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ested in promoting manual training. While in the year 1884 the number of shops was about 50, in 1888 the number had nearly quadrupled; in like manner the number of pupils increased from 2,080 in 1884 to 5,678 in 1888. The majority of these pupils, namely, 67 per cent, were less than 14 years of age, while 24 per cent were pupils of intermediate, high, and normal schools.

Concerning the subjects taught in these shops the report says that pasteboard work, wood-carving, and joiner work are everywhere taught first. These seem to be the chief occupations. In 1883 77 manual training shops had taken up pasteboard work, 61 wood-carving, 60 joiner work. Of the pupils 43 per cent were occupied with pasteboard work, 32 per cent with wood-carving, 31 per cent with joiner work. Seven of these schools teach forging, molding, and other light metal work; in three of them modeling is taught. Here and there are found painting on wood, scroll-saw work in wood and metal, turning, canebraiding, brush and broom making, basket-braiding, straw-mat braiding, filletnetting as branches of the course. These latter branches are offered only in places where the school is intended to aid the home industry.

It is pleasing to notice that most of the schools follow courses which are founded upon pedagogical principles: the models are made by teachers themselves or copied from the well-known Leipsic models.

Instruction in these manual training schools is given by 208 professional teachers and 48 artisans. The question whether artisans or teachers should be employed in manual training schools has been successfully solved by experience. Since 1880 the ratios of artisans and teachers in manual training schools have been:

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Artisans

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The number of professional teachers instructing in the workshops has gradually increased to 81 per cent, while the number of teaching artisans has decreased accordingly. In training shops maintained solely for educational purposes professional teachers only are employed. Several reports state that in schools where artisans are still employed teachers are greatly to be preferred. In schools, however, that are intended for industrial purposes it is found that skilled artisans are preferable, because they have an eye towards practical utility such as professional teachers are not likely to have. Special courses for teachers in the Normal College of the German Society for Manual Training have been very successful in supplying schools with teachers preparing to teach manual work. Since the year 1880 about 1,000 persons have gone through a course of study in that school, which is situated in Leipsic.

The German teachers have been repeatedly charged with indifference toward the cause of manual training. This charge is only too true, but in a measure this indifference has its cause in stolid opposition to manual training. Manual training claims the assistance of the teachers, and very essentially changes and modifies the time-honored limits of a teacher's activity. Manual training has nothing to fear from opposition; on the contrary such opposition as it finds among the teachers proves to be a benefit. This is partly proved by the statistical data before mentioned. Any one who introduces manual training into his school is obliged to sacrifice time, and cnergy, and even means. Yet, wherever it has been introduced the initiatory steps were taken by schoolmen. Nine of the twelve independent workshops have been established by educators.

As far as the time of instruction is concerned most manual-training schools admit twice a year, in the spring and fall. The school is better attended during the winter than the summer semester. In Berlin, Posen, and Halle, vacation courses are offered. Generally 2 hours per day are devolved to hand work in the shops; in a few places 1 to 13 hours; in others 2 or 3 hours per day are set aside for it. The number of pupils in a class for pasteboard work is from 12 to 20; for wood carving, 10-24; in joiner work from 12-16. Tuition fee is charged in almost all schools. Very few offer gratuitous instruction. In some places the feo has to be paid in advance, in others a monthly fee is charged. The fee varies between half a mark and 10. marks per month (12 cents to $2.50). The The average fee is between 1 and 2 marks (25 and 50 cents).

A number of manual-training teachers teach without special salary; others are satisfied with the small sum remaining after material, rent, and gas are paid for. Fixed salaries to teachers are paid here and there, and 1 to 2 marks per hour is about the usual price paid. The annual salaries range from 75 marks ($19) to 105 marks ($26).

The sums expended for the establishment and maintenance of manual-training shops are not very large if measured with an American standard. During the year 18-8 the sum total raised and used for this purpose is estimated to have amounted to 50,000 marks, or $12,500. This insignificant sum was raised by school authorities, societies, private persons, subscriptions, tuition fees, and be quests. Pitiably small as the sum may seem to us, we must bear in mind that a mark goes as far in Germany as a dollar does in America; but even that would not come up to the sums spent in this country. Manual training has assumed enormous proportions in the United States, where entire city-school systems have adopted it. (After Paedagogium.)

13.-MEDICAL SUPERVISION.

