will admit new members with whom they can do as they please, for those who are "green" are always cowed and understand nothing about the questions dealt with.

Thus a small nucleus of men who are determined, disciplined, working in phase, spurred on by the gratification of pulling strings, exalted by the feeling of serving a formidable power, all scruples behind them, can succeed in dominating groups of people much more numerous but loose knit, ill-informed, timid, irresolute, and held back by moral and ideological principles.

It can be said that the whole edifice of Soviet propaganda is built on the pattern of a pyramid of secret factions. The leaders at the top of each CP can be compared to a faction for infiltrating the party.10 The party itself constitutes a faction for infiltrating parallel organizations. Parallel organizations are factions for infiltrating the whole society. From top to bottom prevails the governing idea of bolshevism, which is to subject a majority without cohesion to a well-knit minority.

THE ADVANTAGES DERIVED FROM PARALLEL ORGANIZATIONS

Parallel organizations pay the Soviets big dividends. By having stands which do not look like servile echoes of the Kremlin's dictates taken in the most varied circles, they procure a much wider audience for its campaigns than would be the case if CPs were alone to support them openly. People are always more impressed by the activity of supposedly "independent" groups than by that of henchmen. While the CP would remain isolated if it only appeared under its true colors, it gives the impression that proto-Soviet stands are taken by a vast and genuine national movement, thanks to hundreds of trick mirrors that reflect its orders from every point of the horizon and at hundreds of different angles. One has to be very well aware of the reality to be able to free oneself of such a mirage.

As we see, the task consists in transposing the music of Moscow into the different registers of trade unionists, philosophers, pacifists, Christians, etc, while giving them the impression that what they play is not a transposition but an original work. Thus the credulous Othello is led on toward Iago's ends by being made to believe that these ends are his own desire. As a result Othello strangles Desdemona, whom he worships. In the same way progressives, maneuvered by parallel organizations, stab to death the freedom that they

revere.

Even tiny crypto-Communist organizations can play an important part in Soviet propaganda. By enrolling the flying squads of Communist front organizations under their name they succeed in putting pressure on Members of Parliament. When a Member of Parliament receives their delegations he is often unaware of the fact that they are sent by puppet groups of Communist allegiance and does not dare show them to the door. In some cases post facto colonization of groups originally founded by free citizens allows the CP to capitalize on the prestige and loyalty that these groups have accumulated on the strength of glorious traditions or services rendered. This is the case with the League of the Rights of Man in France.

10 I.e. by placing their supporters in positions of responsibility within the party organization.

In underdeveloped and ex-colonial countries parallel organizations play a leading part. As proto-Soviet propaganda in these countries chiefly exploits national and anticolonial feeling, the true face of communism is almost completely camouflaged there, and the essential part of the task of corrupting minds and planting Soviet agents is entrusted to parallel organizations. The camouflaging of these organizations is also easier because Afro-Asian circles are less experienced and the atmosphere more feverish. Because of this they take on the stature of major political forces.

Let us mention at random the Association for the Advancement of Asian Peoples, the Union of the Population of Cameroon (UPC), the Association of Frenchmen of Tunisia, the Study and Action Committee for Peace in Algeria, activated by Communists and Christian progressives; the General Union of Algerian Workers (UTA), whose headquarters is at present in Czechoslovakia.

OCCASIONAL FRONTS AND CAMPAIGNS

Apart from the permanent subsidiaries that the Kremlin colonizes underhandedly, temporary movements are organized: fronts, solidarity days, rallies on topical questions such as "for freeing the Rosenbergs,' "against EDC," "for stopping nuclear tests," "against German rearmament," all of them hidden behind a screen of political neutrality. Among a thousand others might be mentioned the "day of solidarity with the people of Cameroon," organized in 1959 in the Palace of Culture in Moscow.

For big occasions the apparatus gives its all. It stages some universal peoples' congress, some world youth rally, some international writers' meeting. Travel and hotel expenses are paid for numerous delegates, radio is put to work, trumpets are sounded, lamas are brought forth.

