fulness such a door as few of you can imagine. . . . From the prison and the gambling-house and the house of ill repute the message or the messenger has hither come that might not have elsewhere gone. God's blessing has rested upon this our parish and church by reason of the effort made to make the most of the greater opportunity thus offered for ministering to those who had need." Little Corporal, a title familiarly given to Napoleon by the soldiers under his command, after the battle of Lodi (1796), in admiration of the personal bravery displayed by him, and because of his small size and youthful appearance. In the army it clung to him ever after, and even when he had become Emperor he was known by this affectionate sobriquet. Las Cases, the biographer of Napoleon Bonaparte, thus describes the origin of the title: A singular custom was established in the army of Italy, in consequence of the youth of the commander, or from some other cause. After each battle, the oldest soldiers used to hold a council and confer a new rank on their young general, who when he made his appearance in the camp was received by the veterans and saluted with his new title. They made him a corporal at Lodi and a sergeant at Castiglione; and hence the surname of "le petit Caporal," which was for a long time applied to Napoleon by the soldiers. How subtle is the chain which unites the most trivial circumstances to the most important events! Perhaps this very nickname contributed to his miraculous success on his return in 1815. While he was haranguing the first battalion, which he found it necessary to address, a voice from the ranks exclaimed, “ Vive notre petit Caporal! we will never fight against him!"' Little Giant, a sobriquet of Stephen A. Douglas, from his small stature associated with great intellectual strength. In the Presidential campaign of 1860, when he was one of the two candidates of the disrupted Democratic party, campaign clubs were organized, calling themselves "Little Giants," uniformed after the manner of the Republican" Wide-Awakes." Little-go, in Cambridge University slang, a public examination held early in the course, so called because it is less strict or less important in its consequences than the final one. At Oxford similar examinations are called "smalls." Little Mac, an army nickname given affectionately by his men to General George B. McClellan. It was taken up and became a popular political sobriquet when he was the Democratic candidate for the Presidency in 1864. Little Rhody, a political nickname for Rhode Island, the smallest State in the American Union. Lived and loved, I have (Ger. "Ich habe gelebt und geliebet"), a famous sentiment of Schiller's, contained in the song which Thekla sings in "The Piccolomini," Act ii., Sc. 6. The context is as follows: Das Herz ist gestorben, die Welt ist leer, Und weiter giebt sie dem Wunsche nichts mehr. Du Heilige, rufe dein Kind zurück, Ich habe genossen das irdische Glück, Ich habe gelebt und geliebet. ("The heart is dead, the world is empty, there is nothing further to wish. O Holy One, call back thy child: I have enjoyed the full bliss of this world, I have lived and loved.") A somewhat similar sentiment is Byron's: I die,-but first I have possess'd, And, come what may, have been bless'd. Livery. As this word is of French origin, being derived from the verb livrer, to" deliver," the custom of clothing servants in livery probably originated in France. At the plenary courts, under the first two races of monarchs, the king made a custom of delivering to his servants particular clothes, which Some were called "livrées," because given at the king's expense. In like manner the nobility and gentry gave their dependants liveries, and various colors were adopted by different masters to distinguish one another's servants. times the livery consisted only of a particular mark or badge. The term formerly had a wider significance, and denoted both the food and clothes of the servants and the meat and drink that were served to guests. Spenser gives the meaning of the word in his time thus: "What livery is, we, by common use in England, know well enough,—namely, that is, allowance of horse-meat, as to keep horses at livery, the which word, I guess, is derived from livering or delivering both their nightly food. So in great houses the livery is said to be served up for all night, that is, their evening allowance of drink. And the livery is also the upper weed which a servant-man weareth, so called, as I suppose, for that it was delivered and taken from him at pleasure." The use of liveries is very ancient in England, being noticed in some of the statutes of the reign of Richard II.; but the application of the term has not always been confined to menials. Chaucer, in the prologue to the "Canterbury Tales," says,— An haberdasher and a carpenter, Of a solemyne and grete fraternitie. In the time of Edward IV. the terms livery and badge seem to have become synonymous. The badge consisted of the master's device, crest, or arms, on a separate piece of cloth, or sometimes it was made of silver in the form of a shield, and worn upon the left sleeve. These badges seem at first to have distinguished the servants in England, for Fynes Moryson (reign of James I.), speaking of the English apparel, says, "The servants of gentlemen were wont to wear blew coates with their master's badges of silver on the left sleeve, but now they most commonly wear coates guarded with lace, all the servants of one family wearing the same livery for colour and ornament.” The badges may be seen in all old representations of posts or messengers, affixed sometimes to the girdle or to the shoulder, sometimes to the hat or cap. These figures extend as far back as the thirteenth century. The remains of the ancient badge are preserved in England