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a voluptuous soaring into the realm of the gods, an uplifting encouragement that the beneficence of the gods could not fail to fall upon the worshipper's devoted head. That there was skepticism in the face of all organized worship, that there was unbelief which was not convinced by the machinery of worship is known to us all. But the consul who on the battle-field in despair exclaimed that not vows, not prayers to the gods but only their own might and valor could save his soldiers in the extreme crisis,-was laboring under intense excitement. The intellectuals paid little heed to the mockery of auspices, but the orthodox world continued to believe that sacrifices were agreeable to the gods. One, with simplicity of devotion, might fain believe that a pure hand touching the altars and that offerings of spelt and crackling salt would prove more acceptable than a sacrifice of animals and offerings from Arabia. Even in spite of philosophic emancipation, one might still continue an affectionate devotion to and worship of Pan, joining the country-side in sacrifice of a tender kid and in offerings of wine. For the toga-ed race manfully stood by its traditions and its conventions. What need to fear, with Jupiter in his heaven and his vice-regent, Caesar, on the throne?

Knowledge of the proper manner of worship of the gods was the central question with the simple Italian in the long ago when the groves were the only temples, and when on Nemi's side Diana received her first invocations. No less, in the latter days, when the Palatine shimmered as the central jewel within a crescent of glittering hills, Romans interpreted a humble walk with the gods in terms of ritual, and felt security was vouchsafed as long as the silent Vestal with the Pontifex trod her patient way to the Capitoline in due fulfillment of ceremonial worship.

DALMATIA AND ADJACENT LANDS

OF THE JUGO-SLAVS1

By HERMAN V. Ames

Professor of American Constitutional History and
Dean of the Graduate School

Possibly the most interesting of the new States that have emerged as a result of the disruption of the dual empire of Austria-Hungary is Jugo-Slavia, the Land of the Southern Slavs, or to give it its official name, the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The new nation includes in addition to the former independent states of Serbia and Montenegro, the following provinces of the old Austria-Hungarian Empire, Carniola, Croatia, Slavonia, Dalmatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, as also the former Turkish Province of Novibaza. Our purpose is to treat the subject under three heads as follows: First, a presentation of the historical and cultural background of the peoples embraced within the new state; secondly, a review of the territorial and other claims of the Jugo-Slavs and Italians and the efforts of the Peace Conference to solve the Adriatic problem; and finally, an examination of some of the factors, both external and internal, that must affect the future of Jugo-Slavia.

The realization of the century long Slavic dream of nationality, is pronounced by Professor R. J. Kerner, in his brilliant and scholarly essay on The Jugo-Slav Movement, as "a miracle," "if there are miracles in history." Tragic and absorbing is the history of the Slav peoples since they entered the region of the Balkans in the seventh century, and the forces which contributed to their division in the thirteen hundred years that have since elapsed. Of even greater present interest is the 'It should be noted that some of the conditions which were true at the time the lecture was given, April 17,1920, have since changed.

story of their recent reunion; how the various chasms between them have been bridged, and the numerous economic, social, religious, geographical and political obstacles to national unity have been surmounted, until a Jugo-Slav State is now a reality.

Only a brief review of the outstanding events in the history of Dalmatia will be essayed, as our theme relates primarily to present day problems and condition. "Perhaps," says Major Powell in a recent magazine article, "no stretch of coast in all the world has had so varied and romantic a history or so many masters as the Dalmatian seaboard," and he proceeds to enumerate some twenty-seven different peoples or nations that at some period within recorded history have ruled over it.1 But for the greater part of its history during the past twentyfive hundred years Dalmatia has been successively a province of four great empires, first of Rome, then of the Eastern Empire, later of Venice and for the past century of the Austrian Empire. When the Romans first came in contact with Dalmatia it formed a part of the independent Kingdom of Illyria, originally occupied by half-barbarous tribes, who were probably the ancestors of the modern Albanians, with Greek colonies scattered here and there along the coast and adjacent islands. At various times in the two and one-half centuries B. C. Rome made efforts to extend its sway over the Illyrians with varying success, but in 9 A. D. they were finally conquered and Dalmatia subsequently became a most important part of the Roman Province of Illyricum, and a favorite recruiting territory for the Roman army. Several of its successful native commanders succeeded to the purple. Of these Diocletian was especially illustrious for his power and grandeur and is remembered for the noble palace he reared at the present site of Spalato, extensive remains of which are still in existence and serve as visible witness of the resources and splender "which once was Rome's." When Diocletian abdicated in 305 A. D. he retired to a villa near the Roman city of Salona, once the capital of the Province but now only a ruin, as it was destroyed by the Goths in the sixth century. 1 Scribner's Magazine, January 1920.

After the division of the Empire near the end of the fifth century Dalmatia was contended for by the Eastern and Western Empires. It fell some times to one and some times to the other. Finally, it was wrested from the Western Empire by the Goths, who over ran it, until they were conquered in the reign of Justinian and it was attached once more to the Eastern Empire. But it was soon exposed to successive invasions of barbarous tribes that came from the Northeast. After resisting the Bulgars it fell under the attack of the Avars in the sixth century. The Eastern emperor Heraclius called to his aid the Croats, a Slav tribe then dwelling in the Carpathian mountains, to drive the Avars out. They conquered them in the years 630-634, and with other Slav tribes occupied the entire province, except some of the coast towns and islands, the Croats occupying what later was known as Hungary and Croatia. The Slovenes settled northwest of them, while the Serbs occupied the entire region to the south of both, as far as Albania and comprising the territory of modern Serbia, Bosnia, Herzegovina and Montenegro. Thus the Slavic race and tongue was introduced into this whole region. The physical features of the country combined with the political and economic conditions tended to separate them, so that in time they developed into three independent kingdoms. Early in the thirteenth century religious and cultural differences were added to still further separate them. The Croats and Slovenes naturally came into close touch with Western Europe and its cultural influences. The Serbs on the other hand being nearer to Constantinople were affected by Byzantine culture. The former adopted the Roman Catholic religion, the Latin alphabet and western culture. The latter accepted the Greek Orthodox religion, the Cyrillic Alphabet and the civilization of Constantinople. These differences still exist and must be reckoned with in the future development of the new State.

In the course of the next few centuries each of these Slav kingdoms was in turn overthrown. The Slovenes were annexed to the Austrian possessions of the Hapsburgs, the

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