Medical supervision of the schools in Paris.-The present institution of medical supervision of the schools in Paris does not date further back than 1884, although previous to that year the schools were not entirely without supervision by physicians. The law of 1833 (June 28) had charged the school committees of the respective towns and cities with the care of keeping the schoolhouses clean, while a royal ordinance of 1837 (December 22) made it a special duty of the female supervisors of maternal schools (kindergartens) to watch over the health of the little children in the infant asylums.

For the city of Paris separate governmental decrees had been issued, while the two decrees mentioned had reference to all the schools of France. The decrees of 1842 (December 20) and 1843 (May 19) ordered that every public boys' and girls' school should be visited by a physician who was to inspect the locali ties and the gene: al health of the school children. For private schools and maternal schools similar regulations were issued. These school physicians of public institutions and the lady inspectors of maternal schools were appointed by the "prefect" of the department selected from nominations made by the

mayor.

However praiseworthy this arrangement was, it had a great drawback. In the annual budgets of the communities no provision was made for paying these physicians, hence an appeal to the generosity of the medical fraternity was necessary. Many offered their services and acted gratuitously for many years.

In January, 1878, Messrs. Lauth and Harant, members of the general council of the Seine department, moved a reorganization of the medical service in school. Their endeavors were not without speedy success, for during the session of April 23, 1879, the council voted in favor of paying for medical supervision of the schools during the last six months of that year. The sum appropriated was 34,200 francs. New regulations issued by the prefect determined certain mooted questions and defined the duties of the physicians. The Seine department was divided into 114 medical districts, of which 85 were within the city of Paris. Each district contained between 20 and 25 schoolrooms.

The medical inspectors, who had to be graduates of well reputed schools of medicine, were nominated by the mayors of the different arrondissements (wards), and appointed by the prefect of the department.

Their term of office was three years, at an annual salary of 600 francs. They were obliged to visit the schools of their district at least twice a month, carefully inspect the localities, and remove any children found to be suffering from contagious or infectious disease. They even were empowered to order a school closed in time of epidemics.

During the absence of the physician, the principals of the schools had to watch over the health of the pupils in their respective buildings. In order to assist them in this, the authorities provided them with instructions issued by the supreme sanitary council of Paris, according to which they could detect the symptons of contagious and infectious diseases. In Paris the medical service in school stood under the immediate supervision of the mayor of the "arrondissement," while in the surburbs and the country the head of the "canton" watched over the faithful discharge of duty on the part of the physician.

Up to the year 1882 the entire expense for the new institution was defrayed by the "Department," but in that year the communal budget of Paris contained the item of 53,000 francs for salaries of school physicians.

The expenses made during the first period of three years of service had taught the authorities valuable lessons, which led to the following reforms: It was found that the number of schoolrooms (20 to 25), given to one physician to supervise, was too large; the consequence was that the examination of individual children with reference to their eyesight, ears and teeth (the seats of most children's diseases), could not be minute and exact enough, hence the city council appointed a commission which worked out and submitted a new statute, or set of regulations; this was adopted on November 7, 1883, and went into effect January 1, 1884.

The most important points of these regulations, which are still in force, are as follows:

ART. 2. The public schools of the city of Paris are for the purpose of medical supervision to be divided into groups of from 15 to 20 schoolrooms. Any maternal school is to be reckoned as two rooms. A redistricting takes place every three years. The prefect performs this duty. Newly opened schools are assigned to the nearest "medical group."

ART. 3. The salary of a school physician is 800 francs per annum ($160).

ART. 4. The physicians are nominated by the mayors and appointed by the prefect of the department.

ART. 5. The tenure of office of these physicians is for three years.

ART. 8. Every school physician must announce to the mayor his address of residence or office, and the hours at which he can be found there. This statement is published at a conspicuous place in the respective schools.

ART. 9. A book must be kept in every public school and maternal school, in which the school physician notes down his observations. This book must be submitted to the inspection of officials and supervisory authorities.

ART. 10. The school physician is obliged to visit every public and maternal school twice a month, but he must also appear there when the mayor or prefect may see fit to order a visit.

ART. 11. When visiting a schoolhouse the physician shall first thoroughly inspect the localities" (corridors, stairs, waterclosets, etc.). In doing so the principal of the school is to accompany him, so that he may receive suggestions from the physician. Then the latter visits each class-room, and after he has inspected them with reference to light, heat, ventilation, and furniture, etc., he must proceed to examine the pupils separately, especially those who are pointed out by the principal and teachers as showing symptoms of indisposition. After the examination of a schoolroom and its inmates is completed, the physician enters the results into his book intended for this purpose. He answers the different questions and tabulates his answers in the columns provided for them. In the column ad hoc" he enters the names of those children in whom he has noticed symptoms of approaching disease, states that their withdrawal from school proves necessary, and especially notes whether the disease is contagious. Finally he enters the number of pupils absent on account of sickness on the day of his visit, and inquires of the teachers what sickness, if any, seem to be prevalent at that time.