still in the dresses of porters, firemen, and watermen, and perhaps in the shoulder-knots of footmen; and in this country, no doubt, the badges of porters and messenger-boys are survivals. Lives. To hit a man where he lives, an American slang phrase, meaning to touch him on the quick, to reach his truest and deepest self. In Howells's "The Minister's Charge," Mr. Sewell says of his protégé, Lemuel Barker, If I could only have reached him where he lives, as our slang says! But, do what I would, I couldn't find any common ground where we could stand together. We are as unlike as if we were of two different species. I saw that everything I said bewildered him more and more; he couldn't understand me! Our education is unchristian, our civilization is pagan. They both ought to bring us in closer relations with our fellow-creatures, and they both only put us more widely apart! Every one of us dwells in an impenetrable solitude! We under stand each other a little if our circumstances are similar, but if they are different all our words leave us dumb and unintelligible. The main idea of this paragraph has analogues in the citations collected under ISOLATION (q. v.). Living dog better than a dead lion. A curious reference to this proverb is preserved in a manuscript in the archives of the see of Ossory, at fol. 66, where there is entered, in a hand of the latter part of the fourteenth century, a list of ancient proverbs under the following heading, in a queer, conglomerate language: Eux sount les proverbes en fraunceys conferme par auctorite del Dibil. The reference to the Son of Sirach is erroneous,-the proverb being found in Ecclesiastes ix. 4. It would be interesting to know who was this Dibil by whose authority this list of proverbs is confirmed. F. Domin. Bannez, in his defence of Cardinal Cajetan against the attacks of Cardinal Catharinus and Melchior Canus (Comment. in prim. part. S. Thom., p. 450, ed. Duaci, 1614), quotes a proverbialism-"Certe potest dici de istis, quod de Græcis insultantibus Hectori jam mortuo dixit Homerus, quod leoni mortuo etiam lepores insultant"-which is very like Æsop's weak and dying lion insulted by all the beasts who erstwhile stood in mortal dread of him, and at last suffering even the indignity of kicks from the ass's heels. The reference to Homer, however, is a mistake. No such line occurs in the Iliad. The cardinal probably had in mind the following verse from the Greek Anthology (Leipsic, 1794), tom. iv. p. 112: Ὡς ἀπὸ Ἕκτορος τιτρωσκομένου Ἑλλήνων Βάλλετε νῦν μετὰ πότμον ἐμὸν δέμας ὅττι καὶ αὐταὶ Loafer, originally an Americanism, but now recognized also in England, -an idler, a flâneur, a tramp. Its etymology is uncertain. But, inasmuch as the word was first used in the sense of a thieving bummer, there is little reason for doubt that it is a survival of the old English slang loaver, to “steal," influenced by or combined with the Dutch slang loever, or loefer, "an idle stroller." This would give loafer a New York origin; and all the ascertained facts bear out the ascription. This familiar Shakespearian Loan oft loses both itself and friend. maxim (Hamlet, Act i., Sc. 3) was anticipated by a number of popular proverbs which come down to us from an unknown antiquity. Lend to your friend and ask payment of your enemy.-Spanish. Who lends, recovers not; or if he recovers, recovers not all; or if all, not much; or if much, a mortal enemy. Who ventures to lend loses money and friend.-Danish. Who wants an enemy, let him lend some money.-German. Lend to one who will not repay, and you will provoke his dislike.-Chinese. See, also, BORROWING. Lobby, The, a collective name for the individuals who frequent the lobby or approach to the halls of legislation for the purpose of influencing legislation. Their activity is called "lobbying," which may mean either influencing by mere argument or also by bribery. There are "lobbyists" who practise "lobbying" as a profession, like any other vocation, and they are of both sexes. "The Lobby" is sometimes called "The Third House.' Lobster boiled. In his "Lectures on the English Comic Writers" Haz litt calls special attention to the following lines as a felicitous example of Butler's burlesque style: He is doubtless unaware that the metaphor of the lobster is taken from Rabelais (book v., ch. vii.),— Day, peeping in the east, makes the sun turn from black to red, like a boiled lobster,— and the first two lines from a couplet of Sir Arthur Gorges: As far as Phoebus first doth rise, Until in Thetis' lap he lies. Local Option, a plan of temperance legislation, whereby the right of prohibiting the sale of intoxicants within their bounds is relegated to the inhabitants of each individual town or other local division of a State. Loco-foco, a nickname formerly applied to the Democratic party in the United States. It originated in 1835, in New York, when a division had arisen in that party upon the question of bank charters, one wing, which dubbed themselves the "Anti-Monopolists" or "Equal Rights" men, claiming that these charters were virtually grants of monopolies and therefore hostile to equal rights. A majority of the Tammany nominating committee had selected Gideon Lee, a "Monopolist," as a candidate for Congress. The nomination, as was customary, had to be ratified at a general meeting of Democrats of all shades of opinion at Tammany Hall. The Anti-Monopolists determined, if possible, to obtain control of this meeting. There was a great crowd in the hall, the Monopolists entering by the back stairs and the AntiMonopolists coming up the front stairs. A tumult followed, each side claiming the organization of the meeting, and while the uproar was at its height the gas-lights were suddenly turned off. But the Equal Rights men were prepared, having suspected some such trick, and, pulling out