joined by the Constable, and the
English completely beaten at Formigay,

228

Clermont, Abbé, Count, defeated by Ferdina:d
of Brunswick at Crevelt, iv. 278
Cleves, Duke of, a partisan of France, ii. 553.
Betrothed to Jeanne d'Albret, 553. Seis
Gueldres, 553. Crushed by Charles V., 557
Cleves, duchy of, occupied by the Spaniards, 1.
365, 374. The reigning duke and duchess
of, 366 note, 374. The duke's death, 374
Affairs of the duchy after this event, 374,
375. Occupied by the French, 682
Clichy, Club of, oppose the Directory, v. 29
Clisson, Amaury de, sent by the Duchess of
Brittany to England for assistance, i. 415.
Returns with Sir W. Maury and an English
army, 414.
And relieve Hennebout, 414
Clisson, Olivier de, released by Edward III,
i. 418. Executed by Philip of Valois, 418
Clisson, Olivier de, gained over by Charles V.
of France, i. 519. His bitter hostility to the