it would call for very full argument and consideration, but we think that it is the same question which has been many times decided to be within the constitutional power of the state legislature to settle without intervention of the federal courts under the Federal Constitution. Roberts v. City of Boston, 5 Cush. (Mass.) 198, 206, 208, 209; State ex rel. Garnes v. McCann, 21 Oh. St. 198, 210; People ex rel. King v. Gallagher, 93 N. Y. 438; People ex rel. Cisco v. School Board, 161 N. Y. 598; Ward v. Flood, 48 Cal. 36; Wysinger v. Crookshank, 82 Cal. 588, 590; Reynolds v. Board of Education, 66 Kans. 672; McMillan v. School Committee, 107 N. C. 609; Cory v. Carter, 48 Ind. 327; Lehew v. Brummell, 103 Mo. 546; Dameron v. Bayless, 14 Ariz. 180; State ex rel. Stoutmeyer v. Duffy, 7 Nev. 342, 348, 355; Bertonneau v. Board, 3 Woods 177, s. c. 3 Fed. Cases, 294, Case No. 1,361; United States v. Buntin, 10 Fed. 730, 735; Wong Him v. Callahan, 119 Fed. 381.

In Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U. S. 537, 544, 545, in upholding the validity under the Fourteenth Amendment of a statute of Louisiana requiring the separation of the white and colored races in railway coaches, a more difficult question than this, this Court, speaking of permitted race separation, said:

66 The most common instance of this is connected with the establishment of separate schools for white and colored children, which has been held to be a valid exercise of the legislative power even by courts of States where the political rights of the colored race have been longest and most earnestly enforced."

The case of Roberts v. City of Boston, supra, in which Chief Justice Shaw of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, announced the opinion of that court upholding the separation of colored and white schools under

a state constitutional injunction of equal protection, the same as the Fourteenth Amendment, was then referred to, and this Court continued:

"Similar laws have been enacted by Congress under its general power of legislation over the District of Columbia, Rev. Stat. D. C. §§ 281, 282, 283, 310, 319, as well as by the legislatures of many of the States, and have been generally, if not uniformly, sustained by the Courts," citing many of the cases above named.

Most of the cases cited arose, it is true, over the establishment of separate schools as between white pupils and black pupils, but we can not think that the question is any different or that any different result can be reached, assuming the cases above cited to be rightly decided, where the issue is as between white pupils and the pupils of the yellow races. The decision is within the discretion of the state in regulating its public schools and does not conflict with the Fourteenth Amendment. The judgment of the Supreme Court of Mississippi is

Affirmed.

COMPANIA GENERAL DE TABACOS DE FILIPINAS v. COLLECTOR OF INTERNAL REVENUE.

CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF THE PHILIPPINE

ISLANDS.

No. 42. Argued October 18, 19, 1927. Decided November 21, 1927.

1. A foreign corporation which has property and does business through agents in the Philippine Islands is subject to the taxing power of the Island government as a quasi sovereign, but the power is limited by the Organic Act. P. 92.

2. The liberty secured by the Organic Act embraces the right to make contracts and accumulate property and do business outside of the Philippine Islands and beyond its jurisdiction without prohibition, regulation, or governmental exaction. P. 92.

ON THE UNITED STATES

UNIVERS, Y OF CALIFORNIA

BERKELEY

HEARING

BEFORE THE

SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY ACT AND OTHER INTERNAL SECURITY LAWS

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
UNITED STATES SENATE
EIGHTY-SIXTH CONGRESS

SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY ACT AND OTHER INTERNAL SECURITY LAWS

JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi, Chairman

J. G. SOURWINE, Chief Counsel
BENJAMIN MANDEL, Director of Research

THE EFFECT OF RED CHINA COMMUNES ON THE

UNITED STATES

TUESDAY, MARCH 24, 1959

U.S. SENATE,

SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE ADMINISTRATION

OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY ACT AND OTHER
INTERNAL SECURITY LAWS, OF THE
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY,
Washington, D.C.

The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10:40 a.m., in room 424, Senator Kenneth B. Keating presiding.

Present: Senators Keating and Thomas J. Dodd, vice chairman. Also present: J. G. Sourwine, chief counsel; Benjamin Mandel, director of research.

Senator KEATING. The subcommittee will come to order.

The acting chairman is temporarily detained at another committee meeting and has requested me to proceed.

Our witness this morning is Mr. Edward Hunter.

Mr. Hunter, would you tell us a little bit about yourself, and give us a little biography, in brief, capsule form.

STATEMENT OF EDWARD HUNTER

Mr. HUNTER. I will try.

I go far back, as far back as the Tanaka Memorial, when I first went out to Asia.

My career paralleled the development of modern psychological warfare, unintentionally, of course. No one could have looked into the future, starting with the creation of the puppet state of Manchukuo, which I witnessed on the spot, and which some of the older people will remember.

I was in Ethiopia for the conquest of that country by the Fascists. I witnessed, also as a foreign correspondent, two Spanish civil wars. First came the rehearsal for the big civil war, and then the civil war itself, which was a rehearsal for World War II.

I covered the various foreign offices in Europe from the Wilhelmstrasse and 10 Downing Street to the Quai D'Orsay, on the eve of World War II.

I saw the elements that were building up into a psychological warfare pattern, such as the reoccupation of the Rhineland, when we had the opportunity of staving off a war, but at the vital moment lost courage.

I came back home for a while and worked on a New York newspaper as a foreign news editor.