CAV

Cavagnes, sent by the Huguenots from La
Rochelle to the court, iii. 115. His trial
and execution, 150

Cavaignac, General, prosecuted by Périer, v.
444. Trial of, 492. Recovers his freedom,
493. Amnestied and returns to France, 521.
Becomes minister of war, 621. Seeks to
exile Louis Napoleon, 623. Champion of
the Assembly, 624. Exerts his authority,
624. His republican principles, 624. Com-
mands the troops against the insurrection of
the workmen, 624. His measures for putting
it down, and their complete success, 624-
630. Invested with dictatorial power, 627.
President of the executive government, 630.
Chooses a new government, 630. His diffi-
culty with regard to the prisoners of the
insurrection, 632. Refuses to arrest the
journalists, except Girardin, 632. Louis
Napoleon elected president instead of him,
635. Sends an army to Rome, 639, 640.
Quells the Socialist insurrection of June 13,
1849, 644. Louis Napoleon's endeavours to
crush both him and his party, 644. His star
declines in the army, 644. Arrested, 661
Cavalry, formation of, by Charles Martel, i. 16
Caylus, Madame du, becomes mistress of Louis
XVIII., v. 298. And confidential adviser of
the King, 337. Forces upon the dying king
the appointment of a minister of ecclesias-
tical affairs, 339. Rouses the King by her
blandishments to receive last rites of the
Church, 338. Burns the testamentary
papers of the old King, 338. Pensioned by
Charles X., 338

Cazotte, Mademoiselle, saves her father, but
only to send him to the guillotine, iv. 527
Cé, Pont du, fortress of, given to Queen Marie
de Medicis, iii. 423

Cecil, Lord Burleigh, joins the Duke d'Alen-
çon's plot against the Queen Mother, iii. 156
Cecil, Sir Robert, sent on a mission to Henry
IV., iii. 344

Celestin III., Pope, forbids Philip Augustus to
marry Mary of Meran, i. 161. Excommuni-
cates Philip, 161

Cellamare, Prince, envoy from Spain to France,
iv. 138. His conspiracy against the Duke
of Orleans, 153, 154. Discovered and ar-
rested, 154

Cens, or Rent, serfage abolished on payment of,
i. 494, 496, note

Centralisation, commencement of the French
system of administrative and judicial, i. 170.
Rapid establishment of, in France, 440.
Retrograde movement from absolutism to
federalism, 496. Louis XI.'s views and in-
tentions as to, ii. 343

Centre, a party in Chamber of Deputies, v. 283
Cerdagne acquired by Louis XI., ii. 259.
Ceded to Ferdinand V. of Spain, 376

CHA

Cerignola, battle of, ii. 413
Cerisolles, battle of, ii. 560
Cernolles, the archpriest, leads the vanguard
at the battle of Brignais, i. 499. Wounded
and taken prisoner, 499. Marches to the
Rhine, but returns home to pillage, 509
Cerrachi, conspirator, arrested and executed,
V. 98, 99

Ceuillote, the, of the Flemish towns, ii. 283
Cevennes, reduction of the Protestants of the,
iii. 482. Rising of the Huguenots in the,
iv. 87. The chiefs of the Protestants bought
off, 94. The Protestants massacred by the
Royalists, v. 264
Ceva, surrendered, v. 19
Ceylon, the French in, iv. 27
Chabannes, falls at Pavia, ii. 485.
Chabot, Francis, denounces the new constitu-
tion, iv. 607. Tried and executed, 642–644
Chabrol, Count de, forms a new administra
tion, v. 366. Becomes minister of financë,
381. His resignation, 386

Chagau of the Hans, killed by Eric, Duke of
Aquileia, i. 28

Chaise, Père la, confessor to Louis XIV., iv.
67. His view of the proper mode of life for
the King, 67. His influence over Louis XIV,
123. His death, 123

Chalais, Count de, heads a conspiracy to mur-
der Cardinal Richelieu, iii. 465. Arrested
and executed, 466

Châlier, chief of the Jacobins, heads insurree-
tion at Lyons, for which he is tried and ex-
ecuted, iv. 196

Chalons, the famous tournament at, i. 298.
Cruelties inflicted on the Huguenots in, iii.

