comparatively little for granted and who inquire before they conclude."-B. A. Page.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

"War stands, or seems to stand, upon the double basis of necessity; a primary necessity that belongs to our human degradations, a secondary one that towers by means of its moral relations into the region of our impassioned grandeurs. The two propositions on which I take my stand are these: first, that there are nowhere latent in society any powers by which it can effectually operate a war for its extermination. The machinery is not there. The game is not within the compass of the cards. Secondly, that this defect of power is not a curse, but on the whole a blessing from century to century, if it is an inconvenience from year to year. The Abolition Committees, it is to be feared, will be angry at both propositions. Yet, gentlemen, hear me— strike, but hear me. That's a sort of plagiarism from Themistocles. But never mind. I have as good a right to the words, until translated back into Greek, as that most classical of yellow admirals. I protest that I should have used these words even if Themistocles had absconded into Scythia in his boyhood." -Essay on War.

"My own impressions incline me to represent the earth as a fine, noble young woman, full of the pride which is so becoming to her sex, and well able to take her own part, in case that, at any solitary part of the heavens, she should come across one of those vulgar, fussy comets disposed to be rude and take improper liberties. But others there are, a class whom I perfectly abominate, that place our earth in the category of decaying, nay, of decayed women. Hair like arctic snows, failure of vital heat, palsy that shakes the head as in the porcelain toys on our mantelpieces, asthma that shakes the whole fabric-these they absolutely fancy themselves to see; they absolutely hear the tellurian lungs wheezing, panting, crying, 'Bellows to mend !' periodically as the earth approaches her aphelion."-Essay on System of the Heavens.

12. Insight into Character." He had an extraor dinary insight into practical human life; not merely in the

abstract, but in the concrete; not merely as a philosopher of human nature, but as one who saw into those who passed him in the walk of life with the kind of intuition attributed to expert detectives."—Burton.

"While it was a peculiarity of his intellect to be exquisitely introspective, he was yet marvellously swift in his appreciation of men and things."—William Mathews.

"He had that mental acumen which found such fitting excrcise in the study of men."-T. W. Hunt.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Knowing that she would reap nothing from answering her persecutors, why did she not retire by silence from the superfluous contest? It was because her quick and eager loyalty to truth would not suffer her to see it darkened by frauds which she could expose. . . . It was through that imperishable grandeur of soul which taught her to submit meekly and without a struggle to her punishment, but taught her not to submit-no, not for a moment to calumny as to facts or to misconstruction as to motives."-Joan of Arc.

"It is unintelligibly but mesmerically potent, this secret fascination attached to features oftentimes that are absolutely plain; and as one of many cases within my own range of positive experience, I remember, in confirmation, at this moment, that in a clergyman's family, counting three daughters, all on a visit to my mother, the youngest Miss F- P—, who was strikingly and memorably plain, never walked out on the Clifton Downs unattended but she was followed home by a crowd of admiring men, anxious to learn her rank and abode; whilst the middle sister, eminently handsome, levied no such visible tribute on the public; I mention this fact-one of a thousand similar facts-simply by way of reminding the reader of what he must himself have often witnessed, viz., that no woman is condemned by nature to any ignoble necessity of repining against the power of other women; her own may be far more confined, but within its own circle may possibly, measured against that of the haughtiest beauty, be the profounder."-Autobiography.

MACAULAY, 1800-1859

Biographical Outline.-Thomas Babington Macaulay, born at Rothby Temple, Leicestershire, October 25, 1800; father a merchant and publicist, who was active in abolishing the slave-trade; removes to Birchin Lane and, in Thomas's third year, to Clapham; Macaulay begins reading at three, and exhibits marvellous powers of memory at four; is petted by Hannah More; at seven he begins a compendium of universal history, and at eight writes a theological discourse; memorizes Scott's poems and begins writing poems and hymns ; first attends a private school in Clapham, then (in 1812) to the school of one Preston, at Little Shelford, near Cambridge; reads with astonishing voracity and rapidity; enters Trinity College, Cambridge, in October, 1818; exchanges Tory for Whig political views; wins college prizes in Latin declamation and in English poetry; is refused college honors because of his dislike for mathematics; is made a fellow of Trinity in October, 1824; takes private pupils in 1823, because of his father's business reverses; his family remove to London in 1821; Macaulay lives with his parents till 1829; is called to the bar in 1826; does not practise, but frequents the House of Commons, makes political speeches, and writes for the magazines; first contributes to Knight's Quarterly Magazine an article on "Ivry and the Armada;" in August, 1825, publishes in the Edinburgh Review his essay on Milton, which is highly praised by Jeffrey; is offered the editorship of the Edinburgh Review on Jeffrey's retirement, but declines; his other essays, twenty-six in number, appear in the Edinburgh Review from 1825 to 1844; is made a Commissioner in Bankruptcy in 1828, by Lord Lyndhurst, a political opponent;

