people, v. 591. Obliged to abandon his guns, 592. Arrested, 661
Bedford, John, Duke of. See John, Duke of Bedford
Beetroot, cultivation of, in France, for sugar, v. 544
Befort, military conspiracy at, v. 315 Begga, mother of Pepin of Heristal, i. 13 Beggars, treatment of, in France, iv. 336 Beguinas, decrees issued against the, i. 374 Behuchet, Admiral, defeated at L'Ecluse, i. 409 Belgians, Queen of the, her dowry, v. 509 Belgium, the Normans in, i. 49. Opposition of the people to the proposed reforms of Joseph II., iv. 374. Invaded by Lafayette and other French generals, 484. Proposed conquest of, 544, 546. Conquered by Dumouriez, 561. Conduct of the French commissaries in, 562. Renewed campaign, 661. Once more in French possession, 662. Insurrection in, v. 425, et seq. Duke of Nemours elected king of, 434. M. Surlet de Chokier, regent of, 446. Leopold of Saxe Gotha accepts crown, 447. War declared against, 476. War with Holland, 448. See Assembly; Convention; Directory; Napoleon I.; Louis Philippe Belin, governor of Paris, replaced by Cossé- Brissac, iii. 307
Bellay, Cardinal du, brings the question of Henry VIII.'s divorce before the University of Paris, ii. 523. Sent by Francis I. on a mission to the German Protestants, 535. Short of forces and funds in Italy, 559 Bellegarde, Duke de, governor of Burgundy, goes into Flanders with the King's brother, iii. 502. Condemned to death as contumace,
504 Bellegarde captured by the royalists, iii. 601 Belleisle, Marshal Count de, one of the Mar- mousets, iv. 207. Advocates war, 214. Sent on a mission to Frankfort, 214. His pro- posals to Frederick the Great, 216. Left by the Prussians and Saxons in Prague, 221. Which he stealthily evacuates, 222. Sent to defend Provence, 237
Belleisle, Chevalier de (brother of the Count), advocates war with Maria Theresa, iv. 214. Defeated and killed by the Piedmontese, 238
Belleisle, exchanged for Minorca by the English, iv. 288
Bellesme, castle of, reduced by Blanche of Cas- tille, i. 209
Bellune, Duke de, war minister, v. 314. Dis- missed, 330. See Victor, Marshal
Benedict, St., rule of, introduced into France, i. 7
Benedict XII., Pope, his anxiety to escape from Avignon, i. 398
Benedict XIII., Pope, besieged by Marshal Boucicaut in Avignon, ii. 72. Taken prisoner,
but released by the Duke of Orleans, 72 Deposed by the Council of Pisa, but refuse to resign, 76. Deposed, 107
Benedict XIV., Pope, supported by France, 48 Election of, 332. Recalls the excommunica- tion against the King of France, 332. Re- stores the Colonna to their property and position, 332. His death, 332 Benedictines, rules and organisation of the, i. 7. Causes of their prosperity and increase, 7 Benefices, question of hereditary right in, i. 48. The right to confer, upon foreigners, for- bidden in France, ii. 217. Amount of money received by Rome for vacant benefices after the abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction, 358
Beneventum taken by the Normans, i. 86 Benningsen, General, defeated by Napoleon at Eylau, v. 134. Successfully encounters Na- poleon at Heilsberg, 136. Defeated at Fried- land, 137
Béranger, the poet, mocks at the court, v. 343 Bérard, M., proposes alterations in the Charter, V. 416
Berengaria of Navarre, married to Richard I. of England, i. 159
Berenger, assumes the regal dignity in Italy, i. 51
Berenger of Tours, denies Christ's bodily pre- sence in the Holy Sacrament, i. 99 Beresina, passage of the, v. 192, et seq. Berg, grand duchy of, given to Prince Louis Buonaparte, v. 172
Bergamo taken by the French, ii. 429 Bergara, convention of, v. 520 Bergen-op-Zoom, besieged by Marshal Saxe, iv. 239. And carried by storm, 239 Bergerac, peace of, iii. 188 Bergeron, attempts to assassinate Louis Philippe, v. 475
Berlin ransomed by the Russians, iv. 280 Bernard, uncle of Charlemagne, marches into Italy, i. 24
Bernard, King of Italy, ordered by his unele, Louis the Debonnaire, but refuses, to pay respect and make presents, i. 38. Murdered, 39 Bernard, Duke of Saxe Weimar, defeated st Nordlingen, iii. 511. Alsace handed over to him, 511. Defeats the Imperialists at Rhein- feld, 515. His death, 515 Bernard, St., his unworthy manœuvre, i. 134. His opposition to Abelard, 135, 136. De nounces him to the Pope, 136. Challenge by Abelard to a public disputation, 136. Preaches a new crusade, 137. His death 140. His persecution of the sects opposed to the Church of Rome, 140
Bernard, General, minister of war, v. 487, 504. Resigns, 510
Bernard, Martin, conspirator, discovered, v. 516. 517. Escapes to England, 643