64

Chalotais, La, procureur-general of Brittany,
iv. 309. Arrested, 310. But set at liberty,

312

Chamber of Deputies. See Deputies
Chambery held by Francis I., ii. 542
Chambre, Ardente, the, ii. 642, 645. Esta-
blished, 158

Dis-

Chamillard, Michael, appointed minister of
finance, iv. 84. His financial measures,
85. His taxes in 1706, 97, 98. His dif-
culties, 99. Succeeded by Desmarets, 99
Champ-Aubert, battle of, v. 220
Champagne, aversion of the people of, to both
the French and German races, i. 55.
putes Swiss Burgundy with the Emperor
Conrad II., 90. The Champaigners defeated
by Geoffrey Martel, 91. Condition of the
country of, in the thirteenth century, 206,
Insulted by Philip, Count of Boulogne, and
joins the League of the barons, 206.
tax levied by Philip of Valois on the fairs
of, 418. The estates summoned by Charles
the regent, 476. The country pillaged by
mercenary free corps, 486. Muster of the

The

CHA
Tardvenus in, 498. Ravaged by Sir R.
Knollis, 526. Condition of, under Charles
VII., ii. 175. Invaded by Charles VII. of
France, 211. Given by Louis XI. to his
brother Charles, 292. Advance of Coligny
into, iii. 109. Poverty of the gentry of, in
1591, 283, note. The government given to
the Prince of Conti, 598

Championnet, General, defeats General Mack,
v. 54. Dismissed by the Directory, 56
Champs de Mars, and Champs de Mai, of the
Franks, i. 24, note

Chandos, Sir John, at the battle of Poitiers, i.
463. Allowed by the Black Prince to go to
the aid of De Montfort, 506. Gains the
battle of Auray, 507. Ransom paid to him
for the liberation of Bertrand du Guesclin,
510. Refuses to join a crusade against
Peter the Cruel, of Castile, 510. His escape
at the battle of Navarrete, 513. Again takes
Du Guesclin prisoner, 514. Killed in a
skirmish, 525

Changarnier, General, suppresses the insurrec-
tion of June 13, v. 643. Appointed to watch
over the republic by the Assembly, 649.
Anticipates the re-establishment of the em-
pire, 650. President determines to dismiss
him, 650, 652. Plot to assassinate him, 651.
Guarantees to the Assembly that the consti-
tution shall triumph over the president, 653.
Arrested by the president, 661

Chantelauze, draws up the ordonnances, v.
391. Arrested and tried, 422, 429. Con-
demned, 430

Chantilly, estate of, willed to Duc d'Aumale, v.

435

Chantocé, town of, captured by the Royalists,
ii. 289

Chantoceaux besieged and taken by Charles of
Blois, i. 412

Chapelle, La, executed for duelling, iii. 471
Charenton attacked by the Prince of Condé,
iii. 592

Charette, leader of the Vendeans, iv. 572. Be-
sieges Nantes, 600. Raises the royalist
standard in La Vendée, but unsuccessful,
and executed at Nantes, v. 14, 15
Charité, La, taken by Charles the Dauphin, ii.

His

139. Taken by the Huguenots, iii. 108.
Given up to the Duke d'Alençon, 170. Who
subsequently besieges it, 185
Charlemagne conducts the Pope, Stephen II.,
into France, i. 21. His share of the empire
at the death of his father, Pepin, 22.
defeat of Hunald, Duke of Aquitaine, 22.
Repairs the castle of Fronsac, 23. Efforts
of his mother to keep peace between him
and his brother Carloman, 23. Marries the
daughter of Desiderius, King of the Lom-
bards, 23. Death of his brother Carloman,
24. Becomes in consequence sole monarch,

CHA

24. Sends his wife back to her friends, 24.
Embassy from the Pope, who is besieged in
Rome, 24. Charlemagne's first expedition
against the Saxons, 24. Takes Æresburg,
and burns the idol Irmensul, 24. Marches