ART. 13. At least once a month a thorough examination of each child is to be made with reference to eyes, ears, and teeth, if the physician finds an inclination to disease, or if the general state of health of a child needs special attention on the part of the parents these must be notified by the physician's certificate, which is to be handed to the child.

ART. 14. Children in whom the physician discovers the symptoms of a contagious or infectious disease are to be sent home at once with a sealed letter, in which the physician states the cause of this step. In this letter the parents are notified that the child is not permitted to attend school until it comes with a certificate signed by a school physician announcing its complete recovery. ART. 15. The principal of every school keeps at hand a series of instructions issued by the supreme sanitary council, in which the symptoms of contagious and infectious diseases are stated. If a child gets ill during the absence of the school physician, the teacher of the respective class room notifies the principal. If the latter finds symptoms of a contagious or infectious disease, he must send the child home with a sealed letter, in which he asks the parent or guardian to call at the office of the respective school physician during his office hours, which

are mentioned.

ART. 16. A certificate of recovery may even be required of children who have been absent for any length of time on account of sickness, without having been sent home. In this case the nature of the illness is to be stated unless the child is subjected to a special examination by the school physician, and thus acquires a certificate of recovery.

ART. 18. Within twenty-four hours after each sanitary and medical inspection the physician is obliged to report to the mayor of the arrondissement (ward) about the sanitary condition of the school. Blanks for this purpose are furnished him.

ART. 19. The mayors of all arrondissements prepare summaries of the various individual reports, and submit to higher authority all those propositions and suggestions which seem of special importance. Propositions which are of a more general nature, and not very pressing, are referred to medical committees for deliberation and subsequent report. In case an epidemic breaks out, the mayor has the right, upon motion of the school physician, to close a school; but he is obliged to give notice of his action to the school inspector and his own superiors.

ART. 20. The mayor is required to report regularly every three months to his higher authority (the prefect of the department) concerning the sanitary and medical condition of the schools in the arrondissement. Semiannually he must send in a more elaborate report, containing suggestions for changes and improvements, such as are made by the physicians in their reports to him. Advice regarding changes and "adaptations" in buildings is equally welcome. This supervision of the Paris elementary schools was, in 1859, performed by 128 physicians. The budget of the city for that year contained the sum of 100.500 francs for this institution. Medical supervision of schools in Paris has served as a model for similar arrangements in other French cities. By means of a ministerial order of November 14, 1879, the attention of all prefects was called to the instructions quoted above at length. But since then, through the school law of October, 30, 1886, as well as through ministerial decrees and orders dated November 18, 1887, medical and sanitary inspection has been made obligatory for all the schools, public and private.

A few years ago, the city council of Paris expressed the desire that with this institution of supervision be connected a free school dispensary. This sugges tion is under advisement at present. These dispensaries, so it is intended, shall go further than the school physicians who are watching over the health of the children. These dispensaries shall take sick children and treat them in hospital wards, specially arranged for children, and provide them with medicine and surgical assistance.

As early as 1862, a few free dispensaries were in existence in Paris supported by charitable societies, notably the "Société philanthropique." These dispensaries were connected with the hospitals for children, but there is a differenc between institutions founded and maintained by charity and those by law. In these private dispensaries children could not always have the desirable special treatment, medicine, shower baths, etc. To the city of Havre belongs the honor and credit of having founded the first public free dispensary for children. This institution is equipped with all the most desirable conveniences and all necessary appliances. In 1875 a physician, Dr. Giebert, aided by contributions of charitable persons, established an institution of this kind which had astonishing results, and was subsequently made a city institution.

In Paris the first children's dispensary was opened in the first arrondissement upon urgent solicitation of Dr. Dubrisay and M. Baudof. It found a home in Jean Lantier street, No. 15, in a house which was offered by the owners free of charge. Since the date of opening, April 1, 1883, the consultations in this institution have reached the enormous number of 60,000; in the first year the number was 5,087, then steadily increasing, it reached 19,000 in 1889. The expenses during 1889 were 5,980 francs, but the annual donations amounted to 8,205 francs. The example set by the first arrondissement soon found imitators. To-day (in 1890) eight arrondissements have children's dispensaries partly supported by private persons (like those in the thirteenth and fourteenth arrondissements), partly by the city. The excellent influence these few institutions have exerted has awakened the desire of increasing their number and to provide every ward of the city with one, hence a credit of 100,000 francs was opened for that pur pose in the city bulget of 1890, and all indications point toward an early fulfilment of the desire mentioned above, namely, that the medical and sanitary inspection of the schools be supplemented by a great number of free dispensaries in which children will find the treatment needed in cases of sickness. (After L. Fleischer.)

