Senator KEATING. What paper?

Mr. HUNTER. The New York Post.

While there I learned about the infiltration tactics in the United States. Then, as the war became real for us, I went into the OSSthe Office of Strategic Services.

Senator KEATING. When did you enter that?

Mr. HUNTER. Just about the time of Pearl Harbor.

I didn't really enter it, I was "entered." I received a phone call and asked to visit an office where I was told that they had been investigating me for a year, and that I was hired.

After the war I spent a short time back in New York.
Senator KEATING. You were in the OSS how long?

Mr. HUNTER. From about Pearl Harbor until after OSS closed up shop. I helped close up shop, and then stayed under various other alphabetical organizations, such as SSU-the Strategic Services Unit of the Army.

Then I went back to the New York Post, but the call of foreign correspondency was too strong for me, and I went back into Asia, and that really began my career as an analyst, on the basis of the long experiences I had already had. I had warned that the Japanese ultramilitarists would not quit Manchuria in spite of what was said at the League of Nations. I had foreseen a pact between Stalin and Hitler. I had gone into the area where all the inhabitants of three villages had been massacred. My dispatches on this subject were read into the minutes of the League of Nations at what I was told was one of its most dramatic sessions.

I was called a warmonger because I had warned that World War II was starting in Manchuria when the conquest of Manchuria by the Japanese began on September 18, 1931.

After World War II, I had—I do not know whether to call it the good fortune to discover the technique of mind attack-brainwashing and to put that word into our language. The word came out of the suffering of the Chinese people. I was the first to use the word in writing in any language, and the first, except for the Chinese, to use the word in speech in any language. There should be a monument to an unknown Chinese hero who, when the mental pressures imposed on him by the Communists became too intense, exclaimed, "Hsi-nao"-wash brain.

I came, too, across the Pavlovian link to brainwashing.
Senator KEATING. You are in what year now?

Mr. HUNTER. Soon after the occupation of the Chinese mainland. That must be around 1951, or just before.

I warned that the Red Chinese would participate in the Korean war. I reported incontrovertible evidence on it, given me by one of the great American heroes of all time, Gen. Claire L. Chennault. He was laughed down as a man who just wanted to sell airplanes.

I then returned to the United States and became a consultant for the U.S. Air Force on brainwashing.

Senator KEATING. That was what year?

Mr. HUNTER. That was before Panmunjom. I was in Korea when the Chinese Communists attacked. I was there through the drive to "bring the boys home by Christmas."

Senator KEATING. You were in Korea then?

Mr. HUNTER. I was with the vanguard of the 8th Division. I witnessed Americans under a type of mesmerism that I thought never could happen to us. Americans built up the illusion that they were going home for Christmas, and that, hence, the Chinese Army could not be there. I tried to refute that. But Americans are inveterate optimists, sometimes dangerously so.

I warned in my articles that there would be American soldiers who would say they did not want to come home. Practically all the newspapers refused to publish what I wrote on that, saying it was impossible.

At Hong Kong, I obtained the first evidence of the Chinese Communist government's export of drugs and heroin for political and financial motives. I revealed that.

During my year at home as a consultant for the Air Force, I had the wonderful opportunity of presenting some of the analyses that literally made their way into the "American Code of Prisoners of War" and accompanying documents. I resumed my writing, gathering material for my books.

Senator KEATING. You were back in the Air Force here for

Mr. HUNTER. About a year, as a consultant.

Senator KEATING. You left that in 1952 sometime?

Mr. HUNTER. Yes; and went back to Asia, where I gathered material for two additional books.

My first book had been "Brain Washing in Red China." That created history, but it was hushed up for a long time, until so many Americans had suffered under it that it could no longer be concealed. I had a wonderful experience. I thought I had finished entirely with the subject of brainwashing, but people who had gone under this mental torture began contacting me. I found that when they were telling me how they had survived these pressures, they all gave the same reasons. This meant that I had the formula for the preservation of a mind, not only for the destruction of a mind. This went into my second book on the subject, "Brainwashing: The Story of Men Who Defied It."

Senator KEATING. When was that published?