Bernard, Mont St., Buonaparte crosses the, v. 84 Bernadotte, Charles, his imprudent conduct at Vienna, breaks off peace relations with Aus- tria, v. 46. Narrowly escapes maltreatment, 46. His views on Egypt, 47. Offered com- mand of army in Italy, but refuses, 54. Chosen heir apparent of King of Sweden, 173. Joins the Grand Alliance with his Swedes, 208. Defeats Oudinot and Ney, 211. Napoleon marches against, 211. At battles of Leipzig, 213. Invades France, 216. Pro- posal to place him on the throne of France,
Berne, invasion and seizure of, by Directory,
Bernis, Cardinal, becomes minister for foreign affairs, iv. 269. His administration, 269. His negligence and defiance, 277 Berquin, Louis, imprisoned for his Protestantism, ii. 515, 516. Enters the service of Margaret of Navarre, 517. Executed, 518
Berry, Duke of, brother of Charles V., leads the forces of Auvergne against the Black Prince, i. 524. Summoned to his brother's death- bed, ii. 5. One of the guardians of Charles VI., 6. Has the government of the south, 9. Marches to Languedoc, 10. Lays siege to Lavaur, ii. 11. Defeated by the Count de Foix, 11. Who is persuaded by the Pope to desist, 11. The Duke's cruelty to the people, 12. His quarrel with the Count of Flanders, 32.
Meets the Duke of Lancaster at Calais, to arrange peace, 34. Advises the relinquish- ment of the expedition to England, 37. Dis- missed to his provinces by his nephew, the King, 40. Complaints of his administration made to the King, 40. Partakes of the Duke of Burgundy's dislike of the Marmousets, 77. Elected captain of the chiefs of quarters of Paris, 79. Causes which alienated him from the party of Burgundy, 80. Carries on the government in the name of the Duke of Guienne, 82. His treasonable appeal to the King of England, 87. Besieged by the royal forces at Bourges, 87. Concludes peace at Auxerre, 88. His palace of the Bicêtre burned by the Cabochians, 98. His self- complacent answer to the Parisians. 108. Advises the Dauphin to send an embassy to Henry V. of England, 110. His death, 120
Berry, Duke of (third grandson of Louis XIV.), his death, iv. 128
rry, Duke of, his marriage, v. 280. Assasin- ated, 300. Anniversary of his death, cele- brated by the Legitimists, 436. Riots occa- sioned by, 436
Berry, Duchess of, her reception by the Na- tional Guards, v. 361. Welcomed in La Vendée, 374. Her machinations in the Italian courts, 461. Travels in disguise in France,
to head Royalist rising in La Vendée, 464. Lands in Provence, 465. Fails in her ex- pedition, 465. Takes refuge in Nantes, 466. Betrayed by Deutz, 473. Arrested, and con- fined in the Castle of Blaye, 475. Announces her marriage with Count Lucchesi Palli, '478. Her indiscreet marriage nullifies her claims on France, 478
Berry, Duchy of, invaded by Louis the Fat, i. 116. King John's possessions in, given up to the son of Philip Augustus, 163. Henry II. of England extends his sway over, 147. Ceded by Henry II. to Philip Augustus, 157. Devastated by the Black Prince, 460. The duchy granted to the divorced wife of Louis XII., ii. 396. Given by Francis I. to his sister Renée, 451. The government given to the Prince of Condé, iii. 409. Meeting of the provincial assembly, iv. 363. Its con- dition as compared with that of other pro- vinces, 363
Berryer, M., sent to the Duchess of Berry in La Vendée with means for her escape, v. 465. Bertha, Queen of King Robert Capet, divorced, i. 81
Bertha of Holland, Queen of Philip I., repu- diated by the King, i. 98
Berthier de Sauvigny, murder of, iv. 429 Bertin, M., expatriation of, v. 37. Prosecuted, 381, 382
Berton, General, heads conspiracy at La Ro- chelle, v. 316. Tried, 317. Death of, 326 Bertrade, Countess of Anjou, carried off from her husband, and married, by Philip I., i. 98. Her attempts on the life of her stepson, Louis the Fat, 113
Bertrand, General, offers terms of peace to Prussia, v. 136
Bertrand de Goth, Archbishop of Bordeaux, elected Pope, i. 335
Bertrandi, Chancellor, appointed by the Guises, ii. 642. His condemnation of heretics, 643. Removed by Catherine de Medicis, iii. 8 Berwick, Duke of. See James Fitzjames Besançon compelled to submit to Louis XI., ii. 339. The fortress taken by Louis XIV., iii. 666
Bessières, Marshal, defeats General Cuesta, v. 155. His death, 200
Bethure given by treaty to France, i. 335. Redemanded by the Flemings, 354, 364, 372. Captured by Marlborough and Eugene, iv. 105. Retaken by Marshal Villars, 114 Betizac, treasurer to the Duke of Berry, burned, ii. 41
Beuil, De, joins the league against Louis XI., ii. 267. Has a command in the regular army, 275
Beyrouth, bombardment of, v. 537 Beza, Theodore, at the Colloquy of Poissy, iii.