this, with his fellowship and his receipts from the Review, give him an income of £900; he is elected a member of Parliament for Calne in 1830; wins great fame by a speech on the second reading of the Reform Bill in 1831; is courted by Sydney Smith, Hallam, and other literary celebrities; by the abolition of his commissionership and the expiration of his fellowship Macaulay is reduced to selling his university gold medals; he engages in controversy with J. W. Croker; is made a Commissioner of the Board of Control [of Indian affairs] in 1832, and soon afterward becomes secretary of the board; continues in Parliament, representing Leeds; although needing the income as commissioner to help pay his father's debts, Macaulay resigns his office so as to be free to oppose a government bill for apprenticing liberated slaves; his resignation is not accepted; he is offered a seat in the Supreme Council of India, at £10,000 a year for five years; he accepts only on condition that his sister Hannah shall accompany him to India; sails for India in February, 1834; resides at Calcutta till December, 1838, when he returns to England; is made president of a committee which founds the educational system of India; prepares, also, a criminal code for India, which was published in December, 1837; his penal code became law in 1860; meantime Macaulay reads a vast amount of classical literature, and learns German on his homeward voyage; on arriving he is challenged to a duel by one Wallace, whose life of McIntosh Macaulay had condemned in the Edinburgh Review; Macaulay accepts the challenge, but friends arrange a bloodless settlement; he makes a tour of Italy in the autumn of 1838, and receives impressions for his "Lays of Ancient Rome; returns to London, and begins his "History of England" in March, 1839; is elected to Parliament for Edinburgh in 1839, and becomes Secretary of War in September of that year; till 1841 he lives in London with Sir George Trevelyan, who had married Macaulay's sister Hannah; he is reluctantly forced to publish his essays in 1843, as

Americans had already published them; the annual sales of the essays reach 6,000 by 1864; publishes his "Lays of Ancient Rome" in 1842; 18,000 copies are sold during the first ten years; in 1841-42 Macaulay advocates and secures important changes in the law of copyright; he advocates the repeal of the corn-laws; is made Paymaster-General in 1846, and is reelected for Edinburgh; is defeated at the Edinburgh election of 1847 because of his approval of the Established Church and his independent views in general; he declines further participation in politics and devotes himself to literature; the first two volumes of his "History" appear in November, 1848; 13,000 copies are sold the first four months; he is ordained Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow in March, 1849; declines the professorship of Modern History at Cambridge; declines a Cabinet position in 1852; his health suddenly and seriously fails; makes his last speech in the House of Commons in July, 1853; prepares civil-service rules and examinations for India in 1854; publishes the third volume of his "History" in December, 1855; 26,500 copies are sold during the first ten weeks the s; History is at once translated into twelve languages, and in March, 1856, Macaulay receives from his publishers royalties amounting to £20,000; he buys and settles at Holly Lodge, Kensington, in 1856; accepts a peerage in 1857; is made high steward of the borough of Cambridge in 1857; continues work upon his "History," and contributes several articles to the "Encyclopædia Britannica;" dies at Holly Lodge, December 28, 1859, and is buried in Westminster Abbey; the fifth volume of the "History," edited by Lady Trevelyan, appeared in 1861.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON MACAULAY'S STYLE.

Saintsbury, G., "Impressions." New York, 1895, Dodd, Mead & Co., 79-98.

Oliphant, Mrs., "Victorian Age of English Literature." New York, 1892, Tait, 149–197.