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character of Dr. Bell's mind. It runs thus-" Mind these rules before you mend them." He was pertinacious in his own opinion; and, though glad to hear what others had to suggest, seldom adopted their suggestions; and he was intolerant of those who either from indolence or conceit neglected his plans, or introduced other practices. It could scarcely be otherwise in one who had devoted all the energies of a strong mind, during a long life, to this one pursuit; it was scarcely possible that anything could be suggested which had not already occurred, had not been put into its due place of subordination, or had been rejected as inadmissible; and this referring everything to the system, which increased more and more as the system became more complete, gave a false view of his character to those who only knew him late in life, as though he thought of nothing but minutiae and details. The principles had been already fixed, and that in the most satisfactory manner, by most extensive and most successful adoption. It could not be borne, and, least of all, by Dr. Bell, that any principle should be called in question, which would be unsettling the whole work; therefore the only questions he could then entertain were questions of detail. With this exception or qualification, Capt. M'Konochie's account of his visit to Dr. Bell, at Cheltenham, shortly before he died, gives a very fair view of his character, and shows how ardent he was to the very last.

Dr. Bell had given 10,000l. to the Royal Naval School, and Capt. M'Konochie was sent by the committee both to thank him and ascertain his intentions on some particular points.

"It was new to me (says the Captain) to see a man giving away 120,000l. in charity in his own life time, and asking the advice of an entire stranger as to the direction he should give to a stray 10,000l. or 20,000l. of the entire amount. I rather tried to read and study him than immediately to act on the authority he gave me to advise him; and, to say the truth, the more I did read and study him, the less real power did I find to be conferred by that authority.

"Dr. Bell's mind had always been attached to details. This appears, I think, in all his works; in which, although the principles of his system are never lost sight of, they are yet by no means always distinctly separated from the methods with which, in his practice, they had been associated. In this way he was tenacious of his own views, both on a great and small scale; and although he asked advice freely, he was not much moved by it. In making his last dispositions, accordingly, there was great apparent hesitation. I believe there was even specifically some reluctance finally to conclude, because then the business which was by this time almost necessary to him (the activity of his mind having become morbid) would be over. But he ended nearly as he had begun; and I think followed no advice that was given him."

Dr. Bell was at this time unable to articulate, from that disease in the throat of which he died.

"It was absolutely astonishing to me (writes Capt. M'Konochie) how, with his obviously increasing infirmities, he could muster physical and moral energy sufficient for all he did at this time. He liked to be talked to; and his countenance never looked so venerable, so almost handsome, as when listening to a continued flow of observations, with which he in the main concurred-touching his eye from time to time to express assent, or writing occasionally a word, or short phrase, making a slight modification. His mind was so active that this might be called his rest, while more carnest discussions constituted his pleasure and refreshment...... The activity of Dr. Bell's mind, at this time, was prodigious. Its approaching extinction was marked, not as usual by decays, but by an intensity of action which resembled nothing so much as the last stage of an expiring taper. He forgot nothing, and wished to have every thing ordered and recorded." Vol. iii. 412-417.)

Having disposed of his worldly affairs to his own satisfaction Dr. Bell's mind became more calm, and as he grew weaker Mr. Phillips was in almost constant attendance; and, in addition to the usual family prayers, Mr. Davies always read an appropriate prayer which had been composed by Dr. Bell himself at the commencement of his last illness, and is given (550) in a note. And on January 27, 1832, when Mr. Allen took him by the hand as sitting in his chair "he just looked up, as if conscious of my presence and voice, and then dropped his eyes down again...... gradually his breathing became more languid, and at length subsided altogether; and at a quarter before eleven o'clock his spirit fled without a struggle, and is I trust now at rest with his Saviour and his God, receiving a just reward for his long, useful, and ardent labours here on earth-for his many virtues, his lively faith, his hope, his charity." (552.)

Dr. Bell thus attained to the age of seventy-nine, and lived to see the one object to which he had devoted all his time and energy accomplished in a very remarkable degree, and to an extent very far beyond his most sanguine expectations. An object so unquestionably noble, thus successfully prosecuted, certainly entitles Dr. Bell to the unqualified gratitude of his country, which has been so greatly benefitted thereby. In such a case it is beside the mark to enquire whether he was more or less amiable in private, more or less agreeable in society, more or less happy as an individual: we believe that in all these respects Dr. Bell was as much so as he cared to be as much so as was compatible with his greater and higher object. Whatever time or attention had been given by Dr. Bell to more

general subjects might have rendered him more generally understood, and more generally acceptable in society; but it would have been taken from his special pursuit-taken from the great work on which his distinction from ordinary men depended, and on which alone his estimation among the discriminating few, and his claims on the gratitude of his country, must rest. In like manner, the enormous wealth of Dr. Bell, which was accumulated by the curtailment of all superfluous expences, and living in a way that was considered at the time as bordering on meanness, appears to have proceeded from nothing miserly, but solely to have the means of endowing institutions for carrying out the one desire of his heart. And this being gratified in all ways, by having chosen an object suitable to his natural bent, and through devoting himself entirely to it by having succeeded in a remarkable degree, we think that Dr. Bell did attain that present kind of reward which was most congenial to his inclinations, and which he would esteem to be the highest; while at the same time he was pursuing that course which best entitled him-according to his ability and circumstances to the ap plause and grateful remembrances of mankind.