Takes

into Italy against Desiderius, 24. Takes
Verona, and lays siege to Pavia, 24, 25.
Visits Rome, 25. Confirms Pepin's donation
of the exarchate to the Pope, 25.
Pavia and throws Desiderius into captivity,
25. His policy in the organisation of em-
pire, 26. His dukes and missi, 26. His
revenues, and how they were collected, 26.
His expedition against the Pagan Saxons,
who received baptism at Paderborn, 27.
His expedition beyond the Pyrenees, and
defeat at Roncevaux, 27. His execution of
5,000 Saxons, 27. His complete overthrow
of them as a nation, 27. His conquest of the
Huns, 28. His second visit to Rome, where
he is crowned emperor by the pope, 28, 29.
His life and sports, 29. Nature of his rule,
29. His judicial arrangements, 29. His
struggle with the Paganism of the East and the
Mohammedanism of the South, 30. Entrusts
his outlying provinces to counts or dukes,
31. His mode of warfare, 30, 31. His
testamentary division of his dominions to
his three sons, 32. Death of his sons Pepin
and Charles, 32. Places the imperial crown
on the head of his surviving son Louis, 32.
His death and character, 32. Similarity
between Clovis and Charlemagne,
Weight of his crown, iv. 219, note
Charleroi, taken by Louis XIV., iii. 662. Re-
duced by the French, iv. 234. Besieged by
Jourdan, 661.

44.

Charles V., Emperor of Germany (see also
Charles of Luxemburg), his first minister,
De Chièvres, i. 451. Betrothed to Renée,
daughter of Louis XII., 442, 451. Ascends
the throne of Spain, 461. Meets Francis I.
at Noyou, 462. His competition with Fran-
cis for the succession to the empire, 463.
His character, 463. Elected emperor, 466.
Disturbed state of Spain and Germany, 467.
Charles concludes a treaty with Henry VIII. at
Canterbury, 468. Promised aid by the Pope,
470. Entices Wolsey to Bruges, and gains
over England against France, 471, 472.
war with France, 472. Invades France, 472.
Gives the command of his armies in Italy to
Prosper Colonna, 479. Capture of his enemy
Francis, 485. Charles's demands, 488. Re-
fused by Francis, 489. Who is removed to
Madrid, 489. Conclusion of the treaty of
Madrid, 490. And liberation of Francis,
491. Who refuses to perform the conditions
of the treaty, or surrender Burgundy, ii. 492.
Formation of a league against Charles, 492.
His coolness to Henry VIII., 492. Who with-

At

CHA

draws from the Emperor and signs a treaty
with France, 493, 494. Charles's indigence,
494. Formation of a league against him,
500. Charles's offers to Francis, 501.
Whom he challenges, 501. Defeat of Fran-
cis's soldiers by Charles's army, 504. Con-
clusion of peace with France, 506. Charles
paramount in Italy, 519. Crowned by the
Pope at Bologna, 519. Marriage of his sister
Eleonora to Francis I., 520. Creates his
brother Ferdinand King of the Romans, 521.
His policy and aims compared with those of
Francis I. and Henry VIII., 521. His reve-
rence for the Popedom, 522. Preparations of
Sultan Solyman against him, 524. Charles
attempts to stop the Turk's march, 525.
Abandoned by the Pope, 526. Collects forces
for an expedition against Tunis, 532. Milan,
Genoa, and Asti formally demanded of him
by Francis I., 533, 536. Their negotiations,
536. Charles's outburst against Francis,
537. Invades Provence, 539. But abandons
his expedition, and retreats, 540. His idea
of a great expedition against the Turks, 543.
Meets Francis I. at Aigues Mortes, 543.
Their proposals, 543, 544. Makes a journey
through France to the Low Countries, 545.
Reaches Mons, and punishes the rebels of
Ghent, 546. Offers the Low Countries to the
Duke of Milan instead of Milan, 547. De-
feat of his expedition against Algiers, 553.
His alliance with Henry VIII. against
France, 556. Besieges Landrecies with an
Anglo-Imperialist army, 557. Recaptures
Luxemburg, and reduces Commercy, 562.
Besieges St. Dizier, 562. Which surrenders
to him, 563. Marches on the right bank of
the Marne, 563. At Château-Thierry, 563.
Retires to Soissons, 564. Concludes a treaty
with France, 564. Declines to make a new
arrangement on the death of the Duke of
Orleans, 566, 567, 585. Crushes the Luthe-
rans, and makes their chiefs prisoners, 570.
Amount of his revenue, 572, note. His at-
tempts at a religious compromise, 578, 604.
Fails in his attempts against the Barba-
resques at Algiers, 580. War declared against
him by Francis I., 580. Charles defeats and
captures the Duke of Saxony at Muhlberg,
597. Reaction against him in Germany, 604.
Induces the Diet to accept the Interim, 604.
Failure of his German policy, 605. Alliance
between Maurice of Saxony and Henry II. of
France against him, 607. Marches against
the French in Lorraine, 610. Besieges
Metz, 611. Discouraging news received by
him at, 612. Raises the siege, 613. Takes
Therouanne, 614. And Hesdin, 614. Marries
his son Philip to Mary of England, 614.
Sends Alva and Glanvelle to the conference
of La Marcq, 616. Rejection of his proposi-