candles and loco-foco matches, instantly relighted the hall. They succeeded in securing their own chairman, but Mr. Lee was elected as the regular candidate. The Courier and Enquirer, the Whig paper, immediately nicknamed the AntiMonopolists the Loco-foco party. The faction thus nicknamed ultimately became dominant in the Democratic party in the State of New York. of their creeds was that of quick rotation in office; they believed in getting the best possible services out of public officials, by making the tenures short and all offices elective, thus insuring to the people the possibility of judging and quickly ridding themselves of public servants who should be found wanting. One result of their activity was the making of the judiciary in the State elective, a practice followed in many other States, although the terms of office have been considerably lengthened, and in later years it has become customary for political parties to permit an efficient judge to be re-elected without opposition. Another of the reforms traceable to the " 'Equal-Righters" was the law removing the disabilities of married women from holding separate property, in which also the other States rapidly followed the lead of New York. From having been an epithet of contempt for a faction, the name Loco-foco began to be proudly borne as a distinction. Finally it became a designation synonymous with Democrat, being generally applied to the whole party throughout the country, and it was in vogue up to the outbreak of the civil war. One · LITERARY CURIOSITIES. As to the name Loco-foco, it was originally given to a self-lighting cigar invented by John Marck in 1834, and was subsequently extended to lucifer matches. Locus Pœnitentiæ (L., “place for repentance"), colloquially, the license of drawing back from a bargain, which can be done before any act has been In the interview between Esau and his father committed to confirm it. Isaac, St. Paul says, the former "found no place for repentance, though he sought it carefully with tears" (Hebrews xii. 17),—i.e., no means whereby Isaac could break his bargain with Jacob. Log Cabin and Hard Cider, a party-cry in the Harrison campaign of 1840. The candidate was supposed to be a true representative of the "plain people" as against the more "educated" and better circumstanced, an opposi tion which was one of the features of the campaign. Harrison was a plain farmer, content to live in a log cabin and drink hard cider. Log cabins were erected in many large towns, and carried in miniature through the streets in processions, with barrels of cider as fitting emblems of the candidate's supposed antecedents. Log-rolling, an American slang expression for mutual assistance rendered by persons in power to the detriment of the general public. The English "You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours," and the Scotch "Caw me, In its original sense log-rolling caw thee," are approximate equivalents. is a sort of mutual-help festival akin to the quilting-bees and husking-bees. The phrase was first When a backwoodsman cuts down trees his neighbors help him to roll them away, and in return he helps them with their trees. applied as a slang metaphor to politics. A and B, for example, Congressmen Each agrees to support and vote or Assemblymen, each has a bill to pass. for the other's bill. They are log-rolling for each other. Furthermore, neither, He and the promoters we will suppose, has any interest or belief in either bill, but wishes to gain the help of the promoters for some scheme of his own. are log-rolling for each other. From politics the phrase has passed over to literature, and has almost superseded the older term Mutual Admiration In 1887 a fierce conSociety (q. v.), as applied to a clique of authors who abuse the confidence of the public by mutual puffery for individual interest. troversy raged in the press on this very question, to which Mr. Andrew Lang made this sensible contribution : Lately we have heard enough from people of "a delicate morality stap me" about the mystery of Log-Rolling. This meaningless term seems merely to denote the Puff Mutual. A man puffs his friends' or accomplices' books on the understood condition that they shall This appears to be a fair depuff his. The people who do this belong to Mutual Admiration Societies. They also combine to denounce books of persons who are not of their set. scription of the vice of Log-Rolling. As one not unacquainted with the handicraft of reviewing, I may humbly remark that I don't believe in the conspiracy. I do not believe that there are three men in England so mean as to praise a book for the purpose of being praised in turn themselves. On the other hand, it is perfectly true, and long may it be so, that men of similar literary tastes and knowledge of the same topics will drift together and become friends in Apollo, and praise each other's work when they think it deserves praise. It has always been It seems a hard thing to so and always will be so. Virgil and Horace were members of a Mutual Admiration Society of this kind, and were reviled by Messrs. Bavius and Mævius me, then, if one man of letters may not criticise another favorably because that other is his friend. As a rule, he does not admire him because he is his friend; on the other hand, he As an aged reviewer, I can say, for one, that sought his friendship because he admired him. the most enthusiastic, not to say gushing, reviews I have ever written were notices of the works of men whom I had never seen nor corresponded with, and who never wrote a review in their lives. If the writers became my friends later, am I therefore bound to be silent when I think their new performances demand admiration?-Longman's Magazine, December, 1887. Though the word "log-rolling" is new to literature, the accusation which |