Reinvented by Page and Baude in England, 1543.—Ger-

man Furnaces.-Dud Dudley, the Oxford Graduate and

his Furnace, 1619.—Origin of Coke in England.—Use in

United States.-Revival of Cast Iron.-Cast Steel in

England, Huntsman, 1740.-Henry Cort and Puddling,

1784, and its Subsequent Wonderful Value.—Steam

Engine of Watt and Iron.-Refining of Precious Met-

als.-Amalgamating Process.-Review of the 18th Cen-

tury.-Herschel's Distinction of Empirical and Scien-

tific Art.-The Nineteenth Century, Scientific Metal-

lurgy. - Steam, Chemistry, Electricity.--Rogers' Iron

Floor.-Neilson's Hot Air Blast, 1828, Patent Sustained.

-Anthracite Coal.-Colossal Furnaces.-Gas Pro-

ducers.-Bunsen's Experiments.-Constituents of Ores.

-Squeezing Process.-Burden's Method.-Mechanical

Puddlers.-Rotary.-Henry Bessemer's Great Process-

1855-1860.-Steel from Iron.-Holley's Apparatus.-

Effects of and Changes in Bessemer Process.—Old

Methods and Means Revived and Improved.—Eminent

Inventors.-New Metals and New Processes Discovered.

-Harveyised Steel.-Irresistible Projectiles and Im-

penetrable Armour Plate.-Krupp's Works.-Immense

Manufactures in United States.-Treatment of Gold,

Silver, Copper, Lead, etc.; Mining Operations, Separa-

tion, Reduction. Chemical Methods: Lixiviation or

Leaching.-MacArthur. - Forrest.-Sir Humphry Davy.

-Scheele.-Chlorine and Cyanide Processes.-Alloys.

-Babbitting.-Metallic Lubricants.-Various Alloys

and Uses.-Reduction of Aluminium and other Metals.

-Electro-Metallurgy.-Diamonds to be Made.--All Arts

have Waited on Development of this Art...

CHAPTER XV.

FAGE

218

METAL WORKING PROCESSES AND MACHINES.-TUBE MAKING.-
WELDING.-ANNEALING AND TEMPERING.-COATING AND METAL
FOUNDING.-METAL WARE.-WIRE WORKING.

Metal Working Tools One of the Glories of 19th Century.
-Wood Working and Metal Working.-Ancient and
Modern Lathe.-Turning Metal Lathe.-A Lost Art in

Use in Egypt and in Solomon's Time.-Revived in Six-

teenth Century.—Forgotten and Revived again in Eight-

eenth. Sir Samuel Bentham and Joseph Bramah Laid

Foundation of Nineteenth Century Tools.-The Slide

Rest and Henry Maudsley.-Nasmyth's Description.-

Vast Rolls, and Most Delicate Watch Mechanisms, cut

by the Lathe and its Tools.-Metal Planing.-Eminent

Inventors, 1811-1840.-Many Inventions and Modifica-

tions Resulting in a Wonderful Evolution.-Metal-Bor-

ing Machines.-Modern Vulcan's Titanic Work-Shop.—

Screw Making.-Demand Impossible to Supply under

Old Method.-Great Display at London Exhibition,

1851, and Centennial, Philadelphia, 1876.-J. Whit-

worth & Co., of England, Sellers & Co., of America,

and Others.-The Great Revelation.-Hoopes and

Townsend and the Flow of Cold, Solid Metal.-Cold

Punching, etc. - Machine-Made Horse-Shoes. - The

Blacksmith and Modern Inventions.-Making of Great

Tubes.-Welding by Electricity, and Tempering and

Annealing.-How Armour Plate is Hardened.-Metals

Coated. Electro-Plating and Casting.—Great Domes

Gilded.-Moulds for Metal Founding.-Machines and

Methods.-Steel Ingots.-Sheet Metal and Personal

Ware.-Great Variety of Machines for Making.-Wire

Made Articles.-Description of Great Modern Work-

Shop.....

-

CHAPTER XVI.

ORDNANCE, ARMS, AMMUNITION, AND EXPLOSIVES.

This Art Slow in Growth, but no Art Progressed Faster.

-The Incentives to its Development.—The Greatest

Instruments in the New Civilisation.-Peace and its

Fruits Established by them.-Its History.—Chinese

Cannon.-India.-The

Moors.-Arabs.-Cannon at

Cordova in 1280.-The Spaniards and Gibraltar, 1309.—

The Spread of Artillery through Europe.-Description

of Ancient Guns.-Breech Loaders and Stone Cannon

Balls.-Wrought Iron Cannon and Shells in 15th Cen-

tury.-Big Cannon of the Hindoos and Russians.-

B

PAGE

240

Strange Names.-France under Louis XI.-Improve

ments of the Sixteenth Century.-Holland's Mortar

Shells and Grenades in the Seventeenth.-Coehorn Mor-

tars and Dutch Howitzers.-Louis XIV.-French Artil-

lery Conquers Italy.-Eighteenth Century.-" Queen

Ann's Pocket Piece." Gribeauval the Inventor of the

Greatest Improvements in the Eighteenth.-His Systern

Used by Bonaparte at Toulon, the French Revolution,

and in Italy.-Marengo, 1800.-Small Arms, their His-

tory. From the Arquebus to the Modern Rifle.-Rifle,

the Weapon of the American Settler, and the Revolu-

tion. Puckle's Celebrated Breech-Loading Cannon

Patent, and Christian and Turk Bullets.-1803, Percus-

sion Principle in Fire-arms, Invented by a Clergyman,

Forsyth.-1808, Genl. Shrapnel.-Bormann of Belgium.

