morality which guarded the sanctity of the home. The Teutons, when
they descended upon the dying Empire, still preserved that precious Aryan
inheritance intact. The Greeks had long since lost it or bartered it away
for other gifts, their sensibility to artistic impressions, an analytic intellect
and a capacity for boundless doubt. In later ages, Rome, influenced by
her Hellenic sister, had lost it too, and the corruption of her great cities
showed in all its hideousness the degradation which might be achieved by
a civilization without morality and without God.
By fraud, by
injustice, by power abused, by an utter want of sympathy between the
classes of society, by a generally diffused 'recklessness of unclean living,'
even more than by the blows of the barbarians, fell the commonwealth of
Rome."-HODGKIN, Italy and Her Invaders.

SCOPE OF LECTURE.

Introductory. The three pre-eminent cities of history,-Jerusalem, Athens, Rome. The continuous historical record of Rome, extending over nearly 3,000 years, is without parallel in the world. The city of Cæsar and Cicero and Virgil, of Augustus and Trajan and Marcus Aurelius, of Leo and Gregory and Hildebrand, of Rienzi, of Raphael and Michelangelo, is not a city of the dead but of the living, still a mighty force amongst mankind. Her place in civilization compared with Jerusalem, Athens, Constantinople, Venice, and Florence. Rome as the central city of the earth. The influence of the Eternal City upon modern language, law, literature and religion.

Scope of this course of lectures.-The second, spiritual Empire of Rome, to us of even greater importance than her former secular dominion, is "the longest and most important movement in the history of mankind." Some problems,— the migrations of the Barbarians, the rise of the Papacy, Monasticism, the Empire of Charles the Great, the meaning and significance of the Holy Roman Empire, the degradation of the Papacy in the Dark Ages, the Hildebrandine reforms, the conflict of the Empire and the Papacy, Rome and the Church in the thirteenth century, the Mendicant Orders, the decline of both Empire and Papacy, Rome and the Renaissance, the Reformation crisis. Men to study,— Alaric, Attila, Leo the Great, Theodoric the Great, Baduila, Belisarius, S. Benedict, Gregory the Great, Charles the Great, Leo III, Otto the Great, Otto III, Leo IX, Hildebrand, Henry IV, Matilda of Tuscany, S. Anselm, S. Bernard, Abélard, Arnold of Brescia, Frederic Barbarossa, Alexander III, Innocent III, S. Dominic, S. Francis, Frederic II, Dante, Boniface VIII, Rienzi, Sigismund, John Huss, Nicholas V, Alexander VI, Julius II, Leo X, Raphael, Michelangelo. Lastly, Rome herself, Urbs Aeterna, and her work for humanity during the Middle Ages.

The break-up of the Roman Empire. The civilized world as it was in the year 410. Honorius and Theodosius. Christianity and Paganism. Hypatia. S. Jerome and S. Augustine. Condition of Rome at this time. Estimates of population. Decline of the city owing to the foundation of New Rome by Constantine. The degenerate Roman populace. Alaric and the New Era.

Misapprehensions regarding the Goths. "Goths and Vandals," undeserved reproach on the whole. The Goths were the least cruel, the wisest, the noblest of all the Teutonic races who invaded the Empire. The term "Barbarians.” Early history of the Gothic race. Their first conflicts with Rome. Their Arian religion. Driven westward by pressure from the Huns, the Visigoths passed within the limits of the Roman Empire at the end of the fourth century. Their ill-treatment and rebellion. The Goths as "foederati." Their king Alaric and his campaigns against the Eastern Empire. His invasion of Italy. "Rumpe omnes, Alarice, moras. Hoc impiger anno Alpibus Italiae ruptis, penetrabis ad Urbem." Alaric checked by Stilicho. His three sieges of Rome. The night of August 24, 410, a memorable date in history. The first sack of the city for 800 years. False charges brought against Alaric. Rome but did not destroy it. The fall of the Imperial City. How was it regarded? The lamentations of S. Jerome and the exultations of S. Augustine. His "City of God" and its importance. Mediaeval history is largely a commentary upon Augustine's text.