Beziers, massacre of the people of, i. 177, 178. Cruelties of the Duke of Berry in, ii. 12 Beziers, Viscount of, claim of his son to the viscounty, i. 220
Bianchi, the, expelled from Florence by Charles of Valois, i. 317
Bible, the, proscribed by the founders of the Inquisition, i. 213. The Vaudois' translation of the, ii. 582. Burned by the parliament of Bordeaux, iii, 338
Bicêtre, palace of the, burned by Sir Robert Knollis, i. 526. And by the Cabochians, ii. 98. Massacres at the, iv. 528
Bicêtre, peace of, ii. 82. Rupture of the, 83 Bicocca, repulse of the French at the, ii. 473 Biez, Marshal de, condemned and unmarshalled, ii. 596
Bignon, M., minister of state, v. 421
Bilbao captured by Sir De Lacy Evans, v. 519 Billaud, M., returned member of the Convention,
iv. 535. His sanguinary measures against the Lyonese, 619. Arrested, 668. Exiled, 671 Billault, M., under-secretary, v. 525. Advo- cates slave trade, 554
Bineau, M., minister of public works, v. 646 Birague, the Chancellor, his views of a war against the Huguenots, iii. 183
Biron, Marshal, recognises Henry IV. as king, iii. 255. Captured but escapes from Arques, 258. Commands the reserve at Ivry, 265, 266. Feels neglected by Henry IV., 280. His operations against Rouen, 282, 284. Wounded there, 285. Slain at Epernay,
Biron, Baron de, commands the light cavalry at Ivry, iii. 265. Routs the Leaguers before Rouen, 287. Sent by Henry IV. into Bur- gundy, 314. Wounded by the Spaniards, 315. His wilfulness, 316. His part in Henry IV.'s siege of Amiens, 330. Takes La Bresse and Bugey from the Duke of Savoy, 349, 350. His treason, 353. Which he con- fesses, and is pardoned, 353. His conspiracy against the King, 354. His interview with the King, 355. Arrested and executed, 356. Biron, Marshal, disperses the rioters in Paris, iv. 347
Biron, General, invades Belgium, but unsuccess- ful, iv. 484. Executed, 601. Biroteau, welcomed by the Lyonese, iv. 596. Defeated by the Convention troops, is obliged to fly from Lyons, 597
Bixio, minister of commerce, but resigns, v. 637
Black Prince. See Edward Prince of Wales. Blake, Admiral, defeats the Duke of Vendôme, iii. 638
Blanc, Louis, his history of the times of Louis
Philippe, v. 468. Claims a share in the Repub- lican government, 605. His measure for em- ploying the working classes, 609. Propagates his Social views, 609. Demands a dictator- ship and prorogation of the elections, 613. Objects to measure for expelling the Mode- rates, 613. Forms a committee to sift the elections, 617. His Socialist views and aims gain him the hearts and hands of thousands of workmen, 619. Hopes for a ministry of progress, but his hopes blighted, 619. Leader of the Socialists, who chair and carry him through the Hall of Assembly, 621, 622. His conduct investigated, 623. Defends the Socialist prisoners, 632
Blanchard, Alain, heads an insurrection of the citizens of Rouen, ii. 122. Executed by Henry V. of England, 129. Blanchard's cruelties to his English prisoners, 129 Blanche of Castille urges her husband to attempt the Conquest of England, i. 192. Her activity in sending succours to her husband in Eng- land, 193. Her regency during the minority of her son, St. Louis, 205. Devotion of Thi- baud, Count of Champagne, to her, 205. League of the barons against her, 206. Comes to terms with the League, 207. Loses the support of the King's uncle, Philip, 207. Her mode of dealing with the disaffected nobles in 1230, 214. Left by her son St. Louis to govern the kingdom during his absence in the East, 232. Her complaints of the conduct of Innocent III., 239. Stops the Crusade in France against the Emperor Con- rad IV., 239. Takes possession of Toulouse on the death of Raymond VII., 243. Her death, 240
Blanche of Franche Comté, married to the Count de la Marche, i. 353. Her dissolute life, 353. Imprisoned, and subsequently takes the veil, 353
Blanche, wife of Charles IV., divorced, i. 378 Blanche of Bourbon, married to Peter the Cruel of Castille, i. 509. Said to have been put to death by him, 509
Blanche Taque, passage of the English, under Edward III., at, i. 425
Blanqui, M., his conspiracy discovered, v. 516, 517. His ferocity, 615. His intrigues dis- closed, 615. His plot defeated, 615. Leads another Socialist insurrection, 621