ART. VIII.-On the Life and Institutes of the Jesuits. By the Rev. Father DE RAVIGNAN, of the Company of Jesus. Carefully translated from the fourth edition of the French. By CHARLES SEAGER, M.A., formerly Scholar of Worcester College, &c. One Vol. London: C. Dolman.

1844.

2. Des Jesuites. Par Messieurs MICHELET et QUINET. One Vol. Sixieme Edition. Paris: Comptoir des Imprimeurs. Unis. Quai Malaquais. 1844.

3. Le Juif Errant. Par EUGENE SUE. The first five Vols. Bruxelles: Molines, Cans et Co. 1844.

Geschichte der Jesuiten. Ein Büchlein für's Deutsche Volk. Von EDWARD DULLER. Leipzig: Verlag von Georg Wigand. One Vol. 1840.

IN the consideration of the subject of Ultramontanism in France, the general question of the Jesuits has been already discussed in our last number. But Jesuitry is of so Protean a quality that it may be examined under its various forms, and will present an aspect of novelty under each. It has been viewed in a preceding article principally in the position which it maintains in connection with the Gallican Church; we propose to exhibit it now in the menacing position which it assumes against the

people and the State. It will be seen that, with the exception of Father de Ravignan's work, our illustrations and authorities are all derived from different sources; and we retain that, because, as we shall show hereafter, it has become perfectly Anglicised.

In the four works, then, which we have placed at the head of our paper, we have testimonies offered on the important question of the Jesuits from three various countries-viz., England, France, and Germany. We include England because, as we have said, though the work on the Life and Institutes of the Society of Jesus was originally French, it has become, as it were, an English testimony, seeing that, as its title-page imports, it has been "carefully translated" by Mr. Seager, a gentleman who (it is hardly necessary to inform our readers) was once a member of the Church of England, but is now a very zealous son of the Church of Rome. He interprets and adopts Father de Ravignan's sentiments, and has a particular interest in circulating them among us here at home. In this light we may not inaptly term the book an English production. Of its original author we will only say, passingly, that humble as he affects to be-much as he harps upon the virtue of humility, and rings the changes upon the excellence of humiliation-he is not above (nor below) prefixing to his name that aristocratic de, which is a matter of great pride to all in France who possess ita subject of sorrow and of desire to those who have it not. The sternest republicans alone feign to despise the use of it; and even among them, the little pride of position is so vehemently active, that where a republican has had a right to use this allimportant and distinguishing prefix, but has dropped it through principle, or the pressure of his condition as a foe to nobility, he is sure to make compensation to himself for the sacrifice by constantly reminding his friends and the public of the fact. He may not boast of its use, but he does most loudly of its disuse; and, all republican as he is, he is the prouder of his right, even from the circumstance of his only mentally enjoying it. But the pride of Father de Ravignan takes a higher flight; he is vain-glorious of his de, even while he assumes a contempt for it; he does not neglect to tell us that, if he condescended to become a Jesuit, he also stepped down from the heights of magistracy to effect the condescension. He now avows himself a Jesuit because, he says, there is ignominy to be gained by the avowal, and he is determined to have his share of it. He is as proud of his cell and his calling as Diogenes was of his tub and his poverty. It is the pride of humility which is common to a certain class of men in all countries. The former will peep through

the ragged cloak of the latter, without even an attempt of its possessor to conceal the baser metal. The poor Jesuit puts the proud de before his name, in much the same spirit as the wealthy Amphitryon of the Dissenters writes himself "Esq." after it. The only difference is, that the one emblazons his quality on a title-page for the edification of the world, while the other paints it on the shafts of his cart, and thus delivers it to the gaze of Gunnersbury.

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It will be hardly necessary to say that the work translated so "carefully" by Mr. Seager is a thorough uncompromising defence of Jesuitry in its designs, constitutions, and acts. Its author extols everything connected with the order, however minute or important. He not only professes to discern no fault, error, or vice in the institution, but he declares those of vision more acute, and of memories more retentive, to be misled by the spirit of evil to see that which is not visible. The very antipodes of Father de Ravignan's book is to be found in the second work named at the head of this article. The lectures of Messrs. Michelet and Quinet are as uncompromising and fearless a denunciation of the evils, crimes, and atrocities of Jesuitry as the little volume of the father is an energetic defence. These lectures were delivered before the pupils of the respective professors, amid the shouts, screams, and execrations of a hired mob, sent to interrupt the speakers, and prevent their sentiments from reaching the ears of the world through the reporters of the public press. But the lectures were as stoutly defended as they were assailed. The interrupters were ejected from the assembly, or beaten in the streets upon the breaking up of the audience. The very weapon employed by the Jesuits mangled their own members in its application. They profess to love being reviled-yet they employed a mob to interrupt the lectures of the teachers in the university, who made no statement against the institution without citing testimony in support of it; and who, while allowing of that which was good in the consti tution of the order, declared themselves ready to entertain with respect any denial of what they affirmed to be inherently bad. But this was not sufficient for the sons of the Barcelona soldier; their object was to prevent any notice of their order coming before the world, except only that they might themselves be disposed to afford it. Hence the conspiracy against the univer sity professors: had they allowed the latter to lecture in peace, the walls of the lecture-room would probably have been the boundary beyond which the attack upon the order would never have been heard of. The Jesuits themselves, however, invaded the room, and public attention was immediately attracted to the

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