Mr. HUNTER. About 3 years ago. That was when I came up against a great resistance which revealed America's main vulnerability. To my amazement, my finding that convictions and faith play a foremost part in resisting mental pressures was actually resented by important elements in our population. They did not want to hear it. Meanwhile, I had come across one of the most extraordinary personalities in the world, a Chinese woman named Mary Liu. Her experiences in the religious field were incontrovertible.

Senator KEATING. Where did you meet her?

Mr. HUNTER. In Hong Kong, when she came out of China. I saw her for prolonged periods during the next 2 years, too, in Singapore and New York; and gradually her story evolved into a book. It is the story from behind the scenes, as only a native could see it, of what actually happens to religion under communism. I put that into a book entitled "The Story of Mary Liu."

Senator KEATING. When was that published?

Mr. HUNTER. About 2 years ago. Every name and every detail in the book is true. I had, as an American author, the extraordinary

experience of having the manuscript refused by American publishers until it first was accepted by a wonderful publishing house in England and published there, and then they were courageous enough to publish it here.

Recently, I was asked to do a pamphlet on China, but found so much firsthand material-if we only opened our eyes to it and used it-that I had to do a book on it. This is "The Black Book on Red China." An old-fashioned habit of mine, that I learned in the newspaper offices of a generation ago, was to go only to firsthand sources for my information. For my "Black Book on Red China" I used only Chinese Communist material. It's their story, except that I translated their double-talk into ordinary language. This was all that was necessary. The book had quite an impact at the United Nations, I am told.

Senator KEATING. That has just recently been published?

Mr. HUNTER. Within the last few months. I was sick for 6 weeks afterward, because to complete it in time for the United Nations session, I lived like a hermit, in the center of New York, in the McAlpin Hotel, losing sense of day and night, for 7 weeks doing that book.

I had just done another book, after spending a year in Afghanistan, entitled "The Past Present: A Year in Afghanistan." It was published only a few days ago; curiously enough, again first in England. It greatly concerns the United States. There has never been anything as detailed on that part of the Moslem world.

I am afraid, although I tried to put my biography into capsule form, the mere skeletonized information made it a pretty big capsule. Senator KEATING. Well, we appreciate that statement of your background.

For the record, let me say that this committee is interested at the moment in Red Chinese communes, because of what they mean to us in this country, the impact which they might have on our affairs, our foreign policy.

If you will bear that in mind in the questions that are put to you, we will appreciate it.

It is not up to us to tell Communist China how to run their affairs, but we are very much interested in the effect of what they do, and the impact it might have on us and on this country.

Now what recent developments in Communist China do you think are of direct significance or concern to us at the present time?

Mr. HUNTER. The one big, recent development, which has very many ramifications, is the creation of these communes.

Senator KEATING. Tell us what a commune is.

Mr. HUNTER. A commune is a community intended to be selfsustaining, in which all functions are conducted simultaneously by the same individuals, everything from agriculture to working in a factory. Every man is a farmer, every man is a factory worker, every man is a soldier, every man is a slave.

Mr. SOURWINE. In other words, it is a human ant heap?

Mr. HUNTER. It is an ant heap. It so closely approximates an ant heap that I would have difficulty telling the difference, except in size. Senator KEATING. How does Mr. X, a member of this commune, spend his time? Can he be called into any kind of activity?

Mr. HUNTER. Mr. X is exactly that, and Mrs. X, too-an X-a nonentity, taken over, body and soul, during his sleeping and his wak

ing periods. Except that his sleeping periods are very short. The rest is for intense labor, wherever the Communist Party wishes to send him, no matter how many hundreds of miles away, no matter whether in midwinter, under the most adverse conditions, with only nominal pay. His is simply a survival existence.

He is completely at the beck and call of the party, and his leisure time is completely eliminated, deliberately so, as part of the mind control and body control pattern of the Communist Party of China. "Today people do not work for 8 hours, but work, voluntarily, for 10 or 12 hours, and when needed, work through the whole night," wrote the People's Daily, the party mouthpiece at Peiping, on September 13, 1958. The next day it reported a worker in a weaving mill saying, "In our factory the workers now work 12 hours, and have suppressed the rest of their own accord, offering to work on days of rest for nothing."