He pillaged

Alaric's capture of Rome was the beginning of a long, slow agony of destruction. The "Wandering of the Nations." The ravages of Goths, Vandals, Huns, Franks, Lombards upon the Empire. The apparent wreck of civilization. Two hundred years of war, desolation, chaos.

Some important episodes.-Attila the Hun and Pope Leo the Great. The Vatican picture of the meeting. Its significance. The career of Attila. Leo I, surnamed Great. For what reasons? His character and work as preacher and writer. Under him Rome secured primacy amongst the Bishoprics of the West, and was recognized as a court of appeal. His courage during the Hunnish invasion. Deserted by the Emperor, Rome was aided, sometimes delivered, by her Bishop.

Leo, by some unknown means, arrested Attila, but he was not so successful with Gaiseric the Vandal. The plundering of Rome by the Vandals. No "Vandalism," however. Who were the real destroyers of Imperial Rome? Later sieges by barbarian chiefs. Odovakar and the last of the Western emperors. The date 476, and the controversies regarding its significance. Fact and theory. In theory the Empire was again undivided. In fact, the Eastern Empire remained intact, but the Western portion, Gaul, Spain, Africa, Italy, was divided up amongst Goths, Vandals, Franks, and Burgundians. Which of these races would be able to form a permanent dominion?

The first to seriously attempt reconstruction were the Ostrogoths, under a genuinely great leader, Theodoric the Amal, the first man of Teutonic race who gained and deserved a high position in history. His early career and achievements. The migration of the Ostrogoths from the Danube to Italy. Defeat and death of Odovakar. Theodoric's reign of thirty-three years at Ravenna-an unexampled period of peace and prosperity. Theodoric as the King Alfred of the fifth century. His antagonism to Gothic violence and

Roman corruption and oppressive taxation. His reverence for Rome and restoration of her monuments. Famous scholars at his court-Cassiodorus, Boethius. Two cruel deeds only marred his reign. His extraordinary religious toleration. "Religion is a thing which the king cannot command, because no man can be compelled to believe against his will." One element of greatness, however, was lacking in Theodoric. His work did not endure. He is one of the brilliant failures of history. Within fifty years of his death his kingdom had collapsed and the Ostrogoths had disappeared from Italy. The Imperial Restoration of the sixth century. The brilliant military career of Belisarius, general of the Emperor Justinian. Myths concerning Belisarius. His conflict with the Goths in Italy, lasting twenty years. Five sieges of Rome, from which dates the ruin of the city. Illustrated by the use of marble statues against the Goths by Belisarius. The cutting of the Roman aqueducts by the Goths. Consequences to the Campagna. Disasters of the city. In Dec. 546, after capture by Totila, Rome was left destitute of any inhabitants for forty days-the only hiatus in her annals. The Gothic hero Totila and his triumphs. His defeat by Narses at Taginae. The final disappearance of the Goths from Italy. What became of them?

The chief feature of this history is that nothing lasts. The Goths overthrow the Empire, Imperialists ruin the Goths, Lombards defeat Imperialists. The best reconstructive work for civilization is done at this period by monks. Western Monasticism and its founder, S. Benedict. Monasticism came from the East, but Benedict largely changed ts aim. His ideal was practical, not merely contemplative. "Laborare est orare was his motto. The foundation of Monte Cassino, premier Abbey of the Western world. The Benedictine Order and its vast civilizing work during the Dark Ages. Its services to learning.

The most remarkable man produced by this new Monastic movement was Gregory the Great, rightly so named, last Father of the Latin Church, Father of the Mediaeval Papacy, chief hero of the sixth century, and one of the three greatest of the Popes. A true Roman by birth, by education, in character, in his ideals. His monastery on the Coelian Hill. His monastic austerities. His election to the Papacy at a great crisis, when Rome was in danger from the Lombards, the last of the Teutonic invaders of Italy. For thirteen years Gregory the Pope, Rome's last patriot, led the forlorn hope of civilization against barbarism, saving Rome to be the centre of a new dominion. His work for the Church, steadily laying the foundations of Latin Christianity. His enormous difficulties. Old Rome beleaguered. "In this city we have been living for twenty-seven years encompassed by the swords of the Longobards." His belief in the approaching end of all things did not prevent his making a courageous and successful attempt to save his city. The Bishop of Rome now became of far greater importance than its civil governor, and Gregory prepared the way for the temporal dominion of the Papacy. His influence, for good and