Blavet, fortifications of, captured by the Spaniards, iii. 275. Fortified by the Duke of Vendôme, 399. Formation of a fleet at, for the subjugation of the Huguenots, 454. Cap- ture of the fleet by Soubise, 455
Blaye, castle of, taken by the English, i. 308. Failure of the Duke of Orleans to capture, ii. 52. Besieged and captured by the French, 228. Confinement of Duchess of Berry in, v. 475
of his wife by the Duc de Praslin. However little such a crime of an individual had to do with the members of his class or his age, still the event was coupled with the offences of Teste and others; and the entire upper and middle class, especially that supporting the monarchy of July, was represented as a mere hot-bed of corruption.
It had been a constant source of anger and annoyance with Napoleon to find that his functionaries, as well as contractors, made large and inexplicable fortunes in his employ. Instead of bringing them to trial, or exciting scandal, however, Napoleon fixed a sum, equal in his idea to a large portion of their profits, and told them peremptorily to disgorge.* They always did so without a murmur. The Restoration was not more free than other régimes from this dilapidation; the story and trial of Ouvrard are sufficient testimony in this respect. The last years of Louis-Philippe's reign, the corruptions of which were so flagrantly exposed, were no more immoral, or epicurean, than those which followed or preceded.
If moral critics had thus a positive ground of accusation against the monarchy, those material interests which were represented as influential before all others had no reason to be satisfied. The railroad mania, which had given such activity to money dealings, had rather benumbed than accelerated actual trade. The companies carried off and spent all the disposable capital of the country, and, this not sufficing, were obliged to borrow more.† But money could only be had from abroad. A financial crisis was the consequence. The Bank of England and the Treasury of the Emperor Nicholas was applied to for gold, and lent it.
millions more. The amount of the floating debt at the same time reached 700 millions. See Garnier Pagès.
CHAP, distress affecting the commercial classes led to diminished expenditure, which curtailed or destroyed the usual gains of the shopkeeping community. The famine and dearness which affected the lower classes were fraught with worse consequences. The failure of the potato crop and the great inundations of 1845 had greatly diminished the usual store of winter food. Great drought followed in 1846. The price of corn consequently, in that year and 1847, reached famine prices, and, joined to the scarcity of money, produced one of those periods of universal discontent which, especially in France, are found to produce revolution.
The public in such crises look to the government and to the Parliament. Unfortunately neither of them responded or could respond to the supplicating attitude of the people. The French cabinet contained no Peel. Lacave-Laplagne was superseded as finance minister by M. Dumon. Salvandy had succeeded Villemain. Messrs. Jayr, Trezel, and Montebello, added to the cabinet, did not confer upon it that character for talent which it required. M. Guizot and M. Duchâtel stood, indeed, almost alone.
The Chamber and the parliamentary system itself shared in their unpopularity. The Chamber had been dissolved in 1846 after having sat four years. It had not introduced order or economy into the finances or added strength to the throne. The cry of corruption as well as of incapacity assailed and weakened it. The elections of 1846 made no change in the majority, which was in a manner stereotyped. Whilst the country was progressing, or at least notably modifying its sentiments, the narrow electoral body and the representative one emanating from it showed no alteration. It was pointed out that whilst 120,000 electors returned but 81 deputies, 93,000 returned 278.* The thinly-peopled rural and igno* Garnier Pagès, Histoire de la Révolution, t. iv.
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