"Is it not cheap to work for money?" asked the party magazine, cynically entitled "Liberation," also September 13.

Senator KEATING. If a man, for instance, is a farmer, he would not necessarily be doing farming?

Mr. HUNTER. No, because under the new rationalization program of the party, in this Communist paradise, they have discovered that farmers work intensively for certain months in a year, and then relax. Well, these periods of relaxation have now been taken up so that none are left, so that the farmer is at the same time a factory worker, and a laborer in a construction gang, and at all times a soldier, called on to fight against his brethren, actually himself. He is trapped in an impossible corner.

Senator KEATING. How much of a geographical area would one of these communes cover?

Mr. HUNTER. The communes, as of today, fit no pattern. As always under Communist procedure, once they set the principle, it is a matter of flexibility. You have communes that cover only some thousands acres, and you have communes the size of some of our smaller States.

of

A commune actually is a merger of a number of collective farms. These were made up out of individual, private farms, as soon as the propaganda purposes of the much-publicized land reform program were accomplished, and the land could be taken away from the farmers to whom it had been given.

The Communist Party of China, in a resolution adopted on December 10, 1958, at its Central Committee plenary meeting, declared:

Within a few months starting in the summer of 1958, all of the more than 740,000 agricultural producers' cooperatives in the country, in response to the enthusiastic demand of the mass of peasants, reorganized themselves into over 26,000 people's communes. Over 120 million households, or more than 99 percent of all China's peasant households of various nationalities, have joined the people's communes.

The People's Daily in Peking on September 3, 1958, reported communes "usually have a membership of 10,000 people each, in some cases 10,000 households."

Mr. SOURWINE. Is a man or woman ever shipped from one commune to another?

Mr. HUNTER. Not under the present program. A man stays in his own ant heap. He can be shipped to projects elsewhere, but belongs to the commune. He belongs to his ant heap, and his wife does, too. He may rarely see her, or not at all, if they are shipped to different places, and cannot see his children, either. They are taken away and put in so-called nurseries. Automatically this eliminatessolves, under Communist theory-such problems as the family and religion, as well as bottling up the hatred of the people for communism.

Mr. SOURWINE. You said it solves the problems of family and religion. It solves them only by destroying the family and destroying religion.

Mr. HUNTER. Yes. It is a desperate effort. The communes are not the creation of a planned program, but an act of desperation as a result of the Moscow-Peking Axis learning, from Hungary's revolt, and its equivalent in China, the so-called Hundred Flowers selfexpression movement, which became part of the continuing revolt on the soil of China-that the people on all levels, intellectuals, students, administrators, even inside the Communist Party-hate the Communist Party. This, along with the chaos and failure of the cooperatized farms, forced recourse to some new, desperate measure to intensify the brainwashing controls against the people. The communes are fundamentally a control project.

Senator KEATING. When were the communes started?

Mr. HUNTER. They were begun about a year and a half ago.

For a half a year or so before that, as is the usual Communist Party technique, the first experiments were made secretly, and their announcement came only after some of the communes were already established and in working order-the window display communes, such as the huge Sputnik commune.

Senator KEATING. But were they established by the government as such?

Mr. HUNTER. They were set up by the Communist Party, not by the government.

Senator KEATING. By the party?

Mr. HUNTER. Yes. The party has, in effect, replaced the Government in China, which helps explain why Mao Tse-tung stepped out as its chairman. The army, which is closely identified with the party, is now replacing the party in control of the communes system.

Senator KEATING. What happens to a professional man in one of these communes?

Mr. HUNTER. The communes had, among other purposes, the liquidation of the intellectual, the writer, and the thinking man. In the Hundred Flowers movement the Red hierarchy had expected the writers and students to come out and criticize within the framework of "all roads leading to socialism," which is the way Prime Mnister Nehru of India prefers to express it. Instead of doing so, they came forth with outpouring of hatred, and revealed themselves as unalterably opposed to communism. The announced program of the communes system is to eliminate these writers and intellectuals entirely as a class. They have not been successfully brainwashed, and so must be suppressed. A new crop of writers and artists is to be evolved out of the mass of communized-commune-ized-people, un