A classic example of a "big affair" which everyone remembers, was the campaign waged for the "Stockholm appeal" by the para-Communist Fighters for Peace Association. At a cost of tens of millions of dollars spent on propaganda the appeal collected 50 million signatures outside of the Communist countries, many given in good faith. Whenever a particularly pressing threat appears in Moscow's path these fronts and committees swell into veritable floods. During the French parliamentary debates on EDC and then the Paris agreements the flood became a deluge. Crypto-Communist committees sprang up in factories, hospitals, laboratories under the most varied names, from the most explicit like "against German rearmament" to the most sibylline like "for the independence of French culture." All the while. the debate went on in Parliament and the Senate on EDC and then on the Paris agreements, representatives in favor of them were submerged every day by hundreds of letters from these committees, containing appeals, warnings, even threats of getting even on the great night of the revolution. Some of them warned the representatives of the people that if they passed EDC their pictures would be exposed to public vengeance on every wall in France, and others that their private businesses would be boycotted.

The number of these letters has been estimated at over 15 million. Morning and night delegations came knocking at the door of Members of Parliament to hand them petitions, indoctrinate them, intimidate

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them. Telephones never stopped ringing. The purpose of this staging, unique in the annals of political conspiracy, a real Iliad of proto-Soviet propaganda, was to give Members of Parliament the impression that a deep wrath had seized all strata of the population at the prospect of a European army. In fact, by an old cinema trick, the very same "extras" reappeared 10 times in different costumes to create the impression of a crowd. But the staging worked. The terrible pressure of it resulted in more than one hostile vote, and EDC was rejected, a turning point in postwar history and a major Soviet victory won solely through propaganda.

POPULAR FRONTS

Under the heading of occasional fronts special mention must be made of the notorious popular fronts. This has been one of the most effective techniques of spreading Soviet imperialism. Taking advantage of the fact that many uninformed democrats always put it "to the left," the CP seizes opportunities offered by some threats for the aspirations of the left (rightist danger, or danger of economic regression) and proposes to the parties of the left a fight in common. If the latter falls into the trap, the united committees that form are immediately beleaguered by Communist activists and auxiliaries, whose apparatus, discipline, immorality outclass a hundred times anything the other partners can produce. The allies in popular fronts are then systematically bullied by demagogic excess, bluffed by "leftist" attitudes, fooled by a thousand intrigues, fleeced in a thousand ways, and should they resist, slandered and even physically eliminated. During the Spanish civil war not a day passed in which the Communists did not stab their republican associates in the back. During the resistance a good number of French patriots fell under the blows of agents of Moscow, who, behind the front of maquis activity against the Nazis, liquidated their democratic opponents.

If a popular front triumphs and succeeds in taking over the machinery of the state, then Communists eliminate their allies of yesterday with Machiavellianism and method: They "slice them to eat like a salami." The Communist Rakosi described the operation in this cynical way.

The popular fronts best known for having increased the strength of the CP or carried it to power were those of 1936 and of the resistance in France, and after the war those of Italy, Ceylon, Indonesia, Iraq, the one that brought Ho Chi-minh to power in Indochina, the two concluded in 1924 and 1937 with the Kuomintang, which were stepladders for Mao's accession in China, the one that turned over Guatemala to henchmen, and all those which in Poland, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia resulted in satellization of the country and wiping out in blood the democrats who had concluded them.

Socialist parties have been particularly aimed at by these tactics. Many of them, including the French SP, have therefore had sufficiently bitter experience to be immune. Unfortunately the popular front mirage still attracts other circles, radical and Catholic in Europe, nationalist in Asia, anticolonial in Africa. Despite numerous and tragic precedents, the tribe of Benes is not extinct, the tribe of those democratic leaders, who, in alliances with Communists, are blind enough to go through these three now standard stages: supplying

them with a cover, turning power over to them, and disappearing into the grave.

UTILIZATION OF DIPLOMACY, CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC EXCHANGES

Soviet diplomacy is not diplomacy in the usual sense of the term. It is another and one of the principal spheres of Soviet propaganda. Every form of exchange between Communist and other countries, whether diplomatic, cultural, commercial, technical, or athletic, is conceived and worked out with propaganda in mind. Not of course open propaganda for communism, but propaganda of an indirect, enveloping, underhanded kind for pro-Soviet views.

All members of Soviet missions abroad are trained primarily to charm and lull to sleep high political or financial circles in the countries they are to undermine. The notion prevalent in the West that contacts with them may "widen their horizons and humanize their views" is absurd, for these are not men who can give free rein to their inclinations, but docile tools of the apparatus; they are regimented, watched, and kept in line by means of family hostages whom they have left behind in their country. On the other hand, the circles to be invested in the West are open to their devices through ignorance, unpreparedness, courtesy as well as infatuation with what comes "from afar" and snobbery for what comes "from the left." When the West puts a man in an exchange institute it is for carrying out exchanges. When the Soviets do so it is for subversion.