-1814, Shaw and the Cap.-Flint Locks Still in Use,

1847.-Colt's Revolvers, 1835-1851.-History of Cannon

again Reverted to.-Columbiads of Bomford.-Paixhan

in 1822.-Shells of the Crimea.-Kearsarge and Alabama.

-Requirements of Modern Ordnance.-Rodman One of

the Pioneers.-Woodbridge's Wire Wound Guns, Pie-

zometer, and Shell Sabot.-Sir William Armstrong and

Sir Jos. Whitworth.-Krupp's Cannon and Works.→

The Latest Improvements.-Compressed Air Ordnance.

-Constructions of Metals and Explosives.-The

Range Finder."-Small Arms again Considered.-

History of the Breech Loader and Metallic Cartridges.

-Wooden Walls and Stone Forts disappeared.—Mon-

itor and Merrimac.-Blanchard and Hall.-Gill.-

Springfield Rifle.-Machine Guns.-Electric Battery.-

Gatling's, Hotchkiss'.-Explosives.-Torpedoes.—Effect

of Modern Weapons....

CHAPTER XVII.

--

PAPER AND PRINTING, TYPEWRITING AND THE LINOTYPE.
Paper-making Preceded the Art of Printing.-The Wasp
Preceded Man.-The Chinese, the Hindoos, Egyptians,
and other Orientals had Invented Both Arts. -History

PAGE

252

-

-

of Papyrus. Parchment. Twelfth Century Docu-

ments Written on Linen Paper still Extant.-Water

Marks.-Wall Paper, Substitute for Tapestry, 1640.-

Holland in Advance, Seventeenth Century. · Ritten-

house of Holland Introduces Paper-Making in America,

Eighteenth Century.-Paper a Dear Commodity.-The

Revolution of the Nineteenth Century.-400 Different

Materials now Used.-Nineteenth Century Opens with

Robert's Paper-Making Machine.-Messrs. Fourdrinier.

-Immense Growth of their System.-Modern Discover-

ies of Chemists.-Soda Pulp and Sulphite Processes.-

Paper Mills.-Paper Bag Machines, etc.-Printing.—

Chinese Invented Both Block and Movable Types.-

European Inventors.-The Claims of Different Nations.

-From Southern Italy to Sweden.-Spread of the Art.-

Printing Press and the Reformation.-First Printing

Press in New World Set up in Mexico, 1536.—Then in

Brazil. Then in 1639 in Massachusetts.-Types and

Presses.-English and American.-Ramage and Frank-

lin.-Blaew of Amsterdam.-Nineteenth Century Opens

with Earl of Stanhope's Hand Press. Clymer of Phila-

delphia, 1817.-The First Machine Presses.-Nicholson

in Eighteenth.-Konig and Bauer in Nineteenth Cen-

tury, 1813.-London Times, 1814.-1815, Cowper's Elec-

trotype plates. 1822, First Power Press in United

States. Treadwell. — Bruce's Type Casting Machines.

-Hoe's Presses.-John Walter's.-German and Amer-

ican Presses.-Capacities of Modern Presses.

Marking. Typewriting. Suggested in Eighteenth

Century.-Revived by French in 1840.-Leading Fea-

tures Invented in U. S., 1857.-Electro-Magnet Type-

writers.-Cahill.-Bookbinding.-Review of the Art.-

Linotype "Most Remarkable Machine of Century."

-Merganthaler. -Rogers.-Progress and Triumphs of

the Art..

-

CHAPTER XVIII.

TEXTILES.

-

Mail

The Distaff and the Spindle, without a Change from An-

PAGE

273

66

cient Days to Middle of Fourteenth Century.-Ancient

and Modern Cloth Making.-Woman the Natural God-

dess of the Art.-The Ancient and Isolated Weavers of

Mexico.-After 40 Centuries of Hand-Weaving Comes

John Kay, of England, 1733.—The Spinning Machines

of Wyatt and Hargreaves. -1738-1769, Richard Ark-

wright. The "Spinning Jenny" and the " Throstle."-

The Steam Engine and Weaving.-1776, Crompton and

the Mule."-1785, Cartwright and Power Looms.-

1793, Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin. - 1793-1813,

Samuel Slater, Lowell, and Cotton Factories of Amer-

ica. The Dominion of the Nineteenth Century.-What

it Comprises in the Art of Spinning and Weaving.—

Description of Operations.-Bobbins of Asa Arnold and

the Ring Frame of Jenks.—Spooling Machines.—Warp-

ing and Dressing and other Finishing Operations.—

Embroidery. Cloth Finishing.-The Celebrated Jac-

quard Loom.-Jacquard and Napoleon.-Bonelli's Elec-

tric Loom.-Fancy Woollen Looms of George Crompton.

-Bigelow's Carpet Looms.-Figuring, Colouring, Em-

bossing.-Cloth Pressing and Creasing.-Felting.-

Ribbons.-Comparison of Penelopes of Past and Pres-

ent.-Knitting Days of our Grandmothers and Knitting

Machines.-A Mile of Stockings.-Fancy Stocking and

Embroidery Machines.-Netting and Turkish Carpets.—

Matting.-Spun Glass, etc.-Hand, and the Skilled

Labour of Machinery..

-

PAGE

292

CHAPTER XIX.

GARMENTS.

"Man is a Tool-using Animal, of which Truth, Clothes are

but one Example."-Form of Needle not Changed until

1775.- Weisenthal.-Embroidery Needle. -Saint's Sew-

ing Machine,1790.-John Duncan's Tamboring Machine,

1804.-Eye Pointed Needles for Rope Matting, 1807.-

Madersperger's Sewing Machine, 1814.-France and the

Thimonnier Machine, 1830-1848-50, Made of Wood.-