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4. Should the right of bequest be limited, and how?.
5. Grounds of property in land, different from those of property
Page
264
in moveables.
268
6.
-
only valid on certain conditions, which are not always
realized. The limitations considered
270
276
7. Rights of property in abuses
CHAPTER III. Of the Classes among whom the
Produce is distributed.
2.
§ 1. The produce sometimes shared among three classes
sometimes belongs undividedly to one
279
280
281
CHAPTER IV. Of Competition and Custom.
§ 1. Competition not the sole regulator of the division of the pro- duce...........
2. Influence of custom on rents, and on the tenure of land 3. Influence of custom on prices
CHAPTER V. Of Slavery.
284
285
288
§ 1. Slavery considered in relation to the slaves......
292
---
2. in relation to production
294
3. Emancipation considered in relation to the interest of the
slave owners
297
CHAPTER VI. Of Peasant Proprietors.
§ 1. Difference between English and Continental opinions respect-
ing peasant properties
CHAPTER VII. Continuation of the same subject.
§ 1. Influence of peasant properties in stimulating industry
in training intelligence
3.
4. Their effect on population
328
330
332
333
342
CHAPTER VIII. Of Metayers.
§ 1. Nature of the metayer system, and its varieties
2. Its advantages and inconveniences
347
349
3. Evidence concerning its effects in different countries
4. Is its abolition desirable?
352
365
§ 1. Nature and operation of cottier tenure......
CHAPTER IX. Of Cottiers.
2. In an overpeopled country its necessary consequence is nominal rents.....
368
371
which are inconsistent with industry, frugality, or restraint
on population.
374
376
4. Ryot tenancy of India
CHAPTER X. Means of abolishing Cottier Tenancy.
§ 1. Mode of disposing of a cottier population, the vital question
for Ireland
381
2. To convert them into hired labourers not desirable nor prac-
ticable
382
3. Limitation of rent, by law or custom, indispensable
4. Fixity of Tenure considered..............
387
389
5. Tenant Right
6. Location of peasant proprietors on the waste lands
7. Resources supplementary to the waste lands
8. Probable consequences of the measures recommended
390
391
396
398
4.
CHAPTER XI. Of Wages.
§ 1. Wages depend on the demand and supply of labour-in other
words, on population and capital
2. Examination of some popular opinions respecting wages
3. Certain rare circumstances excepted, high wages imply strong
restraints on population..........
which are in some cases legal....
401
402
409
413
5.
in others, the effect of particular customs
415
6. Due restriction of population the only safeguard of a labour-
ing class
418
CHAPTER XII. Of Popular Remedies for Low Wages.
§ 1. A legal or customary minimum of wages, with guarantee of
employment
424
would require as a condition, legal measures for repression
of population
426
§ 1. Pernicious direction of public opinion on the subject of Popu-
lation
439
2. Grounds for expecting improvement
442
3. Twofold means of elevating the habits of the labouring people:
by education
448
and by large measures of immediate relief, through foreign
and home colonization
449
CHAPTER XIV. Of the Differences of Wages in
different Employments.
§ 1. Differences of wages arising from different degrees of attrac-
tiveness in different employments
2. Differences arising from natural monopolies
3. Effect on wages of a class of subsidized competitors
5. Wages of women, why lower than those of men
471
6. Differences of wages arising from restrictive laws, and from
combinations
7. Cases in which wages are fixed by custom
472
474
CHAPTER XV. Of Profits.
§ 1. Profits resolvable into three parts; interest, insurance, and
wages of superintendance
477
2. The minimum of profits; and the variations to which it is
liable
480
3. Differences of profits arising from the nature of the particular
482
4. General tendency of profits to an equality
484
5. The advances of the capitalist consist ultimately in wages of
labour........
490
492
6. The rate of profit depends on the Cost of Labour
CHAPTER XVI. Of Rent.
§ 1. Rent the effect of a natural monopoly
496
2. No land can pay rent except land of such quality or situation,
as exists in less quantity than the demand
497
3. The rent of land consists of the excess of its return, above the
return to the worst land in cultivation.......
499
or to the capital employed in the least advantageous cir-
cumstances......
501
5. Is payment for capital sunk in the soil, rent, or profit?
6. Rent does not enter into the cost of production of agricultural
produce
2. Definitions of Value in Use, Exchange Value, and Price........ 515
3. What is meant by general purchasing power
516
4. Value a relative term.
A general rise or fall of Values a
contradiction
518
5. The laws of Value, how modified in their application to retail
transactions
519
CHAPTER II. Of Demand and Supply, in their
relation to Value.
§ 1. Two conditions of Value: Utility, and Difficulty of Attainment 522
2. Three kinds of Difficulty of Attainment...
524
3. Commodities which are absolutely limited in quantity
526
4. Law of their value, the Equation of Demand and Supply
5. Miscellaneous cases falling under this law
528
530
CHAPTER III. Of Cost of Production, in its relation
to Value.
§ 1. Commodities which are susceptible of indefinite multiplication
without increase of cost. Law of their Value, Cost of Pro-
duction
533
operating through potential, but not actual, alterations of
supply
535
CHAPTER IV. Ultimate Analysis of Cost of Production.
§ 1. Principal element in Cost of Production-Quantity of Labour 2. Wages not an element in Cost of Production......
540
542
except in so far as they vary from employment to employ-
ment
544
4. Profits an element in Cost of Production, in so far as they
vary from employment to employment...........
546
or are spread over unequal lengths of time
547
6. Occasional elements in Cost of Production: taxes, and scarcity
value of materials
551