In Japan two Chinese industrial missions held three conferences with industrialists and gave 15 politicosocial parties. In France a Vietminh trade mission which had promised the Government not to depart from the business sphere notified every diplomatic mission of its arrival as soon as it reached Paris and distributed political leaflets to Viet students at the Sorbonne.

The Soviet personnel in ordinary and extraordinary embassies, exhibitions, tours, economic and cultural missions, surpasses that of the free world by a ratio that is sometimes as high as 10 to 1. In Ethiopia, for example, Soviet services alone have more personnel than all the other embassies put together. In Mexico they have three times as many employees as the United States. In Argentine, in Indonesia, the proportion is just as abnormal. And it should be borne in mind that their propaganda efforts are relayed and amplified by the diplomatic, economic, and cultural services of the satellite countries and Communist China. Finally may be mentioned the well-known part played by Soviet diplomatic representations as a channel in distributing funds to Communist and crypto-Communist apparatus.

INVITATIONS OF PROMINENT FIGURES

The Soviets also derive a considerable propaganda advantage from organized visits of delegations and prominent people whom they invite to the countries they dominate. Under the guise of information and goodwill tours an enormous machine of hoax and perversion is hidden. The operation of this machine has become a real industry. In the U.S.S.R. and China it employs tens of thousands of people full time. In China, for instance, visitors are divided into eight categories. Tours and an appropriate reception are organized for each category;

below the fourth no more flowers are presented at the airport. Schools train guide-interpreters, most of them attractive young women working for the secret police. The model achievements shown, the persons produced, the answers given, the tone of the welcome are all prearranged and dressed up with the greatest care.

Soviet and Chinese Government expenditures in this field alone, not to mention the time wasted by workers in the institutions visited, exceed $100 million yearly. But the money yields hundredfold returns. Books and articles relating these trips abound in the West. The rose-colored view of a somber and totalitarian world that is taken in these "returns" and "impressions" has become standard. Proof of the advertising effectiveness of such stagings can be found in the accounts that appeared in Stalin's time. The greatest names of the West signed euphoric reports on a regime which by the very admission of Khrushchev is now known to have been one of the most nightmarish tyrannies in history. Davies, the American Ambassador, defended the Moscow trials and certified the charge of treason against Tukhachevski, which the Khrushchev report at the 20th party congress recognized as gross fabrication. In Kiev, in the Ukraine, Edouard Herriot saw a prosperous population the very year famine caused 6 million deaths in that region. Unfortunately, in spite of these deplorable precedents, illusion touring continues to dupe millions of people to Moscow's advantage.

BREAKING ANTI-COMMUNISTS: SLANDER, INTIMIDATION, KIDNAPING, MURDER

An important task of Soviet propaganda is not only to circumvent the gullible, but also to reduce those who clearly realize the danger and zealously proclaim it to a state of powerlessness. Against these people are launched campaigns limitless in intensity as in ignominy. The Communists attempt to make lepers of them, to develop veritable reflexes in public opinion so that a halo of hatred will be instinctively associated with their name. Communist and crypto-Communist apparatus put all their ammunition to use in this task and shrink from neither slander nor provocation, forgery nor blackmail. Here auxiliaries play a leading role: that of scandalmongers. Sometimes the Soviet apparatus will denounce an anti-Communist as an underground Communist. Sometimes they will lead the police to believe that he is a terrorist or a trafficker. Slander against the anti-Communist writer Victor Serge reached such a point that even well-disposed police services no longer knew what to think.

The apparatus of Moscow said that Leon Blum was a police auxiliary and purveyor of convicts, charged De Gaulle with having worked for German intelligence, and Soustelle with being a Nazi spy; Syngman Rhee with having sold his country to Japan (charges to be found in the Soviet Encyclopedia or signed by leaders like Maurice Thorez). One of the worst infamies has just been flung at Guy Mollet: he has been accused of nothing less than having denounced people interned with him to the Gestapo. Essentially, these and similar attacks are fabrications from beginning to end; devoid of any foundation and made in the full knowledge that they constitute unmitigated lies.

In the easygoing atmosphere of the democracies, the endless repetition of abusive attacks has a devastating effect. Indeed, it is not too