Inventions in the Century

Weight and Prices.-Testing Machines, English, Ger-
man, American.-The Emery Scales.-Gages, Dynamo-
meters. Hydraulic Testing.-Delicate Operations.—
Strength of a Horse-hair and Great Steel Beam, Tested
by Same Machine.-Effect on Public Works....

CHAPTER XXVI.

MUSIC, ACOUSTICS, OPTICS, PHOTOGRAPHY, FINE ARTS.
Musical Instruments Old as Religion.-Abounded before
the Lyre of Apollo or the Harp of Orpheus.-Their
Evolution.-To Meet Wants and Growing Tastes.-
Nineteenth Century and the Laws of Helmholtz.-The
Story of the Piano, the Queen, Involves whole History
of the Art of Music.-Ancient Harp and Growth.-
Psaltery and Dulcimer of Assyrians and Hebrews.→
No Inventions by Greeks and Romans in this Art.-
Fifteenth Century and the Clavicitherium.-Sixteenth
Century, the Virginal and the Spinet.-Seventeenth
Century, the Clavichord and Harpsichord.—Italian
Cembello.-Bach, Mozart, Handel, Haydn.-Cristofori
of Florence, Schreiber of Germany and Modern Piano.
-Eighteenth Century, Pianos of Broadwood and
Clementi of London, Erard of Strasburg, Petzold of
Paris and Others.-Two Thousand Years Taken to Ripen
the Modern Piano.-Description of Piano Parts.-Helm-
holtz's Great Work, 1862.-Effect on System of Music
and Musical Instruments.-The Organ, King in the
Realm of Music.-History of, from Earliest Times.—
Improvements of the Nineteenth Century.-The Auto-
harp. Self-playing Instruments. - The Science of
Acoustics and Practical Applications. Auricular
Tubes.-Telephone, Phonograph, Graphophone, Gramo-
phone.—Their Evolution and their Inventors.--Optical
Instruments.-Their Growth.-Lippersheim, Galileo,
Lieberkulm, John Dolland,-The Improvements and
Inventors of the Nineteenth Century.-Brewster and
the Kaleidoscope, Stereoscope.-Lenticular Lenses.-
Light-house Illumination.-Faraday and Tyndall.-

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384

Abbé Moigno's Troubles.-Ophthalmoscope.-Spectro-

scope.-Making of Great Lenses.-Solarmeter.-Measur-

ing the Position and Distances of Unseen Objects,—

Light Converted into Music.-Daguerre and Photog-

raphy. History and Development.-Colour Reproduc-

tion.-Pencils.-Painting,-Air Brushes.-Telegraphic

Photographs...

CHAPTER XXVII

SAFES AND LOCKS.

Safes, how Constructed before this Century.-Classifica-

tion.-Century Starts out to Make Safes Fireproof.-

Scott in 1801.-Marr, 1834.-Result of Great Fire in

New York, 1835.-Wilder's and Herring's Safes.-Bur-

glar-proof Safes, 1835.-Chubb, Newton, Thompson,

Hall, Marvin and Others,-Electricity.-Seal Locks from

1815.-Locks of Various Kinds in Ancient Days.-Of

Ponderous Size.-Key of the House of David.-Lock

of Penelope's House.-Locks of the Middle Ages.—Let-

ter Locks of the Dutch, 1650.-Carew's Verse.-Eight-

eenth Century Locks.-Tumblers.-Joseph Bramah's

Locks.-Combination, Permutation and Time Locks.-

Yale Locks.-Modern Locks Invented for Special Uses,

-Master or Secondary Key Locks.-Value of Simple,

Cheap, Effective Locks.-Mail Locks and Others.—

Greater General Security for Property of all Kinds now

CARRIAGES AND CARRYING MACHINES GENERALLY.

Review of Conveyances from Time of Ptolemy's Great
Procession, 270 B.C., until Nineteenth Century.—The Old
Stage Coaches.-Coaches of the Rich, the Middle
Classes and the Poor.-The Past Art Compared with
the Art as Exhibited at Centennial Exhibition in 1876
at Philadelphia.-The Varieties of Different Vehicles
there Displayed by Different Nations.-Velocipedes and
Bicycles.-1800 to 1869.-French, German, English,

Scotch. The "Draisine" of Von Drais, 1816.-Johnson's

"Curricle," 1818.-Gompertz's "Dandy" and "Hobby

Horse," 1821.-Michaux's, 1863.-Lallement's of France,

1866, Crank and Pedal.-America and Europe Adopts it,

1866, 1869.-Pneumatic Rubber Tire Invented by Thom-

son, 1845.-Sleeps Forty Years.-Improvements since

1869.-Motor Vehicles and Automobiles.-Traction En-

gines.-Brakes, Railway, Air and Electric.-Automatic

Couplers, Buffers, and Vestibule Trains....

CHAPTER XXIX.

