that are marked in no uncertain letters upon all his compositions, whether in prose or verse.”—S. Waddington, ‘Arthur Hugh Clough.'

"Clough . . . will be thought a hundred years hence to have been the truest expression in verse of the moral and intellectual tendencies, the doubt and struggle towards settled convictions of the period in which he lived."-J. R. Lowell, My Study Windows.'

"Some life of men uublest

He knew, which made him droop, and fill'd his head.
He went; his piping took a troubled sound

Of storms that rage outside our happy ground:
He could not wait their passing, he is dead."

-Matthew Arnold, 'Thyrsis'.

For helpful essays and articles, see Bagehot, 'Literary Studies,' vol. II.; Ward's English Poets,' vol. IV.; R. H. Hutton, 'Essays,' vol. II.; Patmore, 'Principles in Art;' Sharp, 'Portraits.'

2. Matthew Arnold.

"The man who wrote The Forsaken Merman' was a poet sans phrase.” -Saintsbury.

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE.

MATTHEW ARNOLD was born December 24, 1822, eldest son of Thomas Arnold, curate of Laleham, Surrey, afterwards headmaster of Rugby and professor of modern history at Oxford. He was educated at Winchester, Rugby, and at Oxford, where he won the Hertford scholarship and the Newdigate prize in verse for a poem on Cromwell. He took his degree in classics in 1844, and became fellow of Oriel College, 1845. He served as assistant-master in Rugby, then as secretary to the Marquis of Lansdowne, Lord President of the Council, and in 1851 was appointed inspector of schools for the government, a position he held until his voluntary retirement in 1886. Other employments were honored by his talents. He lectured as professor of poetry at Oxford (1857-67), and in 1883 addressed many audiences in America. In behalf of the British Government, he examined into the condition of education in Germany and France, presenting valuable reports on the common and secondary schools of the Continent. Arnold's essays,

usually first delivered as lectures, on subjects of letters, politics, ethics, are among the foremost contributions to the critical thought of his times. His poems, which are his permanent contribution to British letters, were published as follows: 'The Strayed Reveller, and Other Poems,' 1849; 'Empedocles on Etna, and other Poems,' 1852; 'Poems, First Series,' 1853; 'Poems, Second Series,' 1855; Merope, a Tragedy,' 1858; 'New Poems,' 1867. Arnold died at Liverpool, April 15, 1888.

Árnold did not wish himself to be made the subject of a biography and none is yet written. His 'Letters,' edited by G. W. E. Russell, two volumes, Macmillan ($3) is, however, excellent autobiography, and may be supplemented by 'Thomas and Matthew Arnold,' by Sir Joshua Fitch, Scribners ($1).

CHOICE OF POEMS FOR STUDY.

The influences that told in Arnold's life and works were (i) the influence of his parents, especially of his father, who gave an intense earnestness to life," and awakened his interest in ethics and the formation of character; (ii) the influence of the Bible, the Greek writers, Dante, Shakspere, Goethe, Wordsworth; (iii) the influence of Oxford with its life apart from the material world; and (iv) the influence and reaction from the spirit of the times-the Oxford movement, the unbelief of men of science, the materialism of England. The spirit of his nature and work may be studied in these poems: I. The following Sonnets: Shakespeare,' 'Quiet Work,' 'Requiescat,' 'Austerity of Poetry,' 'East London,' 'Immortality,' and in 'Dover Beach,' 'The Last Word,' 'A Wish,' 'Lines Written in Kensington Gardens,' 'The Forsaken Merman,' 'Rugby Chapel.'

[A wider view of him as a poet will be afforded by adding 'Heine's Grave,' 'Tristram and Iseult,' 'Sohrab and Rustum,' 'Thyrsis' (elegy of Arthur Hugh Clough.)]

Texts of these poems will be best found in * 'Poetical Works of Matthew Arnold,' Macmillan ($1.75). Selected Poems are contained in the 'Golden Treasury Series.' 'Alaric at Rome and Other Poems' contains

the first four volumes of Arnold's poetry, with an introduction by Dr. Garnett and portrait of Arnold, Ward and Lock. Crowell has a cheap edition.

REPRESENTATIVE CRITICISM.

"Verse was for him

his most abiding thought

the expression of his gravest self, and

"Sanity, the absence of caprice-these were to him the essential things."-Ward, The English Poets.'

"The future historian of literature who seeks the key to the moral condition of England of our time, to its spiritual unrest, and to its spiritual aims and tendencies, will find it here (in Arnold's poems)." -Sir Joshua Fitch.

For a full list of the literature concerning Matthew Arnold, see T. B. Smart, 'Bibliography of Matthew Arnold,' Davy & Sons. The following essays are recommended: Clough, 'Prose Remains,' 'Review of Some Poems by Mr. Arnold;' Swinburne, 'Essays and Studies;' R. H. Hutton, Essays,' vol. II.; J. Morley, 'Nineteenth Century,' vol. 38, p. 1041; F. Harrison, 'Nineteenth Century,' vol. 39, p. 433; F. E. Coates, 'Century,' vol. 47, p. 937. See also p. 2.

