New Niagara and River Forth.-Schneider.—Hayes.— Fowler and Baker. Milton's Description. -Light- houses. Smeaton. - Douglass. — Bartholdi.-Eiffel.- Excavating, Dredging, Draining.-Road-making.-Rail- roads.-Canals.-Tunnels.-Excavating.-Desert Lands Reclaimed.--Holland and Florida Swamps.-The Tun- nels of the Alps.-Suez Canal.—Engineering, as seen from a Pullman Car.-Cable Transportation.-Pneu- Theories and Definitions.-Franklin's and a Modern One. - Charles Morrison. - Franklin and Galvani. -Volta. -Helmholtz, Faraday, Henry, and Pixii.-Ruhmkorff Coil.-Page.—Electrical Light. — Decomposition of Water.-Professor Nollet.-First Practical Electric Light Shone on the Sea, 1858.—Faraday and Holmes.— Light-house Illumination.-Dr. W. Siemens.--Wilde's Machine.—Other Powerful Magnetic Machines.—Field Magnets.-Z. Gramme.-The Various Ways and Means of Developing Electric Light.-Geissler Tubes.-First House Lighted in America.-Moses G. Farmer.— Jablochoff's Candle.-French Regulators.-Outdoor and Indoor Illumination.-Siemens, Farmer, Brush, Maxim, Westinghouse, Edison, Swan, Lane-Fox and Others.- Arc Lamps of Heffner von Alteneck.-Ocean Cables.— Cyrus W. Field.-John Bright's Expression.-Weak Currents.-Thomson's Remedy.-Mirror Galvanometer. -Centennial Exhibition and the Telephone.—Alexan- der Graham Bell, 1875.-The Telephone and Helmholtz' Theory of Tone.-Scott's Phonautograph.-Page's Pro- duction of Galvanic Music and Researches of Reis.- Its Slow Growth.-The Ideas of Faraday and Henry still the Basis of the Great Machines.-" Lines of Force."-Electric Railway.-Storage Batteries.-Dy- namos.-First Railway at Berlin, 1879.-Then Saxony, Paris, London, New York.-Telpherage by Professor Jenkin.-Problems Solved. -Electrical Magicians.- Edison and Tesla.-Recent Improvements in Telegraphy. -The Talks Both Ways at Same Time and Multiplied. -Printing Systems by Types and Otherwise.—Electri- cal Elevators.-Microphone.-Ticks of a Watch and the Tread of a Fly Recorded.-Musical Sounds from Drudgery of Ancient Times Relieved by Modern Inven- 19th Century.-Carrying of Weights.- The Pyramids.-Modern Methods.-Ship-Loading.-The Six Ordinary Powers Alone Used until the Time of Watt.-Elevator Mills of Oliver Evans.-The Hydraulic Press of Bramah.-The Lifting of Tubular Bridge by Robt. Stephenson.-Compressed Air Elevator of Slade. -Counterbalance Lifts of Van Elvean.--Modern Eleva- tor of Otis, 1859.-Steam-Water.-Compressed Air.- Electricity: Elevators, how Controlled.-Store Service Conveyors.-Pneumatic Transmission: Dodge's Air Blast Conveyor.-Mode of Switching Conveyors.- "Lazy Tongs " Conveyors.-Buffers.-Endless Cables.- Clutches, Safety.-Labour-Saving Devices and Derange- Old as the Thirst of Man.-Prehistoric Inventions.— - Carthaginian, Greek and Roman Water Works.-" Pneumatics of PAGE Massachusetts and Appold Systems. - Lowlands of Holland, Marshes of Italy, Swamps of Florida, Drained. CHAPTER XII. PNEUMATICS AND PNEUMATIC MACHINES. The Slow March of the Human Mind.-Burke.-The Age 164 ART OF HEATING, VENTILATING, COOKING, REFRIGERATING Prometheus and the Modern Match.-1680, Godfrey Hanckwitz Invented First Phosphorous Match.-Other Forms of Matches.-Promethean Matches in 1820.- John Walker.-Lucifer.-Tons of Chemicals, Hundreds of Pine Trees Yearly Made into Matches.-Splints and Machines.-Reuben Partridge.-Poririer.-Pasteboard Box.-Machines for Assorting and Dipping, Drying and Boxing.-Cooking and Heating Stoves.--History of, from Rome to Ben Franklin.-The Old-Fashioned Fireplace. Varieties of Coal Stoves.-Stove Fireplace. -Ventilation.-Hot Air Furnaces.-How Heat is Dis- tributed, Retained, and Moistened.-Hot Water Circula- tion.-Incubators.-Baking Ovens, the Dutch and the Modern.-Vast Number of Stove and Furnace Foundries in United States.-Ventilation.-Parliament Buildings and U. S. Capitol.-Eminent Scientific Men who have Made Ventilation a Study.-Best Modes.-Its Great Importance. Car Heaters.-Grass and Refuse Burn- ing Stoves.-Oil, Vapour, and Gas Stoves, their Con- struction and Operation.-Sterilising.-Electric Heat- ing and Cooking.-Refrigeration.-Messrs. Carre of France, 1870.-Artificial Ice. - Sulphuric Acid and The Antiquity of the Art.-The "Lost Arts" Rediscov- |