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TABLE 6.-Comparative statistics of property and expenditures of the city and village school systems of the several States.

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TABLE 7.-Number and population, by States, of cities, etc., containing over 4,000 inhabitants.

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aFor the names of these cities and villages and their population see the tables of city school statistics in Part III, and also the list of cities annexed thereto from which no data are available.

ED 90-39

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HPLAY, TONN OF DE DIFFERENCES IN THE FOREGOING TABLE.

between the let of "plares "of ver 4.000 inhabitants presented No. 1 of the United States Census Office and the list of "cities and the compilation of the tables of this chapter may be explained population of the titles of Owego. N. Y., Evanston, Ill., and Salem, reported by the enumerators of their respective quently these ciles were not included in the list of places in ein red. All three cities are undoubtedly of the poputation in these tables; their school statistics are and to reason is apparent why they should not be on assigned to them is estimated, the estimates being the popriation in 1850 and the rate of increase of the of which they are parts.

erences which appear in the figures for the six New England more extended notice, since the school data here presented will arison with similar items in future years, and it is important sing them shall be in no doubt as to what the figures represent. gand, as it is well-known, the methods of local government are elties exist, but for judicial purposes only; in nearly all other matters Cele known as the "town system" prevails. The entire territory is to towns, which correspond in a measure to the western townships, but go tant difference that the New England towns are independent of the In all matters of local concern. Villages in the towns are not recognized system and do not even have their boundaries defined. A "town" is made by simply changing the plan of government from a pure democracy to a enesentative form. This may be done when the people desire the change and the legislature sanctions it, after certain conditions have been reached, as in Massachusetts for example, when the population is as great as 12.000.

The average area of the towns in Massachusetts is approximately 23 square mies in Rhode Island, 30; in Connecticut, 29; in Maine, 60; in Vermont and New Hampshire, 38.

1. is plain, therefore, that there are many towns in which a population of several thousand is so scattered over a large territory as to deprive them of every aspect of urban communities. Then, too, some of the "cities" consist of several

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net villages, between which original forests or agricultural lands still remain, hoa h in most cases the incorporated cities are uniformly and thickly setad do not differ materially from cities in other parts of the country. But e are no boundaries recognized excepting those of the counties and towns es, organized as before explained; and the custom prevalent in that socas o novor considering the village apart from the town in official matters, evix had its offect upon the census officials, for with a few exceptions they no mention of the villages in their figures of population.

Now is great difficulty, therefore, in making from such data a tabular stateCoin population in Now England which will substantially correspond 5. condi fons elsewhere. Only two methods of dealing with the problem 20g - Fiest, disregard the great territorial extent of the "towns" and in the same category with the cities and villages of other sections; Vest ate the character of the population of the several towns, conside separately, and from the best data available make as close an estisive 6. the urban population.

od was adopte i by the census authorities in this city. It has Awe deway it no figures except those obtained by an actual count at tis d'sadvantage is obvious, since it makes the urban popula No tacg va er than it is in fact."

od in santierlarly unsatisfactory in the matter of school statistics. chool sa toms" are essentially those of dense settlements. The schools qui e sotted districts form a class entirely different in organiza mopois, and, as a rule, in results. It becomes important, therefore, to Corp picm as ar as possible. As this could not be done under the classifi1972 A peas Office the second method of obtaining the list of "cities" anced, a choegh it involved the use of estimates in many cases.

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to low eng may be given as the principal means by which the fitness or * 69 Posp tables of individual localities was determined:

Wema own was shown to contain more or less rural or scattered ed a single vil age or borough whose population was exactly stated, @pvxt „egy dejenned from the school census or otherwise, the

town was disregarded and the village or borough was considered with sole reference to its own population. Cases of this kind arose principally in Connecticut and Vermont.

Second. When the only school statistics to be had were for the town as a whole, and it appeared that the town was composed wholly of a city or large village with its environs or "suburbs," as in the case of New Britain, Conn., the population of the town was used in preference to that of the city alone. This was necessary to make the figures of population correspond in area with the school data, and is in accordance with the general practice of including more or less of contiguous territory in the corporate limits of a city.

Third. When a town contains several distinct villages with separate interests, none of which had as many as 4,000 inhabitants, all were discarded, though the population of the entire town may have been a great deal more than the minimum limit. But when one of the villages evidently contained the required population that village was included in the list, with an estimate as accurate as may be of its population. Warwick, R. I., is an instance of the first class, and Lincoln, R. I., containing Central Falls, of the second class.

Fourth. When nothing definite could be determined concerning the villages in a town the population of the town as compared with its area as shown by the. maps was taken as an indication of the density of its population, and consequently of the fitness of the town for use in the tables. But in all such cases the organization of the schools shown by the reports of the school committees was considered, for in New England small schools almost invariably indicate sparse population. In Massachusetts, and in some instances in other States, it was necessary to accept or discard each town as a whole according to these guides, which, it must be admitted, were by no means satisfactory.

It is to be remembered that the list as it stands is not claimed to be a perfect one, and persons with an intimate knowledge of the several localities may detect flaws in the conclusions reached regarding them; if so, any suggestion in relation thereto will be gladly accepted.

The following shows in detail the instances of difference between the Census Office tables and those of this chapter so far as they relate to New England:

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The following appear in Census Bulletin No. 165, but are excluded from the list of this Office in accordance with the plan indicated above:

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MASSACHUSETTS.

The following appear in Census Bulletin No. 165, but are excluded from the list of this Bureau in accordance with the plan indicated above:

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