The following may prove suggestive topics of study and lines of reading: 1. The Oxford Movement and the poetry of doubt. (See Church's 'Oxford Movement.') 2. Clough's protest against society. (See poems such as 'Duty,' 'The Latest Decalogue,' 'Qua Cursum Ventus.') 3. Arnold as a lyric poet.

LECTURE III.

ROSSETTI, MORRIS, SWINBURNE.

1. Rossetti.

"I believe Rossetti's name should be placed first on the list of men who have raised and changed the spirit of modern art: raised in absolute attainment, changed in the direction of temper."—Ruskin.

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE.

DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI had all the advantages that ancestry and literary association could afford. His father, Gabriele Rossetti, was an Italian patriot and poet whose

name is lovingly commemorated in the market-place of his native city of Vasto d'Ammone in the ancient kingdom of Naples. His mother, half English in blood, was the daughter of Gaetano Polidori, a man of letters. briele Rossetti took refuge in England and in 1831 became professor of Italian in King's College, London. His children were a remarkable family: Maria Francesca, author of 'A Shadow of Dante;' Dante Gabriel, the poet and painter; William Michael, the critic, and Christina, the second name among the women poets of England. Dante Gabriel was born in London, May 12, 1828. He was educated at a private school and at King's College School, but at the age of fifteen he was removed to study art at Cary's drawing academy and the school of the Royal Academy. His acquaintances in art circles were Holman Hunt, Millais, and the sculptor Woolner. The new artistic spirit, which was caught first by Madox Brown, was felt most passionately by Rossetti, and under his influence the association of young enthusiasts for color, truth, detail, passion -the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (P. R. B.)-was formed in the year 1848. At the age of nineteen Rossetti had painted 'The Girlhood of Mary Virgin' and written 'The Blessed Damozel.' On the foundation of the 'Germ,' the short-lived organ of the brotherhood, Rossetti contributed a number of poems. He was a contributor likewise to the short-lived Oxford and Cambridge Magazine,' edited by his friend Morris. In 1861, he published his translations of early Italian lyric poetry-'Early Italian Poets,' afterwards (1861) called 'Dante and His Circle.' Rossetti was preparing his original poems for publication in 1862, when his beautiful and beloved wife died. The MSS. were

buried with her and exhumed only after seven years. They were published in 1870-'Poems by Dante Gabriel Rossetti.' (See 'Sister Helen,' 'A Last Confession, Jenny,' 'The Stream's Secret.') Rossetti's later life was tragic. He fell into ill health and took to using chloral, from the

influence of which he escaped only with shattered constitution. Yet, in 1881, he was able to issue his second volume 'Ballads and Sonnets,' which contained the full series of the sonnet-sequence 'The House of Life' and such poems as 'Rose Mary,' 'The White Ship,' 'The King's Tragedy.' In 1881, he was stricken with paralysis, and on April 9 of that year died.

The first important account of Rossetti was 'Recollections of Dante Gabriel Rossetti,' by J. H. Paine. London, 1882. William Sharp's Dante Gabriel Rossetti: a Record and a Study,' is valuable. * Joseph Knight's 'Life of Dante Gabriel Rossetti,' in the 'Great Writers,' series, is the most accessible monograph. London: Walter Scott (1s. 6d.), Scribners ($1). William Rossetti's 'D. G. Rossetti as Designer and Writer,' is interesting for its interpretation of 'The House of Life.' The authoritative memoir is by this last named writer, 'D. G. Rossetti, His Family Letters, with a Memoir,' London: Ellis & Elvey. Of briefer accounts the best are by Theodore Watts, in the 'Encyclopædia Britannica,' and by Richard Garnett, in the 'Dictionary of National Biography.'

CHOICE OF POEMS FOR STUDY.

(i) His ballad poetry as in 'Sister Helen;' (ii) his narrative poetry in 'A Last Confession;' (iii) his lyric verse in 'The Blessed Damozel,' 'The Wood Spurge,' 'The Sea Limits,' The Cloud Confines,' and Sonnets I, XXI, XLIX, LVI, LXXVII, of the House of Life.'

REPRESENTATIVE CRITICISM.

"Rossetti is not a man to attract a dullard. . . He is too earnest, too absorbed in his own vision of things spiritual and lonely, to look at matters from the common point of view."-Stedman.

"He is daringly original, intensely passionate, and of imagination all compact. He is a poet or nothing, and every where a poet almost faultless from his own point of view, wanting no charm but the highest of them all, and the first on Milton's list-simplicity."—Richard Garnett. "His characteristic, his really revealing work, lay in the adding to poetry of fresh poetic material, of a new order of phenomena, in the creation of a new ideal."—Walter Pater.

For criticism see 'Rossetti and the Pre-Raphaelite Movement,' by Esther Wood, London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co.; F. W. H. Myers,