evil, upon posterity. His faults. His scorn of ancient learning. His credulity and superstition. One positive crime is charged against him which admits of no excuse, his adulation of the Emperor Phocas, a repulsive tyrant, the murderer of Maurice. The column of Phocas in the Forum. Notwithstanding, he was the greatest and noblest man of his age. His title "Servus servorum Dei," was no empty phrase. Under Gregory the Church became the refuge of the suffering and oppressed. His personal care for the poor, both as Abbot and as Pope. His passion for justice, illustrated by his letters. "The purse of the Church shall not be defiled by discreditable gains." His war upon the slave trade. Pity for the slave brought him into contact with our English race. "Ad Christum Anglos convertit pietate magistra," is written upon his tomb, and of all nations the English have most cause to remember with gratitude this heroic saviour of civilization.

LANDMARKS.

410. SIEGE AND CAPTURE OF ROME BY ALARIC THE GOTH

418. The Franks in Gaul.

423. Death of the Emperor Honorius.

430. Death of S. Augustine.

440. POPE LEO THE GREAT.

451. Attila defeated at Châlons.

452. INVASION OF ITALY BY ATTILA.

453. Death of Attila.

455. Sack of Rome by Gaiseric, the Vandal.

461. Death of Pope Leo the Great.

472. Sack of Rome by Ricimer.

476. END OF THE SEPARATE WESTERN EMPIRE.

Romulus Augustulus deposed.

Odovakar, Patrician, rules Italy.

480. Birth of S. Benedict.

489. Odovakar defeated by Theodoric, the Ostrogoth.

493. GOTHIC KINGDOM OF THEODORIC IN ITALY.

496. The conversion of Clovis.

524. Death of Boethius.

526. Death of Theodoric the Great.

527. Justinian, Emperor of the East.

529. Monte Cassino founded by Benedict.

533. BELISARIUS DESTROYS THE Vandal KingDOM IN AFRICA. 536. BELISARIUS TAKES ROME.

537. Defence of Rome by Belisarius against the Goths.

546. Rome taken by Baduila (Totila) king of the Goths.

549. Ronie again taken by Baduila.

552. Battle of Taginae. Baduila defeated and slain by Narses.

553. THE GOTHS LEAVE ITALY.

568. Lombard invasion of Italy under Alboin.

575. GREGORY, CIVIL GOVERNOR of Rome, BECOMES A MONK

578. Gregory ambassador at Constantinople.

590. GREGORY ELECTED POPE.

597. Mission of Augustine to Kent.

604. DEATH OF GREGORY THE GREAT.

I. "Rome was an accidental site." Contrast the advantages of Rome and Constantinople as seats of Empire.

2. "A Gothic king who might have deserved a statue amongst the best and bravest of the ancient Romans." Discuss Gibbon's verdict on Theodoric the Great.

3. At what dates, and at whose hands, did the monuments of Imperial Rome suffer most injury?

4. Write a brief account of the character and career of Baduila (Totila). 5. What are the chief causes which contributed to the rise of the Papacy down to 600?

6. Write short notes on the following: Galla Placidia, Visigoths, Ulfilas, Ravenna, Campagna, Claudian, Boethius, Amalaswintha, Witiges, Taginae, the Column of Phocas, Clivus Scauri, Subiaco, Monte Cassino, San Clemente. 7. The Aqueducts of Rome.

8. In what ways does the Pontificate of Gregory the Great form an epoch in the history of the Papacy and of Italy?

BOOKS.

A. BEST INTRODUCTION. "The Beginning of the Middle Ages," by R. W. Church (Macmillan).

B. DEST TEXT-BOOK. "European History, 476 918," by C. Oman (Percival).

C. MAIN AUTHORITIES FOR COURSE. Milman's "Latin Christianity," 9 vols. (John Murray), and Ferdinand Gregorovius' "History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages," translated by A. Hamilton, 8 vols. (George Bell & Sons).