SHIPS AND SHIP BUILDING.

"Ships are but Boards."—" The Great Harry."—Noah's
Ark the Prototype of the Modern "Whale-back."-
Phoenicians. Northmen.-Dutch, French, English,
and American Types.-Nineteenth Century, the Yankee
Clippers.-Donald McKay.—" Great Republic."-Steam
as Motive Power in Ships the Leading Event in the
Art.-Lord Dundas and Steam Canal Boats.-Iron Ships
in Place of Wood, 1829-30.-John Laird of Birkenhead.
-Sir William Fairbairn.-Clyde Works.-Comparison
of Wood and Iron.-1844, the Great Britain. -John
Ericsson.--Monitor and Merrimac.-Composite Style of
Vessels.-Marine Propulsion.-Paddle Wheels.-Screws.
-1804, John Stevens.-1807, Fulton.-Screw Propeller of
Ericsson.-The Ogden, the Stockton and the Princeton,
the First Naval Warship of its Kind.-The Two Revolu-
tions Produced by Ericsson.-Pneumatic Propellers.-
Description of a Warship.-The Deutschland.-Torpedo
Boats.-Franklin and Oil on the Waves.-Air Ships.-
Count Zeppelin's Boat.—Other Plans of Air Navigation.
-The Problems to be Solved

CHAPTER XXX.

ILLUMINATING GAS.

What Artificial Light has done for Man.-Its Condition
before the Nineteenth Century.-Experiments of Dr Clay-

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428

488

ton, Hon. R. Boyle, Dr. Hales, Bishop Watson, Lord

Dundonald, Dr. Rickel, and William Murdock in Eight-

eenth Century.-1801, Le Bon Makes Gas, Proposes to

Light Paris.-1803, English Periodicals Discuss the Sub-

ject.-1806, Melville of Newport, U. S., Lights House

and Street.-1817, First Light-house Lit by Gas.-The

Beaver Tail on Atlantic Coast.-Parliament in 1813,

London Streets Lit in 1815, Paris, 1820, American Cities

1816-25.-Gas Processes.-Chemistry.-Priestley and

Dalton.-Berthollet, Graham, and Others.-Clegg of

England and his Gas Machines.-Art Revolutionised by

Invention of Water Gas, 1823-1847.-Donovan, Lowe,

White.-T. S. C. Lowe, Anthracite Process, 1873.-

Competition with Electricity.-Siemens' Regenerative

System.-The Generators, Carburetors, Retorts, Mixers,

Purifiers, Meters, Scrubbers, Holders, Condensers, Gov-

ernors, Indicators, Registers, Chargers, Pressure Reg-

ulators, etc.-Portable Gas Apparatus.—Argand Burn-

ers.-Acetylene Gas.-Calcium Carbide.-Magnesium.

--Bunsen Burner and Welsbach Mantle

PAGE

450

CHAPTER XXXI.

POTTERY, PLASTICS, PORCELAINS, STONEWARE, GLASS, RUBBER,

CELLULOID.

Brickmaking from the Earliest Ages to Nineteenth Cen-
tury.-Pottery, its Origin Unknown.-Its Evolution.-
Women the First Inventors in Ceramic and Textile Arts.
-Progress of Man Traced in Pottery.-Review of Pot-
tery from Time of Homer to the Wedgwood Ware of
Eighteenth Century.-Labour-Saving Devices of Nine-
teenth.-Operations in Brickmaking and Machinery.--
The Celebrated Pug Mill, the Pioneer.-Moulding and
Pressing. Drying and Burning. -The Slow Growth of
Methods.-Useful Contrivances never wholly Sup-
planted. Modern Heat Distributors.-Hoffman's Kilns.
-Wedgwood's Pottery in Eighteenth.-Siemens' Regen-
erators in Nineteenth, and other Kilns.-Susan Frackel-

ton's.-The Filter Press.-Chinese and French Porcelains
-Battam's Imitations of Marbles and Plaster Moulds.-
Faience.-Porcelain Moulding and Colours.—Atomisers
and Backgrounds.-Rookwood Pottery and Miss Fry.-
Enamelled Ware.-Artificial Stone.-Modern Cements.

-Glass the Sister of Pottery. The Inventors of Blow-

ing, Cutting, Trimming by Shears and Diamond Cut-

ting, Ancient and Unknown.-Glass Windows and Mir-

rors Unknown to the Poor Prior to Eighteenth Century.

-The Nineteenth Century the Scientific Age of Glass.

-Its Commercial Development.-Crystal Palace of

1851.-Description of Modern Discoveries.-Materials.

-Colours and Faraday's Discovery in 1824.-Gaffield's

Extensive Experiments in Producing Colours.-The Ger-

man Glass Works at Jena of Abbe and Schott.-Methods

Followed for Different Varieties.-Machines for Differ-

ent Purposes.-Cut Glass and other Beautiful Ware.-