CHA

tions, 616. Hostility of the Pope to him,
617. Resigns his crown, 618. His proposed
treaty with the Duke of Vendôme, 644.
Charles VI., Emperor of Germany (see als
Charles, Archduke), protests against the ne
gotiations at Utrecht, iv. 116. From which
he holds aloof, 117. His separate negotia-
tions with France, 118. Concludes peace st
Radstadt, 119. Joins the Triple Alliance,
151. Establishes the Ostend East India
Company, 182, 191. Applied to by the
Queen of Spain, 191. Reconciliation of the
courts of Vienna and Madrid, 191. Terms
of their alliance, 193. Alliance of England,
France, and Prussia against them, 193.
Failure of the Austro-Spanish Alliance, 198.
Charles makes peace with France and Eng-
land, 199. And gives up the Ostend Com-
pany, 199. War declared against him by
France, Spain, and Sardinia, 203. His death,
212. His policy and extravagance, 213
Charles VII., Emperor of Germany (see cle
Charles Albert, Duke of Bavaria), crowned
at Frankfort, iv. 218. Compelled to sign a
treaty of neutrality with Austria, and allowed
to remain a guest in Munich, 228.
into an alliance with Frederick the Great,
229. His death, 231
Charles I. See Charlemagne.
Charles II., the Bald, his parentage, i. 39.

Enters

Territory allotted to him, westward of the
Rhine and Meuse, 40. His reluctance to ac
knowledge the suzerainty of his brother, the
Emperor Lothaire, 40. Unites his forces
with those of Louis of Bavaria and attacks
the Imperialists, 40, 41. Their victory &
Fontenailles, 41. His union with Louis to
cast off the authority of the Emperor, 42
Signs the treaty of Verdun, 42. Become
Emperor, and nominally reunites the empire,
43. Pays the Normans to forego an arts
on Paris, 46. Civil war in consequence of
his cowardice and incapacity, 46. Unde
takes the defence of the frontier against the
Normans, 47. His fortifications near Rone.
47. His assemblies and edicts there, 47.
His jealousy of the growth of small princ
doms, duchies, and counties, 48.

Charles III., the Fat, grandson of Louis the
Germanic, succeeds to the throne, 49. H
cowardly policy, 49, 50. Entices the Nor
man chiefs to a conference, and murdes
them, 49. Covered with disgrace, 50, 51.
His death, 51

Charles III., the Simple, reared by Fulques
Archbishop of Rheims, i. 51. Proclaimed
King in the absence of Eudes, 52. Death ef
Eudes, and compromise of Charles wit
Eudes' heir Robert, 52. Compromise ef-
fected with the Normans: the Duchy of
Normandy given to the chieftain Rollo, 53.

CHA

government to the Marmousets, 39, 40. His
expensive amusements, 41. Visits the South,
41. Goes to Lyons, Avignon, and Toulouse,
41.

His indignation at the extortion and
tyranny of his uncle there, 41. Causes the
duke's treasurer, Betizac, to be burned, 41.
Leads an army to punish the Duke of Brit-
tany, but is attacked with insanity on the
road, 43. In danger of his life at a masque-
rade, 44. Gives aid to Owen Glendower, 49.
Carried off by the Queen and Duke of Orleans
to Melun, 50. Forgives the Duke of Bur-
gundy for the murder of the Duke of Orleans,
65. Custody of his person given to the Duke
of Guienne, 82. Leads an army, and lays
siege to Bourges, 87. But arranges a peace
at Auxerre, 88. Plot to carry off the King
from the capital, 93. His recovery of his
sanity, 96. Issues the ordonnance of May,
1413, 96. Regains his health, and comes
to a reconciliation with the Orleanists, 99.
Marches with the Armagnacs against the
Burgundians, 102. Defeat of his army at
Agincourt, 112-114. Returns, with his court,
from Rouen to Paris, 117. Death of his son,
the Dauphin, 117. Creates Count Armagnac
constable of France, 118. Causes the Queen
to be imprisoned at Tours, 121. Massacre of
the Armagnacs by the Parisians, 124. Re-
moval of the King to the Louvre, 124. At
Troyes, where a treaty of peace with Eng-
land is concluded, 136. His death, 140. Sur-
vey of his reign, 140

Charles VII., the Victorious, King of France,

when Duke of Touraine, married to a daugh-
ter of the King of Sicily, ii. 118. Becomes
dauphin on the death of his brother John,
120. Seizes his mother's money in Paris,
121.

