During 1912 THE SCHOOL JOURNAL will publish several photographs similar to this picture of a cotton field, showing important phases of industry.

The Pine Tree. I

The pine tree has been chosen on account of its great value, its wide distribution, and because it is probably the very best type of a tree. Certainly no other tree of the north temperate zone can compare with the pine in its commercial value for general uses. The wasteful way in which the white pine has been cut has rendered it well-nigh extinct, so that its market value is almost as great as that of mahogany. The Government has at last tardily stepped in and efforts to protect existing forests and to reforest the regions where it once grew have been made. It will require many years before the white pine will again become cheap and abundant.

2. Yellow pine is not so easy to work with tools, but its varied and useful products make it a tree of first-class importance. A few of these products need special mention.

(a) Lumber: On account of its great strength it is used extensively for framing and constructive purposes. Its hardness makes it a superior flooring material, especially when selected as "comb-grained" lumber, which presents the edges of the annual rings to the surface.

"Excelsior" is finely shaven material used as packing for furniture, glassware, etc. Cheap mattresses also are made of it.

(c) Distillation products of pitch pine are a leading industry of the Southern States.

Lampblack resembles the soot which collects in stove pipes. It is obtained by imperfect combustion of rosin or tallow. Rosin is burned in cast-iron pots. The dense smoke is conducted into a chamber, the walls of which are hung with canvas. On these canvas walls, the lampblack gathers. It is used chiefly in the manufacture of printer's ink.

Turpentine enters into the mixing of paints. It is also used in medicine, especially in the making of liniments.

Pitch is used to render cordage waterproof and prevent wear and decay.

(d) Pine needles from the long-leaf pine yield a fiber which is used for stuffing pillows, mattresses, and in the manufacture of mats and rugs. An oil known as pine-needle oil is extracted from pine leaves. It is used as a solvent and it is said to have value as a medicine. The leaves, themselves, are often stuffed into pillows and cushions because of their resinous odor, which reminds one of the pine woods. (e) Rosin is of great commercial value. A partial list of its uses are as follows:-It is used in the manufacture of cheap yellow laundry soaps, candles, varnishes, paper sizing and waterproof building papers. It is employed in calking ship bottoms. With tallow and beeswax, rosin forms grafting wax. Tinners use it as a flux in soldering. Medicinal plasters and "Sticky flypaper" also contain it. A rectified rosin is used by violinists for "rosining their bows." The bow is made more resistent in its passage over the violin strings, thus increasing the friction and making better vibration.

Note. For manner of gathering and preparing turpentine and rosin see SCHOOL JOURNAL articles on stems and stem products.

Comparative diagram showing average duration of life in different countries. In Sweden and Denmark the average life is longest. In England and the United States, with Massachusetts as a basis, the average is the same, and it is lowest in India.

This diagram shows the net worth of a person in dollars at different ages, thirty and thereabouts being the highest point.

a. Wool. b. Skins.

c. Mutton.

4. Preparation for Market. a. Shearing.

b. Packing.

1. Cattle.

a. Pastures.

LESSON II.

b. Homes of Ranchers.

c. Products.

2. Horses.

a. Cheapness.

b. Branding.

c. Drying hides.

LESSON III.

Comparison of Great Central Plain of United
States with the Pampas.

a. Regions of moisture and fertility.
b. Used in both for agriculture, especially
for wheat culture.

c. Compare number of cities.

d. Important rivers of each:-Mississippi and tributaries; Parana with tributaries forming Rio de la Plata; comparative size; their importance for commerce and effect upon fertility. LESSON IV.

1. Importance.

Buenos Aires

a. Capital of Argentine.

b. One of the world's greatest produce markets. (Exports wheat, wool, meat, hides, etc.)

c. Home of owners of pampas ranches.

2. Size.

a. Nearly 1,000,000 inhabitants.

b. Largest city of South America.

c. Largest Spanish-speaking city of the world.

d. Fourth city in size in America.

3. Situation and Appearance.

a. Head of Rio de la Plata.

b. Relationship to Parana, Paraguay, and Uruguay rivers.

c. Factories, colleges, churches, government buildings, warehouses; largest park in South America; finest street railway system in America.

4. Relationship to Montevideo.

5. Location and importance of Montevideo. The Orinoco River Valley

Carpenter.

Geographical Data.-Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana Mountains and Plateau of Guiana; Orinoco River and delta; Caracas.

c. Removal of seeds and pulp.

5. Drying, pressing and pulverizing for cocoa; or mixing with sugar and milk, and flavoring for chocolate, and then moulding. Chocolate contains more of the oil than cocoa contains. Oil solidified, - Cocoa Butter.

Products of Cacao.

a. Chocolate.

b. Cocoa.

c. Cocoa butter.

Summary of South America
LESSONS I. AND II.

A Trip Around South America.
a. From Philadelphia to Para.

b. Coasting South America after changing

vessels.

Obtain from the class the following data, which would be either seen or experienced on the trip, or else suggested by the places passed. Include a very brief description of the climate in passing, scenery, people, harbors, shipping, and the main facts concerning the reasons for the importance of the cities passed. The direction traveled, and reasons for changes of direction en route.

Para, Amazon river, Equator, Pampas, rubber cargoes, Brazil.

S. E. to St. Roque, climate.

Pernambuco, Bahia, diamonds; Rio Janeiro, coffee; Brazilian mountains, Brazilian plateau. Tropic of Capricorn, climate, Uruguay.

Rio de la Plata, tributaries, Montevideo, Buenos Aires, cargoes of wheat, hides, tallow, wool, meat. Argentine Republic, Pampas, terminus of Trans-Andean railroad. Choice of routes, via Cape Horn or Strait of Magellan. Pacific Ocean, Chili, Valparaiso, Santiago, Mt. Aconcagua, Andes mountains, Andes plateau. Nitrate desert of Chili, Guano Islands. Peru, Lima, gold, silver, copper, Pt. Parina or Cape Blanco. Ecuador, Equator, Volcanoes, Chimborazo and Cotapaxi. Colombia, Isthmus of Panama, Caribbean Sea, Pt. Gallinas. Venezuela, Caracas, Delta of Orinoco, cargoes of hides, tallow, meat, wool, cotton, cocoa beans. Guiana mountains, Guiana plateau to Brazil,-exception in government. Countries not passed, Bolivia, Paraguay.

LESSON III.

Lantern exhibition;-views of South Amer

ica.

LESSON IV.

Arrange an exhibition of all the animal, vege

with pictures of the animals, the industries, and other views obtainable. Review and explain the exhibit as a whole.

Written lesson.

LESSON V.

Pupils write a letter describing an imaginary visit to the place which each would prefer to visit.