14.-MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

Canada. A new feature has been introduced into some Canadian public schools, this being what is called "grade conventions." It is carried out by the teacher of one grade visiting the room of a teacher of the same grade and ob

serving the work in the room during the afternoon. At the conclusion of the teaching, when the pupils are dismissed, the teachers and inspector hold a consultation to talk over any points of interest they have observed, with a view to improving the methods of teaching. Some of the benefits of these conventions are obvious. The teachers observe the points of excellence and the defects in the room they visit, and all are benefited by the experience and exchange of ideas. Besides, they bring about uniformity in teaching and management, which is an essential feature in graded schools, where pupils pass from one teacher to another. The similarity in teaching saves much time, as the pupils do not have to learn or be taught new methods when they enter another room. (Schoolm.)

Belgium.-The State Savings Bank, of Belgium, in its report of 1890 contains a few interesting points concerning the mooted question of savings banks. Belgium had in 1890, altogether, 7,637 elementary schools attended by 896,787 pupils (449,497 boys and 447,290 girls). In 4,965 schools the custom of collecting savings has been fostered. The pupils own 167,696 savings books (92,975 boys and 74,721 girls). Besides these there are 38,907 pupils whose savings are so small that they have not acquired their own bank book. The amount saved by the children in 1890 was 8808,430 (of which the boys contributed $443,344, the girls $365,086), an increase of $24,296 over the previous year. The province of Hennegan has the greatest number of juvenile savers, while Limberg has the smallest. The teachers are generally opposed to the institution of school savings banks, and expressed this in unmistakable terms at their last annual meeting. At the general meeting of the elementary teachers in Brussels, the school savings bank has been condemned by a vote of 117 yeas and 86 nays, on the following grounds: (1) What is saved is never sufficient to provide aid in case of sickness or accidents. Insurance companies and workmen's unions would be much better. (2) Saving makes young children selfish; the teaching at school ought to develop charity, not grasping. (3) As it is, it is seldom the children that save-it is the parents, who give their savings to the children to take them to the schoolmaster, who thus becomes the banker for the parents. (4) Several parents save from a desire to please the schoolmaster. (5) The practical good of the school savings bank, after a trial of twenty-five years, may be said to be nil. (Different educ. journals.)

Austria.-The annual report concerning the schcol kitchens in Vienna during the winter of 1889-'90 shows that indigent pupils were provided with a good dinner (soup, vegetables, and bread). The number thus provided for was 2,869 a day; but the real number is much greater. Many pupils come with their little brothers and sisters, and the cook is told to help the older children, who thus provide for the family" more plentifully. Often children come to school who are not enrolled and ask for a dinner which is never refused. In one hundred and thirty-two days 381,577 dinners have been served, but if the foregoing is considered the number is more than 400,000. Lately these kitchens can not supply all the children who come; poverty and starvation are spreading in. Vienna. (Oestr. Schulbote.)

Egypt.-In the government schools of Egypt it has been the rule for years that, in addition to Arabic, every pupil must learn English or French at his option. This is not merely as a linguistic study, but is gradually being made the medium of instruction in the ordinary curriculum and in science. In 1889 only 14 per cent of the pupils chose English in preference to French, but last year the proportion rose to 23 per cent. In order to meet the increased desire to learn English, a normal school for native teachers has been opened, and it has 30 students. Also 6 young Egyptians have been sent to normal colleges in England to qualify themselves as teachers in the government schools. On the other hand, about 100 pupils are studying in France at the expense of, or recommended by, the Egyptian Government, and a Government normal school exists in Cairo under French management. Hence, it would appear that the French have the inside track in Egypt. (Lond. Jl. of Ed.)

England.-The money-lender and the betting man are never greater curses of their race than when their wiles entrap school boys who have expectations of coming into the possession of property when they are of age. The English legislators have, to some extent, restrained the evils in other places, but the circulars of the betting agent and money-lender seem to have found the way without hinderance into both public and private schools. Recently Lord Herschell brought the matter before the House of Lords; and archbishops and bishops, the lord chancellor and lords justice, dukes, earls, and other lords were absolutely unanimous in supporting the measure for rendering it penal to send out

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