Reduces the rebel citizens of Rouen,
122. Wrapped up in a sheet, and sent off
from the infuriated Parisians to Melun,
124. Sends envoys to Henry V. before
Rouen, 127. Reconciled to the Duke of Bur-
gundy, 131. Meets the Duke of Burgundy
on the bridge of Montereau, 132. And causes
him to be murdered, 133, 134. Cry of exe-
cration against him and his assassins, 134.
Denounced by his mother, 134. Retires to
Poitiers, and sets up another kingdom, 135.
The King of England becomes regent and heir
to the kingdom, 136. Charles, joined by the
Duke of Buchan and four thousand Scotch,
138. Defeats the English, under the Duke
of Clarence, at Béaugé, 138. Besieges Char-
tres, but retires behind the Loire at the ap-
proach of the King of England, 139. Threat-
ens Burgundy, and takes La Charité, 139.
Driven back by the Duke of Bedford, 139.
Death of his father, 140. Meets his lieges
at La Rochelle, 148. And crowned at Poi-
tiers, 148. Constitution of his army, 148.

CHA

Activity of his partisans, 149. Conspiracy
of Lallier in his favour, 149. Defeat of his
troops at Crevant, 149. Receives reinforce-
ments from Scotland, 149. Defeat of his army
at Verneuil, 150. Creates Arthur, Comte de
Richmont, constable, 153. Who is defeated
by the English at St. James de Beauvoir, 153.
The King's favourites, Giae and Camus, put
to death by the Constable, 153. The King
treated as a child by the rude warriors of his
day, 153, 154. La Tremouille placed about
the King's person, 154. Defends himself
against the Constable, 155. Efforts of his
partisans at the siege of Orleans, 156. Con-
sternation of his court at the failure of all
their efforts, 159. Visited by Jeanne d'Arc at
Chinon, 163. Recognises her divine mission,
163. The siege of Orleans raised, 166. Con-
ducted by Jeanne d'Arc triumphantly to
Rheims, 169, 170. Where he is crowned,
170. Challenged by the Duke of Bedford
at Montereau and at Dammartin, 171. Goes
to Compiègne, which surrenders to him, 171.
Advances towards Paris, 172. But retreats
behind the Seine, 172. Execution of Jeanne
d'Arc, 180. The King keeps his court be
hind the Loire, 185. Conspiracy of his mili-
tary chiefs, 187. Influence of his mother-in-
law, Yolande of Aragon, over him, 187. Be-
comes enamoured of Agnes Sorel, 187. His
favourite, La Tremouille, removed from the
King's intimacy, 187. His offers to the Duke
of Burgundy, who consents to open negotia
tions at Arras, 188. His proposals to the
English, 190. Terms of his treaty with the
Duke of Burgundy, 192. Who in consequeres
abandons the English alliance, 192. The
King's solemn entry into Paris, 195. Re-
moval of the court and royal residence to the
Loire, and cessation of enmity to England,
197. Consultation of the Three Estates in
levying the tailles and aides, 199. His pre-
ference for ministers from the middle class.
200. Dearth of great men in France in his
time, 200. His licentiousness, 201, 232. His
endeavours to rescue the country from ana
chy, 202. His formation of a standing army.
204, 205. Which is opposed by his son, the
dauphin, and the nobility, 205, 206. The r
volt put down, and the rebels pardoned, 207.
The King's aversion to peace with England
208. Avoids consulting the Estates, 208. Re-
formation of the rebellion of the nobles, 269
Their remonstrances, and the King's answers.
209. His evasions, 210. Takes the fict
against the nobles, and marches into Chara-
pagne, 211. His punishment of the Bastard
of Bourbon, 211. His pleasure in a mi-
tary life, 211. Takes Creil, 211. Besieges
the English in Pontoise, which he takes, 212
Refuses battle to Lord Talbot and the Duke